1
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Atkinson SJ, Bagal SK, Argyrou A, Askin S, Cheung T, Chiarparin E, Coen M, Collie IT, Dale IL, De Fusco C, Dillman K, Evans L, Feron LJ, Foster AJ, Grondine M, Kantae V, Lamont GM, Lamont S, Lynch JT, Nilsson Lill S, Robb GR, Saeh J, Schimpl M, Scott JS, Smith J, Srinivasan B, Tentarelli S, Vazquez-Chantada M, Wagner D, Walsh JJ, Watson D, Williamson B. Development of a Series of Pyrrolopyridone MAT2A Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38466661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The optimization of an allosteric fragment, discovered by differential scanning fluorimetry, to an in vivo MAT2a tool inhibitor is discussed. The structure-based drug discovery approach, aided by relative binding free energy calculations, resulted in AZ'9567 (21), a potent inhibitor in vitro with excellent preclinical pharmacokinetic properties. This tool showed a selective antiproliferative effect on methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) KO cells, both in vitro and in vivo, providing further evidence to support the utility of MAT2a inhibitors as potential anticancer therapies for MTAP-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Atkinson
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Sharan K Bagal
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Argyrides Argyrou
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Sean Askin
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Tony Cheung
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Elisabetta Chiarparin
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Muireann Coen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Iain T Collie
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Ian L Dale
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Claudia De Fusco
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Keith Dillman
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Laura Evans
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Lyman J Feron
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Alison J Foster
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Michael Grondine
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Gillian M Lamont
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Scott Lamont
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - James T Lynch
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Sten Nilsson Lill
- Data Sciences & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Graeme R Robb
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Jamal Saeh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - James S Scott
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - James Smith
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Bharath Srinivasan
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Sharon Tentarelli
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Mercedes Vazquez-Chantada
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - David Wagner
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Jarrod J Walsh
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - David Watson
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Beth Williamson
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, The Discovery Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-deficient tumor cells, reduced S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels in the context of elevated methylthioadenosine (MTA) has been hypothesized to lead to inhibition of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and tumor growth inhibition. Inhibitors of methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2a) prevent the synthesis of SAM from methionine and have therefore attracted increasing attention as potential chemotherapeutic agents in cancers characterized by MTAP-loss. AREAS COVERED This review covers patent applications between January 2018 and December 2021. 18 patent applications from 5 different applicants are evaluated. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in the field show a significant interest in the MAT2a therapeutic hypothesis. Agios and Ideaya in particular have capitalized on an allosteric binding mode first published by Pfizer in at least two of the filings during this time period, leading to potent, selective inhibitors. They have advanced MAT2a inhibitors to phase I clinical studies to explore their benefit to patients suffering with MTAP-deficient solid tumors or lymphoma. Whilst the other patent disclosures during this time frame have not led to disclosed candidates, the trials initiated by Agios and Ideaya studies will clearly inform on the potential for such inhibitors as viable therapeutic agents either as single agent or in combination.
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3
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Li C, Gui G, Zhang L, Qin A, Zhou C, Zha X. Overview of Methionine Adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) as an Anticancer Target: Structure, Function, and Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9531-9547. [PMID: 35796517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the methionine cycle that primarily catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from methionine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). MAT2A has been recognized as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers. Recently, a few MAT2A inhibitors have been reported, and three entered clinical trials to treat solid tumorsor lymphoma with MTAP loss. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the roles of MAT2A in cancer and the discovery of MAT2A inhibitors. Furthermore, a perspective on the use of MAT2A inhibitors for the treatment of cancer is also discussed. We hope to provide guidance for future drug design and optimization via analysis of the binding modes of known MAT2A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzheng Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Gang Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Anqi Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Xiaoming Zha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
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4
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Monné M, Marobbio CMT, Agrimi G, Palmieri L, Palmieri F. Mitochondrial transport and metabolism of the major methyl donor and versatile cofactor S-adenosylmethionine, and related diseases: A review †. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:573-591. [PMID: 35730628 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is a coenzyme and the most commonly used methyl-group donor for the modification of metabolites, DNA, RNA and proteins. SAM biosynthesis and SAM regeneration from the methylation reaction product S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) take place in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the intramitochondrial SAM-dependent methyltransferases require the import of SAM and export of SAH for recycling. Orthologous mitochondrial transporters belonging to the mitochondrial carrier family have been identified to catalyze this antiport transport step: Sam5p in yeast, SLC25A26 (SAMC) in humans, and SAMC1-2 in plants. In mitochondria SAM is used by a vast number of enzymes implicated in the following processes: the regulation of replication, transcription, translation, and enzymatic activities; the maturation and assembly of mitochondrial tRNAs, ribosomes and protein complexes; and the biosynthesis of cofactors, such as ubiquinone, lipoate, and molybdopterin. Mutations in SLC25A26 and mitochondrial SAM-dependent enzymes have been found to cause human diseases, which emphasizes the physiological importance of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carlo M T Marobbio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
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5
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Alam M, Shima H, Matsuo Y, Long NC, Matsumoto M, Ishii Y, Sato N, Sugiyama T, Nobuta R, Hashimoto S, Liu L, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Inada T, Igarashi K. mTORC1-independent translation control in mammalian cells by methionine adenosyltransferase 2A and S-adenosylmethionine. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102084. [PMID: 35636512 PMCID: PMC9243181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). As the sole methyl-donor for methylation of DNA, RNA, and proteins, SAM levels affect gene expression by changing methylation patterns. Expression of MAT2A, the catalytic subunit of isozyme MAT2, is positively correlated with proliferation of cancer cells; however, how MAT2A promotes cell proliferation is largely unknown. Given that the protein synthesis is induced in proliferating cells and that RNA and protein components of translation machinery are methylated, we tested here whether MAT2 and SAM are coupled with protein synthesis. By measuring ongoing protein translation via puromycin labeling, we revealed that MAT2A depletion or chemical inhibition reduced protein synthesis in HeLa and Hepa1 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of MAT2A enhanced protein synthesis, indicating that SAM is limiting under normal culture conditions. In addition, MAT2 inhibition did not accompany reduction in mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 activity but nevertheless reduced polysome formation. Polysome-bound RNA sequencing revealed that MAT2 inhibition decreased translation efficiency of some fraction of mRNAs. MAT2A was also found to interact with the proteins involved in rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis; depletion or inhibition of MAT2 reduced 18S rRNA processing. Finally, quantitative mass spectrometry revealed that some translation factors were dynamically methylated in response to the activity of MAT2A. These observations suggest that cells possess an mTOR-independent regulatory mechanism that tunes translation in response to the levels of SAM. Such a system may acclimate cells for survival when SAM synthesis is reduced, whereas it may support proliferation when SAM is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabub Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsuo
- Division of RNA and Gene Regulation, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nguyen Chi Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusho Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nichika Sato
- Division of RNA and Gene Regulation, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Risa Nobuta
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sendai, Japan
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Inada
- Division of RNA and Gene Regulation, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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6
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Kremer DM, Lyssiotis CA. Targeting allosteric regulation of cancer metabolism. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:441-450. [PMID: 35484254 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is observed across all cancer types. Indeed, the success of many classic chemotherapies stems from their targeting of cancer metabolism. Contemporary research in this area has refined our understanding of tumor-specific metabolic mechanisms and has revealed strategies for exploiting these vulnerabilities selectively. Based on this growing understanding, new small-molecule tools and drugs have been developed to study and target tumor metabolism. Here, we highlight allosteric modulation of metabolic enzymes as an attractive mechanism of action for small molecules that target metabolic enzymes. We then discuss the mechanistic insights garnered from their application in cancer studies and highlight the achievements of this approach in targeting cancer metabolism. Finally, we discuss technological advances in drug discovery for allosteric modulators of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Kremer
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Graduate Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Methionine adenosyltransferase 1a antisense oligonucleotides activate the liver-brown adipose tissue axis preventing obesity and associated hepatosteatosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1096. [PMID: 35232994 PMCID: PMC8888704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered methionine metabolism is associated with weight gain in obesity. The methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), catalyzing the first reaction of the methionine cycle, plays an important role regulating lipid metabolism. However, its role in obesity, when a plethora of metabolic diseases occurs, is still unknown. By using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and genetic depletion of Mat1a, here, we demonstrate that Mat1a deficiency in diet-induce obese or genetically obese mice prevented and reversed obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis by increasing energy expenditure in a hepatocyte FGF21 dependent fashion. The increased NRF2-mediated FGF21 secretion induced by targeting Mat1a, mobilized plasma lipids towards the BAT to be catabolized, induced thermogenesis and reduced body weight, inhibiting hepatic de novo lipogenesis. The beneficial effects of Mat1a ASO were abolished following FGF21 depletion in hepatocytes. Thus, targeting Mat1a activates the liver-BAT axis by increasing NRF2-mediated FGF21 secretion, which prevents obesity, insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis.
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8
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Xu W, Meng Z, Deng J, Sun X, Liu T, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Zhu W. Metabonomic identification of serum biomarkers related to heat stress tolerance of sheep. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13792. [PMID: 36477978 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is considered as a limiting factor for sheep production; it is necessary to screen for sheep breeds with heat tolerance. This study was to compare the serum metabolomes of Hu sheep and Dorper sheep and identify potential biomarkers related to heat stress. The results revealed that the respiratory rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature of Dorper sheep were significantly higher than those of Hu sheep. Compared to Dorper sheep, the serum activities of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase in Hu sheep were significantly higher, while the concentration of malondialdehyde was lower. Metabolomics analysis identified 107 differential serum metabolites. The pathways enriched from the altered serum metabolites between the two breeds were mainly involved in protein metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. The levels of antioxidant- and energy-related metabolites were higher in the serum of Hu sheep than that of Dorper sheep; however, the levels of lipid catabolism- and inflammation-related were higher in the serum of Dorper sheep. The results indicate that Hu sheep had better heat stress resistance capability than Dorper sheep. Moreover, high levels of metabolites in the serum of Hu sheep are potential biomarkers for heat stress tolerance, including l-methionine, s-adenosylmethionine, and nicotinuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhu Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Helan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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9
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Polar Interactions at the Dimer-Dimer Interface of Methionine Adenosyltransferase MAT I Control Tetramerization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413206. [PMID: 34948004 PMCID: PMC8703375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic MATα1 subunits associate into kinetically distinct homo-dimers (MAT III) and homo-tetramers (MAT I) that synthesize S-adenosylmethionine in the adult liver. Pathological reductions in S-adenosylmethionine levels correlate with MAT III accumulation; thus, it is important to know the determinants of dimer–dimer associations. Here, polar interactions (<3.5 Å) at the rat MAT I dimer–dimer interface were disrupted by site-directed mutagenesis. Heterologous expression rendered decreased soluble mutant MATα1 levels that appeared mostly as dimers. Substitutions at the B1–B2 or B3–C1 β-strand loops, or changes in charge on helix α2 located behind, induced either MAT III or MAT I accumulation. Notably, double mutants combining neutral changes on helix α2 with substitutions at either β-strand loop further increased MAT III content. Mutations had negligible impact on secondary or tertiary protein structure, but induced changes of 5–10 °C in thermal stability. All mutants preserved tripolyphosphatase activity, although AdoMet synthesis was only detected in single mutants. Kinetic parameters were altered in all purified proteins, their AdoMet synthesis Vmax and methionine affinities correlating with the association state induced by the corresponding mutations. In conclusion, polar interactions control MATα1 tetramerization and kinetics, diverse effects being induced by changes on opposite β-sheet loops putatively leading to subtle variations in central domain β-sheet orientation.
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10
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Bailey J, Douglas H, Masino L, de Carvalho LPS, Argyrou A. Human Mat2A Uses an Ordered Kinetic Mechanism and Is Stabilized but Not Regulated by Mat2B. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3621-3632. [PMID: 34780697 PMCID: PMC8638259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and l-methionine (l-Met) dependent formation of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM), the principal methyl donor of most biological transmethylation reactions. We carried out in-depth kinetic studies to further understand its mechanism and interaction with a potential regulator, Mat2B. The initial velocity pattern and results of product inhibition by SAM, phosphate, and pyrophosphate, and dead-end inhibition by the l-Met analog cycloleucine (l-cLeu) suggest that Mat2A follows a strictly ordered kinetic mechanism where ATP binds before l-Met and with SAM released prior to random release of phosphate and pyrophosphate. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) showed binding of ATP to Mat2A with a Kd of 80 ± 30 μM, which is close to the Km(ATP) of 50 ± 10 μM. In contrast, l-Met or l-cLeu showed no binding to Mat2A in the absence of ATP; however, binding to l-cLeu was observed in the presence of ATP. The ITC results are fully consistent with the product and dead-inhibition results obtained. We also carried out kinetic studies in the presence of the physiological regulator Mat2B. Under conditions where all Mat2A is found in complex with Mat2B, no significant change in the kinetic parameters was observed despite confirmation of a very high binding affinity of Mat2A to Mat2B (Kd of 6 ± 1 nM). Finally, we found that while Mat2A is unstable at low concentrations (<100 nM), rapidly losing activity at 37 °C, it retained full activity for at least 2 h when Mat2B was present at the known 2:1 Mat2A/Mat2B stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bailey
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.,Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Douglas
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Pedro Sorio de Carvalho
- Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Argyrides Argyrou
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
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11
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De Fusco C, Schimpl M, Börjesson U, Cheung T, Collie I, Evans L, Narasimhan P, Stubbs C, Vazquez-Chantada M, Wagner DJ, Grondine M, Sanders MG, Tentarelli S, Underwood E, Argyrou A, Smith JM, Lynch JT, Chiarparin E, Robb G, Bagal SK, Scott JS. Fragment-Based Design of a Potent MAT2a Inhibitor and in Vivo Evaluation in an MTAP Null Xenograft Model. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6814-6826. [PMID: 33900758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MAT2a is a methionine adenosyltransferase that synthesizes the essential metabolite S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from methionine and ATP. Tumors bearing the co-deletion of p16 and MTAP genes have been shown to be sensitive to MAT2a inhibition, making it an attractive target for treatment of MTAP-deleted cancers. A fragment-based lead generation campaign identified weak but efficient hits binding in a known allosteric site. By use of structure-guided design and systematic SAR exploration, the hits were elaborated through a merging and growing strategy into an arylquinazolinone series of potent MAT2a inhibitors. The selected in vivo tool compound 28 reduced SAM-dependent methylation events in cells and inhibited proliferation of MTAP-null cells in vitro. In vivo studies showed that 28 was able to induce antitumor response in an MTAP knockout HCT116 xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia De Fusco
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Börjesson
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Tony Cheung
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Iain Collie
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Evans
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - David J Wagner
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael Grondine
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Sharon Tentarelli
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Argyrides Argyrou
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James M Smith
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James T Lynch
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graeme Robb
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Sharan K Bagal
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James S Scott
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
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12
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Niland CN, Ghosh A, Cahill SM, Schramm VL. Mechanism and Inhibition of Human Methionine Adenosyltransferase 2A. Biochemistry 2021; 60:791-801. [PMID: 33656855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) is synthesized by the MAT2A isozyme of methionine adenosyltransferase in most human tissues and in cancers. Its contribution to epigenetic control has made it a target for anticancer intervention. A recent kinetic isotope effect analysis of MAT2A demonstrated a loose nucleophilic transition state. Here we show that MAT2A has a sequential mechanism with a rate-limiting step of formation of AdoMet, followed by rapid hydrolysis of the β-γ bond of triphosphate, and rapid release of phosphate and pyrophosphate. MAT2A catalyzes the slow hydrolysis of both ATP and triphosphate in the absence of other reactants. Positional isotope exchange occurs with 18O as the 5'-oxygen of ATP. Loss of the triphosphate is sufficiently reversible to permit rotation and recombination of the α-phosphoryl group of ATP. Adenosine (α-β or β-γ)-imido triphosphates are slow substrates, and the respective imido triphosphates are inhibitors. The hydrolytically stable (α-β, β-γ)-diimido triphosphate (PNPNP) is a nanomolar inhibitor. The MAT2A protein structure is highly stabilized against denaturation by binding of PNPNP. A crystal structure of MAT2A with 5'-methylthioadenosine and PNPNP shows the ligands arranged appropriately in the ATP binding site. Two magnesium ions chelate the α- and γ-phosphoryl groups of PNPNP. The β-phosphoryl oxygen is in contact with an essential potassium ion. Imidophosphate derivatives provide contact models for the design of catalytic site ligands for MAT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Niland
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Agnidipta Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Sean M Cahill
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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13
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Lian N, Shi LQ, Hao ZM, Chen M. Research progress and perspective in metabolism and metabolomics of psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2976-2986. [PMID: 33237698 PMCID: PMC7752687 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Psoriasis is considered a systemic disease associated with metabolic abnormalities, and it is important to understand the mechanisms by which metabolism affects pathophysiological processes both holistically and systematically. Metabolites are closely related to disease phenotypes, especially in systemic diseases under multifactorial modulation. The emergence of metabolomics has provided information regarding metabolite changes in lesions and circulation and deepened our understanding of the association between metabolic reprogramming and psoriasis. Metabolomics has great potential for the development of effective biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, prediction of the efficacy of psoriasis management, and further discovery of new metabolism-based therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Lian
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Collage, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
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14
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Wang J, Wang WA, Zhang A, Liu HB. Molecular mechanism of methyltransferase-like protein family: Relationship with gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:428-434. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i11.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyltransferase-like proteins (METTL) are part of a large protein family, which is characterized by the presence of an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; a common substrate for methylation reactions) binding domain. Although members of this protein family have been shown or predicted as methyltransferases of RNA, DNA, or proteins, most methyltransferases are still poorly characterized. Identifying the complexes where these potential enzymes work can help to understand their function and substrate specificity. The METTL protein family is closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC), and its relationship with GC is of great importance in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of GC. Here we give a systematic and comprehensive review of the mechanism of METTL protein family and its relationship with GC, with an aim to provide important resources for further research on these potential new methyltransferases and the diagnosis and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wen-An Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - An Zhang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Liu
- People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Unit 940 Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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15
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Portillo F, Vázquez J, Pajares MA. Protein-protein interactions involving enzymes of the mammalian methionine and homocysteine metabolism. Biochimie 2020; 173:33-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Panmanee J, Antonyuk SV, Hasnain SS. Structural basis of the dominant inheritance of hypermethioninemia associated with the Arg264His mutation in the MAT1A gene. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:594-607. [PMID: 32496220 PMCID: PMC7271947 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320006002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency, characterized by isolated persistent hypermethioninemia (IPH), is caused by mutations in the MAT1A gene encoding MATαl, one of the major hepatic enzymes. Most of the associated hypermethioninemic conditions are inherited as autosomal recessive traits; however, dominant inheritance of hypermethioninemia is caused by an Arg264His (R264H) mutation. This mutation has been confirmed in a screening programme of newborns as the most common mutation in babies with IPH. Arg264 makes an inter-subunit salt bridge located at the dimer interface where the active site assembles. Here, it is demonstrated that the R264H mutation results in greatly reduced MAT activity, while retaining its ability to dimerize, indicating that the lower activity arises from alteration at the active site. The first crystallographic structure of the apo form of the wild-type MATαl enzyme is provided, which shows a tetrameric assembly in which two compact dimers combine to form a catalytic tetramer. In contrast, the crystal structure of the MATαl R264H mutant reveals a weaker dimeric assembly, suggesting that the mutation lowers the affinity for dimer-dimer interaction. The formation of a hetero-oligomer with the regulatory MATβV1 subunit or incubation with a quinolone-based compound (SCR0911) results in the near-full recovery of the enzymatic activity of the pathogenic mutation R264H, opening a clear avenue for a therapeutic solution based on chemical interventions that help to correct the defect of the enzyme in its ability to metabolize methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Panmanee
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana V. Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - S. Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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17
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Sekula B, Ruszkowski M, Dauter Z. S-adenosylmethionine synthases in plants: Structural characterization of type I and II isoenzymes from Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:554-565. [PMID: 32057875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine synthases (MATs) are responsible for production of S-adenosylmethionine, the cofactor essential for various methylation reactions, production of polyamines and phytohormone ethylene, etc. Plants have two distinct MAT types (I and II). This work presents the structural analysis of MATs from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMAT1 and AtMAT2, both type I) and Medicago truncatula (MtMAT3a, type II), which, unlike most MATs from other domains of life, are dimers where three-domain subunits are sandwiched flat with one another. Although MAT types are very similar, their subunits are differently oriented within the dimer. Structural snapshots along the enzymatic reaction reveal the exact conformation of precatalytic methionine in the active site and show a binding niche, characteristic only for plant MATs, that may serve as a lock of the gate loop. Nevertheless, plants, in contrary to mammals, lack the MAT regulatory subunit, and the regulation of plant MAT activity is still puzzling. Our structures open a possibility of an allosteric activity regulation of type I plant MATs by linear compounds, like polyamines, which would tighten the relationship between S-adenosylmethionine and polyamine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Sekula
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, IL, USA.
| | - Milosz Ruszkowski
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, IL, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, IL, USA
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18
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Min DJ, Vural S, Krushkal J. Association of transcriptional levels of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism-related genes in cancer cell lines with drug treatment response. Cancer Genet 2019; 237:19-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Murray B, Barbier-Torres L, Fan W, Mato JM, Lu SC. Methionine adenosyltransferases in liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4300-4319. [PMID: 31496615 PMCID: PMC6710175 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i31.4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) are essential enzymes for life as they produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the biological methyl donor required for a plethora of reactions within the cell. Mammalian systems express two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, which encode for MATα1 and MATα2, the catalytic subunits of the MAT isoenzymes, respectively. A third gene MAT2B, encodes a regulatory subunit known as MATβ which controls the activity of MATα2. MAT1A, which is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, maintains the differentiated state of these cells, whilst MAT2A and MAT2B are expressed in extrahepatic tissues as well as non-parenchymal cells of the liver (e.g., hepatic stellate and Kupffer cells). The biosynthesis of SAMe is impaired in patients with chronic liver disease and liver cancer due to decreased expression and inactivation of MATα1. A switch from MAT1A to MAT2A/MAT2B occurs in multiple liver diseases and during liver growth and dedifferentiation, but this change in the expression pattern of MATs results in reduced hepatic SAMe level. Decades of study have utilized the Mat1a-knockout (KO) mouse that spontaneously develops non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to elucidate a variety of mechanisms by which MAT proteins dysregulation contributes to liver carcinogenesis. An increasing volume of work indicates that MATs have SAMe-independent functions, distinct interactomes and multiple subcellular localizations. Here we aim to provide an overview of MAT biology including genes, isoenzymes and their regulation to provide the context for understanding consequences of their dysregulation. We will highlight recent breakthroughs in the field and underscore the importance of MAT’s in liver tumorigenesis as well as their potential as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Murray
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Lucia Barbier-Torres
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Wei Fan
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology, Park of Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Digestive and Liver diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
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20
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Simile MM, Peitta G, Tomasi ML, Brozzetti S, Feo CF, Porcu A, Cigliano A, Calvisi DF, Feo F, Pascale RM. MicroRNA-203 impacts on the growth, aggressiveness and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting MAT2A and MAT2B genes. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2835-2854. [PMID: 31073374 PMCID: PMC6497462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by the down-regulation of the liver-specific methyladenosyltransferase 1A (MAT1A) gene, encoding the S-adenosylmethionine synthesizing isozymes MATI/III, and the up-regulation of the widely expressed methyladenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), encoding MATII isozyme, and methyladenosyltransferase 2B (MAT2B), encoding a β-subunit without catalytic action that regulates MATII enzymatic activity. Different observations showed hepatocarcinogenesis inhibition by miR-203. We found that miR-203 expression in HCCs is inversely correlated with HCC proliferation and aggressiveness markers, and with MAT2A and MAT2B levels. MiR-203 transfection in HepG2 and Huh7 liver cancer cells targeted the 3'-UTR of MAT2A and MAT2B, inhibiting MAT2A and MAT2B mRNA levels and MATα2 and MATβ2 protein expression. These molecular events were paralleled by an increase in SAM content and were associated with growth restraint and apoptosis, inhibition of cell migration and invasiveness, and suppression of the expression of CD133 and LIN28B stemness markers. In contrast, MAT2B transfection in the same cell lines led to a rise of both MATβ2 and MATα2 expression, associated with increases in cell growth, migration, invasion and overexpression of stemness markers and p-AKT. Altogether, our results indicate that the miR-203 oncosuppressor activity may at least partially depend on its inhibition of MAT2A and MAT2B and show, for the first time, an oncogenic activity of MAT2B linked to AKT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Simile
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Graziella Peitta
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria L Tomasi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefania Brozzetti
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio F Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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21
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Ohren J, Parungao GG, Viola RE. Structure of a critical metabolic enzyme: S-adenosylmethionine synthetase from Cryptosporidium parvum. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:290-298. [PMID: 30950830 PMCID: PMC6450524 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), the primary methyl donor in most biological methylation reactions, is produced from ATP and methionine in a multistep reaction catalyzed by AdoMet synthetase. The diversity of group-transfer reactions that involve AdoMet places this compound at a key crossroads in amino-acid, nucleic acid and lipid metabolism, and disruption of its synthesis has adverse consequences for all forms of life. The family of AdoMet synthetases is highly conserved, and structures of this enzyme have been determined from organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Here, the structure of an AdoMet synthetase from the infectious parasite Cryptosporidium parvum has been determined as part of an effort to identify structural differences in this enzyme family that can guide the development of species-selective inhibitors. This enzyme form has a less extensive subunit interface than some previously determined structures, and contains some key structural differences from the human enzyme in an allosteric site, presenting an opportunity for the design of selective inhibitors against the AdoMet synthetase from this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ohren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Gwenn G. Parungao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Ronald E. Viola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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22
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Panmanee J, Bradley-Clarke J, Mato JM, O'Neill PM, Antonyuk SV, Hasnain SS. Control and regulation of S-Adenosylmethionine biosynthesis by the regulatory β subunit and quinolone-based compounds. FEBS J 2019; 286:2135-2154. [PMID: 30776190 PMCID: PMC6850014 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylation is an underpinning process of life and provides control for biological processes such as DNA synthesis, cell growth, and apoptosis. Methionine adenosyltransferases (MAT) produce the cellular methyl donor, S‐Adenosylmethionine (SAMe). Dysregulation of SAMe level is a relevant event in many diseases, including cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancer. In addition, mutation of Arg264 in MATα1 causes isolated persistent hypermethioninemia, which is characterized by low activity of the enzyme in liver and high level of plasma methionine. In mammals, MATα1/α2 and MATβV1/V2 are the catalytic and the major form of regulatory subunits, respectively. A gating loop comprising residues 113–131 is located beside the active site of catalytic subunits (MATα1/α2) and provides controlled access to the active site. Here, we provide evidence of how the gating loop facilitates the catalysis and define some of the key elements that control the catalytic efficiency. Mutation of several residues of MATα2 including Gln113, Ser114, and Arg264 lead to partial or total loss of enzymatic activity, demonstrating their critical role in catalysis. The enzymatic activity of the mutated enzymes is restored to varying degrees upon complex formation with MATβV1 or MATβV2, endorsing its role as an allosteric regulator of MATα2 in response to the levels of methionine or SAMe. Finally, the protein–protein interacting surface formed in MATα2:MATβ complexes is explored to demonstrate that several quinolone‐based compounds modulate the activity of MATα2 and its mutants, providing a rational for chemical design/intervention responsive to the level of SAMe in the cellular environment. Enzymes Methionine adenosyltransferase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/5/1/6.html). Database Structural data are available in the RCSB PDB database under the PDB ID http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FBN (Q113A), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FBP (S114A: P22121), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FBO (S114A: I222), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FCB (P115G), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FCD (R264A), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FAJ (wtMATα2: apo), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6G6R (wtMATα2: holo)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Panmanee
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Bradley-Clarke
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose M Mato
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana V Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - S Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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23
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Bai J, Gao Y, Chen L, Yin Q, Lou F, Wang Z, Xu Z, Zhou H, Li Q, Cai W, Sun Y, Niu L, Wang H, Wei Z, Lu S, Zhou A, Zhang J, Wang H. Identification of a natural inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase 2A regulating one-carbon metabolism in keratinocytes. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:575-590. [PMID: 30591370 PMCID: PMC6355826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease which lacks effective strategies for the treatment. Natural compounds with biological activities are good tools to identify new targets with therapeutic potentials. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) is the most bioactive ingredient of boswellic acids, a group of compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Target identification of AKBA and metabolomics analysis of psoriasis helped to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying its effect, and provide new target(s) to treat the disease. Methods To explore the targets and molecular mechanism of AKBA, we performed affinity purification, metabolomics analysis of HaCaT cells treated with AKBA, and epidermis of imiquimod (IMQ) induced mouse model of psoriasis and psoriasis patients. Findings AKBA directly interacts with methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), inhibited its enzyme activity, decreased level of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and SAM/SAH ratio, and reprogrammed one‑carbon metabolism in HaCaT cells. Untargeted metabolomics of epidermis showed one‑carbon metabolism was activated in psoriasis patients. Topical use of AKBA improved inflammatory phenotype of IMQ induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed AKBA bound to an allosteric site at the interface of MAT2A dimer. Interpretation Our study extends the molecular mechanism of AKBA by revealing a new interacting protein MAT2A. And this leads us to find out the dysregulated one‑carbon metabolism in psoriasis, which indicates the therapeutic potential of AKBA in psoriasis. Fund The National Natural Science Foundation, the National Program on Key Basic Research Project, the Shanghai Municipal Commission, the Leading Academic Discipline Project of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Linjiao Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fangzhou Lou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhenyao Xu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Liman Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhenquan Wei
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Dhaked DK, Bala Divya M, Guruprasad L. A structural and functional perspective on the enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in the L-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 145:52-64. [PMID: 30550737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death from bacterial infections. The multi-drug resistant strain has warranted the development of new drug molecules which can inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Most of the known drugs inhibit the enzymes in the cell wall biosynthesis pathway. One such pathway is L-rhamnose, which involves four druggable enzymes RmlA, B, C and D. The 3D structure analyses of these protein models (RmlA, B and D) and crystal structure (RmlC) has been carried out. Multiple sequence alignments of homologs from distant species of 32 taxa and analyses of available structures were performed in order to study the conservation of sequence and structural motifs, and catalytically important residues. Based on these results and reported mechanism in other organisms, we have predicted putative catalytic mechanism of M.tb enzymes involved in the L-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Dhaked
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - M Bala Divya
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Lalitha Guruprasad
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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25
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Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Mammalian Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism: A Nexus Between Redox Regulation, Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Detoxification. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:408-452. [PMID: 29186975 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Transsulfuration allows conversion of methionine into cysteine using homocysteine (Hcy) as an intermediate. This pathway produces S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), a key metabolite for cell function, and provides 50% of the cysteine needed for hepatic glutathione synthesis. The route requires the intake of essential nutrients (e.g., methionine and vitamins) and is regulated by their availability. Transsulfuration presents multiple interconnections with epigenetics, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and glutathione synthesis, polyol and pentose phosphate pathways, and detoxification that rely mostly in the exchange of substrates or products. Major hepatic diseases, rare diseases, and sensorineural disorders, among others that concur with oxidative stress, present impaired transsulfuration. Recent Advances: In contrast to the classical view, a nuclear branch of the pathway, potentiated under oxidative stress, is emerging. Several transsulfuration proteins regulate gene expression, suggesting moonlighting activities. In addition, abnormalities in Hcy metabolism link nutrition and hearing loss. CRITICAL ISSUES Knowledge about the crossregulation between pathways is mostly limited to the hepatic availability/removal of substrates and inhibitors. However, advances regarding protein-protein interactions involving oncogenes, identification of several post-translational modifications (PTMs), and putative moonlighting activities expand the potential impact of transsulfuration beyond methylations and Hcy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing the knowledge on transsulfuration outside the liver, understanding the protein-protein interaction networks involving these enzymes, the functional role of their PTMs, or the mechanisms controlling their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may provide further insights into the pathophysiological implications of this pathway, allowing design of new therapeutic interventions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 408-452.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Pajares
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Molecular Hepatology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
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26
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Pascale RM, Feo CF, Calvisi DF, Feo F. Deregulation of methionine metabolism as determinant of progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:36. [PMID: 30050996 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The under-regulation of liver-specific MAT1A gene codifying for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesizing isozymes MATI/III, and the up-regulation of widely expressed MAT2A, MATII isozyme occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATα1:MATα2 switch strongly contributes to the fall in SAM liver content both in rodent and human liver carcinogenesis. SAM administration to carcinogen-treated animals inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis. The opposite occurs in Mat1a-KO mice, in which chronic SAM deficiency is followed by HCC development. This review focuses upon the changes, induced by the MATα1:MATα2 switch, involved in HCC development. In association with MATα1:MATα2 switch there occurs, in HCC, global DNA hypomethylation, decline of DNA repair, genomic instability, and deregulation of different signaling pathways such as overexpression of c-MYC (avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog), increase of polyamine (PA) synthesis and RAS/ERK (Harvey murine sarcoma virus oncogene homolog/extracellular signal-regulated kinase), IKK/NF-kB (I-k kinase beta/nuclear factor kB), PI3K/AKT, and LKB1/AMPK axes. Furthermore, a decrease in MATα1 expression and SAM level induces HCC cell proliferation and survival. SAM treatment in vivo and enforced MATα1 overexpression or MATα2 inhibition, in cultured HCC cells, prevent these changes. A negative correlation of MATα1:MATα2 and MATI/III:MATII ratios with cell proliferation and genomic instability and a positive correlation with apoptosis and global DNA methylation are present in human HCC. Altogether, these data suggest that the decrease of SAM level and the deregulation of MATs are potential therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Medical, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio F Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Medical, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Medical, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Meng J, Wang L, Wang J, Zhao X, Cheng J, Yu W, Jin D, Li Q, Gong Z. METHIONINE ADENOSYLTRANSFERASE4 Mediates DNA and Histone Methylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:652-670. [PMID: 29572390 PMCID: PMC6001336 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA and histone methylation coregulate heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in animals and plants. To identify factors involved in maintaining gene silencing, we conducted a forward genetic screen for mutants that release the silenced transgene Pro35S::NEOMYCIN PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE II in the transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) line L119 We identified MAT4/SAMS3/MTO3/AT3G17390, which encodes methionine (Met) adenosyltransferase 4 (MAT4)/S-adenosyl-Met synthetase 3 that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosyl-Met (SAM) in the one-carbon metabolism cycle. mat4 mostly decreases CHG and CHH DNA methylation and histone H3K9me2 and reactivates certain silenced transposons. The exogenous addition of SAM partially rescues the epigenetic defects of mat4 SAM content and DNA methylation were reduced more in mat4 than in three other mat mutants. MAT4 knockout mutations generated by CRISPR/Cas9 were lethal, indicating that MAT4 is an essential gene in Arabidopsis. MAT1, 2, and 4 proteins exhibited nearly equal activity in an in vitro assay, whereas MAT3 exhibited higher activity. The native MAT4 promoter driving MAT1, 2, and 3 cDNA complemented the mat4 mutant. However, most mat4 transgenic lines carrying native MAT1, 2, and 3 promoters driving MAT4 cDNA did not complement the mat4 mutant because of their lower expression in seedlings. Genetic analyses indicated that the mat1mat4 double mutant is dwarfed and the mat2mat4 double mutant was nonviable, while mat1mat2 showed normal growth and fertility. These results indicate that MAT4 plays a predominant role in SAM production, plant growth, and development. Our findings provide direct evidence of the cooperative actions between metabolism and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lishuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinkui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Firestone RS, Schramm VL. The Transition-State Structure for Human MAT2A from Isotope Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13754-13760. [PMID: 28880543 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human methionine S-adenosyltransferase (MAT2A) catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) from ATP and methionine. Synthetic lethal genetic analysis has identified MAT2A as an anticancer target in tumor cells lacking expression of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP). Approximately 15% of human cancers are MTAP-/-. The remainder can be rendered MTAP- through MTAP inhibitors. We used kinetic isotope effect (KIE), commitment factor (Cf), and binding isotope effect (BIE) measurements combined with quantum mechanical (QM) calculations to solve the transition state structure of human MAT2A. The reaction is characterized by an advanced SN2 transition state. The bond forming from the nucleophilic methionine sulfur to the 5'-C of ATP is 2.03 Å at the transition state (bond order of 0.67). Departure of the leaving group triphosphate of ATP is well advanced and forms a 2.32 Å bond between the 5'-C of ATP and the oxygen of the triphosphate (bond order of 0.23). Interaction of MAT2A with its MAT2B regulatory subunit causes no change in the intrinsic KIEs, indicating the same transition state structure. The transition state for MAT2A is more advanced along the reaction coordinate (more product-like) than that from the near-symmetrical transition state of methionine adenosyltransferase from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Firestone
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, New York 10461, United States
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29
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Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) are essential for cell survival because they catalyze the biosynthesis of the biological methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) from methionine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mammalian cells express two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, which encode two MAT catalytic subunits, α1 and α2, respectively. The α1 subunit organizes into dimers (MATIII) or tetramers (MATI). The α2 subunit is found in the MATII isoform. A third gene MAT2B, encodes a regulatory subunit β, that regulates the activity of MATII by lowering the inhibition constant (Ki) for SAMe and the Michaelis constant (Km) for methionine. MAT1A expressed mainly in hepatocytes maintains the differentiated state of these cells whereas MAT2A and MAT2B are expressed in non-parenchymal cells of the liver (hepatic stellate cells [HSCs] and Kupffer cells) and extrahepatic tissues. A switch from the liver-specific MAT1A to MAT2A has been observed during conditions of active liver growth and de-differentiation. Liver injury, fibrosis, and cancer are associated with MAT1A silencing and MAT2A/MAT2B induction. Even though both MAT1A and MAT2A are involved in SAMe biosynthesis, they exhibit distinct molecular interactions in liver cells. This review provides an update on MAT genes and their roles in liver pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ramani
- Corresponding authors: Division of Digestive and Liver
Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,
USA (K.Ramani)
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30
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Targeting S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis with a novel allosteric inhibitor of Mat2A. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:785-792. [PMID: 28553945 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is an enzyme cofactor used in methyl transfer reactions and polyamine biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of SAM from ATP and L-methionine is performed by the methionine adenosyltransferase enzyme family (Mat; EC 2.5.1.6). Human methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (Mat2A), the extrahepatic isoform, is often deregulated in cancer. We identified a Mat2A inhibitor, PF-9366, that binds an allosteric site on Mat2A that overlaps with the binding site for the Mat2A regulator, Mat2B. Studies exploiting PF-9366 suggested a general mode of Mat2A allosteric regulation. Allosteric binding of PF-9366 or Mat2B altered the Mat2A active site, resulting in increased substrate affinity and decreased enzyme turnover. These data support a model whereby Mat2B functions as an inhibitor of Mat2A activity when methionine or SAM levels are high, yet functions as an activator of Mat2A when methionine or SAM levels are low. The ramification of Mat2A activity modulation in cancer cells is also described.
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31
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Firestone RS, Cameron SA, Tyler PC, Ducati RG, Spitz AZ, Schramm VL. Continuous Fluorescence Assays for Reactions Involving Adenine. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11860-11867. [PMID: 27779859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTAN) catalyze the phosphorolysis and hydrolysis of 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), respectively. Both enzymes have low KM values for their substrates. Kinetic assays for these enzymes are challenging, as the ultraviolet absorbance spectra for reactant MTA and product adenine are similar. We report a new assay using 2-amino-5'-methylthioadenosine (2AMTA) as an alternative substrate for MTAP and MTAN enzymes. Hydrolysis or phosphorolysis of 2AMTA forms 2,6-diaminopurine, a fluorescent and easily quantitated product. We kinetically characterize 2AMTA with human MTAP, bacterial MTANs and use 2,6-diaminopurine as a fluorescent substrate for yeast adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. 2AMTA was used as the substrate to kinetically characterize the dissociation constants for three-transition-state analogue inhibitors of MTAP and MTAN. Kinetic values obtained from continuous fluorescent assays with MTA were in good agreement with previously measured literature values, but gave smaller experimental errors. Chemical synthesis from ribose and 2,6-dichloropurine provided crystalline 2AMTA as the oxalate salt. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis from ribose and 2,6-diaminopurine produced 2-amino-S-adenosylmethionine for hydrolytic conversion to 2AMTA. Interaction of 2AMTA with human MTAP was also characterized by pre-steady-state kinetics and by analysis of the crystal structure in a complex with sulfate as a catalytically inert analogue of phosphate. This assay is suitable for inhibitor screening by detection of fluorescent product, for quantitative analysis of hits by rapid and accurate measurement of inhibition constants in continuous assays, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S Firestone
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington , Lower Hutt, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Rodrigo G Ducati
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Adam Z Spitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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32
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Krushkal J, Zhao Y, Hose C, Monks A, Doroshow JH, Simon R. Concerted changes in transcriptional regulation of genes involved in DNA methylation, demethylation, and folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism pathways in the NCI-60 cancer cell line panel in response to cancer drug treatment. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:73. [PMID: 27347216 PMCID: PMC4919895 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation are abundant in cancer, and epigenetic pathways are increasingly being targeted in cancer drug treatment. Genetic components of the folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism pathway can affect DNA methylation and other vital cell functions, including DNA synthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, and cell growth. Results We used a bioinformatics tool, the Transcriptional Pharmacology Workbench, to analyze temporal changes in gene expression among epigenetic regulators of DNA methylation and demethylation, and one-carbon metabolism genes in response to cancer drug treatment. We analyzed gene expression information from the NCI-60 cancer cell line panel after treatment with five antitumor agents, 5-azacytidine, doxorubicin, vorinostat, paclitaxel, and cisplatin. Each antitumor agent elicited concerted changes in gene expression of multiple pathway components across the cell lines. Expression changes of FOLR2, SMUG1, GART, GADD45A, MBD1, MTR, MTHFD1, and CTH were significantly correlated with chemosensitivity to some of the agents. Among many genes with concerted expression response to individual antitumor agents were genes encoding DNA methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B, epigenetic and DNA repair factors MGMT, GADD45A, and MBD1, and one-carbon metabolism pathway members MTHFD1, TYMS, DHFR, MTR, MAT2A, SLC19A1, ATIC, and GART. Conclusions These transcriptional changes are likely to influence vital cellular functions of DNA methylation and demethylation, cellular growth, DNA biosynthesis, and DNA repair, and some of them may contribute to cytotoxic and apoptotic action of the drugs. This concerted molecular response was observed in a time-dependent manner, which may provide future guidelines for temporal selection of genetic drug targets for combination drug therapy treatment regimens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0240-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krushkal
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Curtis Hose
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Anne Monks
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Richard Simon
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850 USA
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Freyburger M, Pierre A, Paquette G, Bélanger-Nelson E, Bedont J, Gaudreault PO, Drolet G, Laforest S, Blackshaw S, Cermakian N, Doucet G, Mongrain V. EphA4 is Involved in Sleep Regulation but Not in the Electrophysiological Response to Sleep Deprivation. Sleep 2016; 39:613-24. [PMID: 26612390 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Optimal sleep is ensured by the interaction of circadian and homeostatic processes. Although synaptic plasticity seems to contribute to both processes, the specific players involved are not well understood. The EphA4 tyrosine kinase receptor is a cell adhesion protein regulating synaptic plasticity. We investigated the role of EphA4 in sleep regulation using electrocorticography in mice lacking EphA4 and gene expression measurements. METHODS EphA4 knockout (KO) mice, Clock(Δ19/Δ19) mutant mice and littermates, C57BL/6J and CD-1 mice, and Sprague-Dawley rats were studied under a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, under undisturbed conditions or 6 h sleep deprivation (SLD), and submitted to a 48 h electrophysiological recording and/or brain sampling at different time of day. RESULTS EphA4 KO mice showed less rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), enhanced duration of individual bouts of wakefulness and nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) during the light period, and a blunted daily rhythm of NREMS sigma activity. The NREMS delta activity response to SLD was unchanged in EphA4 KO mice. However, SLD increased EphA4 expression in the thalamic/hypothalamic region in C57BL/6J mice. We further show the presence of E-boxes in the promoter region of EphA4, a lower expression of EphA4 in Clock mutant mice, a rhythmic expression of EphA4 ligands in several brain areas, expression of EphA4 in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN), and finally an unchanged number of cells expressing Vip, Grp and Avp in the SCN of EphA4 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that EphA4 is involved in circadian sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Freyburger
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Pierre
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Paquette
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erika Bélanger-Nelson
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Bedont
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Pierre-Olivier Gaudreault
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Drolet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Laforest
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Doucet
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine and Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Murray B, Antonyuk SV, Marina A, Lu SC, Mato JM, Hasnain SS, Rojas AL. Crystallography captures catalytic steps in human methionine adenosyltransferase enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2104-9. [PMID: 26858410 PMCID: PMC4776477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510959113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal methyl donor of the cell, S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), is produced by the highly conserved family of methionine adenosyltranferases (MATs) via an ATP-driven process. These enzymes play an important role in the preservation of life, and their dysregulation has been tightly linked to liver and colon cancers. We present crystal structures of human MATα2 containing various bound ligands, providing a "structural movie" of the catalytic steps. High- to atomic-resolution structures reveal the structural elements of the enzyme involved in utilization of the substrates methionine and adenosine and in formation of the product SAMe. MAT enzymes are also able to produce S-adenosylethionine (SAE) from substrate ethionine. Ethionine, an S-ethyl analog of the amino acid methionine, is known to induce steatosis and pancreatitis. We show that SAE occupies the active site in a manner similar to SAMe, confirming that ethionine also uses the same catalytic site to form the product SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Murray
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, England; Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Svetlana V Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, England
| | - Alberto Marina
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jose M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnologico Bizkaia, 801A-1.48160 Derio, Spain
| | - S Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, England;
| | - Adriana L Rojas
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, 48160 Derio, Spain;
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