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Biswas S, Havlicek L, Nemec I, Salitros I, Mandal L, Neugebauer P, Kuppusamy SK, Ruben M. Levamisole Based Co(II) Single-Ion Magnet. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400574. [PMID: 38870468 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A new Co(II) complex, [Co(NCS)2(L)2] (1) has been synthesized based on levamisole (L) as a new ligand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses confirm that the Co(II) ion is having a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry in the complex. Notably strong intramolecular S⋅⋅⋅S and S⋅⋅⋅N interactions has been confirmed by employing Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). These intramolecular interactions occur among the sulfur and nitrogen atoms of the levamisole ligands and also the nitrogen atoms of the thiocyanate. Direct current (dc) magnetic analyses reveal presence of zero field splitting (ZFS) and large magnetic anisotropy on Co(II). Detailed ab initio ligand field theory calculations quantitatively predicted the magnitude of ZFS. Prominent field-induced single-ion magnet (SIM) behavior was observed for 1 from dynamic magnetization measurements. Slow magnetic relaxation follows an Orbach mechanism with the effective energy barrier Ueff=29.6 (7) K and relaxation time τo=1.4 (4)×10-9 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumava Biswas
- Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University Survey No, 124, Paud Rd, Kothrud, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lubomir Havlicek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of Materials, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zizkova 22, 61662, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 77147, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Salitros
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava., Bratislava, SK-81237, Slovakia
| | - Leena Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Polba Mahavidyalaya, Polba Hooghly, PIN-712148, West Bengal, India
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Senthil Kumar Kuppusamy
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Chodkiewicz ML, Olech B, Jha KK, Dominiak PM, Woźniak K. Hirshfeld atom refinement and dynamical refinement of hexagonal ice structure from electron diffraction data. IUCRJ 2024; 11:730-736. [PMID: 39078666 PMCID: PMC11364029 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524006808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Reaching beyond the commonly used spherical atomic electron density model allows one to greatly improve the accuracy of hydrogen atom structural parameters derived from X-ray data. However, the effects of atomic asphericity are less explored for electron diffraction data. In this work, Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR), a method that uses an accurate description of electron density by quantum mechanical calculation for a system of interest, was applied for the first time to the kinematical refinement of electron diffraction data. This approach was applied here to derive the structure of ordinary hexagonal ice (Ih). The effect of introducing HAR is much less noticeable than in the case of X-ray refinement and it is largely overshadowed by dynamical scattering effects. It led to only a slight change in the O-H bond lengths (shortening by 0.01 Å) compared with the independent atom model (IAM). The average absolute differences in O-H bond lengths between the kinematical refinements and the reference neutron structure were much larger: 0.044 for IAM and 0.046 Å for HAR. The refinement results changed considerably when dynamical scattering effects were modelled - with extinction correction or with dynamical refinement. The latter led to an improvement of the O-H bond length accuracy to 0.021 Å on average (with IAM refinement). Though there is a potential for deriving more accurate structures using HAR for electron diffraction, modelling of dynamical scattering effects seems to be a necessary step to achieve this. However, at present there is no software to support both HAR and dynamical refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Leszek Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 101WarszawaWarszawa02-089Poland
| | - Barbara Olech
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 101WarszawaWarszawa02-089Poland
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawS. Banacha 2cWarsaw02-097Poland
| | - Kunal Kumar Jha
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawS. Banacha 2cWarsaw02-097Poland
| | - Paulina Maria Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 101WarszawaWarszawa02-089Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 101WarszawaWarszawa02-089Poland
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawS. Banacha 2cWarsaw02-097Poland
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3
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Kalník M, Gabko P, Kóňa J, Šesták S, Moncoľ J, Bella M. (5S)-5-Benzylswainsonines as potent and selective inhibitors of Golgi α-mannosidase II: synthesis, enzyme evaluation and molecular modelling. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107578. [PMID: 38955002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics based on Golgi α-mannosidase II (GMII) inhibition is considerably impeded by an undesired co-inhibition of lysosomal α-mannosidase leading to severe side-effects. In this contribution, we describe a fully stereoselective synthesis of (5S)-5-[4-(halo)benzyl]swainsonines as highly potent and selective inhibitors of GMII. The synthesis starts from a previously reported aldehyde readily available from l-ribose, and the key features include an intramolecular reductive amination with substrate-controlled stereoselectivity and a late-stage derivatisation of the benzyl group via ipso-substitution. These novel swainsonine analogues were found to be nanomolar inhibitors of the Golgi-type α-mannosidase AMAN-2 (Ki = 23-75 nM) with excellent selectivity (selectivity index = 205-870) over the lysosomal-type Jack bean α-mannosidase. Finally, molecular docking and pKa calculations were performed to provide more insight into the structure of the inhibitor:enzyme complexes, and a pair interaction energy analysis (FMO-PIEDA) was carried out to rationalise the observed potency and selectivity of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kalník
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Gabko
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; Medical Vision, Civic Research Association, Záhradnícka 4837/55, SK-82108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sergej Šesták
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Moncoľ
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maroš Bella
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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4
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Krawczuk A, Genoni A. Current developments and trends in quantum crystallography. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2024; 80:S2052520624003421. [PMID: 38888407 PMCID: PMC11301899 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520624003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Quantum crystallography is an emerging research field of science that has its origin in the early days of quantum physics and modern crystallography when it was almost immediately envisaged that X-ray radiation could be somehow exploited to determine the electron distribution of atoms and molecules. Today it can be seen as a composite research area at the intersection of crystallography, quantum chemistry, solid-state physics, applied mathematics and computer science, with the goal of investigating quantum problems, phenomena and features of the crystalline state. In this article, the state-of-the-art of quantum crystallography will be described by presenting developments and applications of novel techniques that have been introduced in the last 15 years. The focus will be on advances in the framework of multipole model strategies, wavefunction-/density matrix-based approaches and quantum chemical topological techniques. Finally, possible future improvements and expansions in the field will be discussed, also considering new emerging experimental and computational technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krawczuk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Alessandro Genoni
- Université de Lorraine and CNRSLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques1 Boulevard AragoMetz57078France
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5
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Fukuda H, Tsurumaki E, Wakamatsu K, Toyota S. Unusually Short H⋅⋅⋅H Contacts in Intramolecularly Cyclized Helically Fused Anthracenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401627. [PMID: 38751350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The intramolecular coupling of dichloro-substituted helically fused anthracenes using the Yamamoto coupling yielded cyclized products with sterically congested molecular structures. The X-ray analysis and DFT calculations showed that the aromatic framework adopted a nonplanar structure with a twisted conformation about the newly formed single bond, which acts as a chiral axis. Interestingly, the X-ray structure obtained through the Hirshfeld atom refinement revealed short interatomic distances between the inner hydrogen atoms (1.648-1.692 Å), much shorter than the sum of their van der Waals radii. Owing to these unusually short contacts, the 1H NMR spectrum exhibited a significant deshielding (12.5 ppm) and a large nuclear Overhauser effect (44 %). Additionally, the IR spectrum displayed a high-frequency shift of the C-H stretching vibration. These observations, along with the noncovalent interaction plot indicative of a characteristic steric environment, strongly support the presence of steric hindrance. Moreover, dynamic NMR measurement of the mesityl-substituted derivative yielded a barrier to helical inversion of 84 kJ mol-1. The optical properties and crystal packing of the cyclized products are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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6
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Bourne SA. Chemistry and crystal engineering. IUCRJ 2024; 11:434-435. [PMID: 38958010 PMCID: PMC11220874 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524006249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies published in the Chemistry and crystal engineering section of IUCrJ emphasize developments both in methodology and techniques as well as the diverse range of classes of compounds being studied and of problems being tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Bourne
- Centre for Supramolecular Chemistry Research, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch 7701South Africa
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7
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Allan DR. Exploring crystal structure-physical property relationships with pressure. IUCRJ 2024; 11:438-439. [PMID: 38958012 PMCID: PMC11220890 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252400602x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
From its conception, X-ray crystallography has provided a unique understanding of the structure, bonding and electronic state of materials, which, in turn, unlocks a means of examining the properties and function of crystalline systems. Using state-of-the-art single-crystal X-ray diffraction, along with UV-Vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations, Zwolenik et al. [(2024). IUCrJ, 11, 519-527] have provided a comprehensive study of the structure-optical property relationship of 1,3-diacetylpyrene with methodologies that are increasingly accessible to non-specialist laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Allan
- Diamond Light Source LtdDiamond HouseChiltonOxfordshireOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
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8
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Zwolenik A, Tchoń D, Makal A. Evolution of structure and spectroscopic properties of a new 1,3-diacetylpyrene polymorph with temperature and pressure. IUCRJ 2024; 11:519-527. [PMID: 38727170 PMCID: PMC11220879 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A new polymorph of 1,3-diacetylpyrene has been obtained from its melt and thoroughly characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, steady-state UV-Vis spectroscopy and periodic density functional theory calculations. Experimental studies covered the temperature range from 90 to 390 K and the pressure range from atmospheric to 4.08 GPa. Optimal sample placement in a diamond anvil cell according to our previously presented methodology ensured over 80% data coverage up to 0.8 Å for a monoclinic sample. Unrestrained Hirshfeld atom refinement of the high-pressure crystal structures was successful and anharmonic behavior of carbonyl oxygen atoms was observed. Unlike the previously characterized polymorph, the structure of 2°AP-β is based on infinite π-stacks of antiparallel 2°AP molecules. 2°AP-β displays piezochromism and piezofluorochromism which are directly related to the variation in interplanar distances within the π-stacking. The importance of weak intermolecular interactions is reflected in the substantial negative thermal expansion coefficient of -55.8 (57) MK-1 in the direction of C-H...O interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zwolenik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarszawaPoland
| | - D. Tchoń
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarszawaPoland
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,1 Cyclotron RoadBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - A. Makal
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarszawaPoland
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9
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Kotásková L, Jewula P, Herchel R, Nemec I, Neugebauer P. Photoswitchable hydrazones with pyridine-based rotors and halogen substituents. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20856-20866. [PMID: 38952940 PMCID: PMC11216040 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02909g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Z,E-photoisomerization of pyridine-based hydrazone switches is typically suppressed due to the presence of pyridine-based rotors. The crystal structures of studied compounds were investigated using theoretical methods combining DFT and QT-AIM calculations to unveil the nature and properties of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding. In this study, we introduced a new series of pyridine-based hydrazones anchored with o-halogen substituents (2-X) and investigated their photoswitching abilities using 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The efficiency of the photoisomerization from initial 2-X-Z to the 2-X-E isomer varied, with the highest yield observed for 2-Cl-E (55%). Our findings, supported by DFT calculations, revealed the formation of a new diastereomer, 2-X-E*, upon back-photoisomerization. We demonstrated that hydrazones from the 2-X series can be reversibly photoswitched using irradiation from the UV-Vis range, and additionally, we explored the effect of the halogen atom on their switching capabilities and also on their thermodynamics and kinetics of photoswitching, determining their molecular solar thermal energy storage potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kotásková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pawel Jewula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Palacký University 17 listopadu 1192/12 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Palacký University 17 listopadu 1192/12 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology Purkyňova 656/123 61200 Brno Czech Republic
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10
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Meurer F, Kleemiss F, Riesinger C, Balázs G, Vuković V, Shenderovich IG, Jelsch C, Bodensteiner M. Probing the Isolobal Relation between Cp'''NiP 3 and White Phosphorus by Experimental Charge Density Analysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303762. [PMID: 38277228 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of the description of bonding within Cp'''Ni-cyclo-P3 (Cp'''=1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl, [Ni]P3) employing X-ray diffraction based multipolar modeling, density functional theory (DFT) as well as an "experimental wavefunction" obtained from X-ray restrained wavefunction (XRW) fitting is presented. The results are compared to DFT calculations on white phosphorus - an isolobal analogue to [Ni]P3. A complementary bonding analysis shows insights into the reactivity of [Ni]P3. The isolobal principle is reflected in every aspect of our analysis and the employed methods seamlessly predict the differences in reactivity of [Ni]P3 and P4. Crystallographic modeling, solid-state NMR, and DFT calculations describe the dynamic behavior of the cyclo-P3 unit in the title molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meurer
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1a, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vedran Vuković
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations CNRS, UMR 7036, Institut Jean Barriol, CNRS, Université de Lorraine BP 70239, F54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
| | - Ilya G Shenderovich
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jelsch
- Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations CNRS, UMR 7036, Institut Jean Barriol, CNRS, Université de Lorraine BP 70239, F54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy CEDEX, France
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Singh A, Avinash K, Malaspina LA, Banoo M, Alhameedi K, Jayatilaka D, Grabowsky S, Thomas SP. Dynamic Covalent Bonds in the Ebselen Class of Antioxidants Probed by X-ray Quantum Crystallography. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303384. [PMID: 38126954 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic bonds are essential structural ingredients of dynamic covalent chemistry that involve reversible cleavage and formation of bonds. Herein, we explore the electronic characteristics of Se-N bonds in the organo-selenium antioxidant ebselen and its derivatives for their propensity to function as dynamic covalent bonds by employing high-resolution X-ray quantum crystallography and complementary computational studies. An analysis of the experimentally reconstructed X-ray wavefunctions reveals the salient electronic features of the Se-N bonds with very low electron density localized at the bonding region and a positive Laplacian value at the bond critical point. Bond orders and percentage covalency and ionicity estimated from the X-ray wavefunctions, along with localized orbital locator (LOL) and electron localization function (ELF) analyses show that the Se-N bond is unique in its closed shell-like features, despite being a covalent bond. Time-dependent DFT calculations simulate the cleavage of Se-N bonds in ebselen in the excited state, further substantiating their nature as dynamic bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kiran Avinash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Lorraine A Malaspina
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Masoumeh Banoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Khidhir Alhameedi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences -, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sajesh P Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
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12
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Menéndez-Herrero M, Martín Pendás Á. Persistence of atoms in molecules: there is room beyond electron densities. IUCRJ 2024; 11:210-223. [PMID: 38376913 PMCID: PMC10916289 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Evidence that the electronic structure of atoms persists in molecules to a much greater extent than has been usually admitted is presented. This is achieved by resorting to N-electron real-space descriptors instead of one- or at most two-particle projections like the electron or exchange-correlation densities. Here, the 3N-dimensional maxima of the square of the wavefunction, the so-called Born maxima, are used. Since this technique is relatively unknown to the crystallographic community, a case-based approach is taken, revisiting first the Born maxima of atoms in their ground state and then some of their excited states. It is shown how they survive in molecules and that, beyond any doubt, the distribution of electrons around an atom in a molecule can be recognized as that of its isolated, in many cases excited, counterpart, relating this fact with the concept of energetic promotion. Several other cases that exemplify the applicability of the technique to solve chemical bonding conflicts and to introduce predictability in real-space analyses are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Dpto. Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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13
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Chodkiewicz M, Patrikeev L, Pawlędzio S, Woźniak K. Transferable Hirshfeld atom model for rapid evaluation of aspherical atomic form factors. IUCRJ 2024; 11:249-259. [PMID: 38446457 PMCID: PMC10916294 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Form factors based on aspherical models of atomic electron density have brought great improvement in the accuracies of hydrogen atom parameters derived from X-ray crystal structure refinement. Today, two main groups of such models are available, the banks of transferable atomic densities parametrized using the Hansen-Coppens multipole model which allows for rapid evaluation of atomic form factors and Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR)-related methods which are usually more accurate but also slower. In this work, a model that combines the ideas utilized in the two approaches is tested. It uses atomic electron densities based on Hirshfeld partitions of electron densities, which are precalculated and stored in a databank. This model was also applied during the refinement of the structures of five small molecules. A comparison of the resulting hydrogen atom parameters with those derived from neutron diffraction data indicates that they are more accurate than those obtained with the Hansen-Coppens based databank, and only slightly less accurate than those obtained with a version of HAR that neglects the crystal environment. The advantage of using HAR becomes more noticeable when the effects of the environment are included. To speed up calculations, atomic densities were represented by multipole expansion with spherical harmonics up to l = 7, which used numerical radial functions (a different approach to that applied in the Hansen-Coppens model). Calculations of atomic form factors for the small protein crambin (at 0.73 Å resolution) took only 68 s using 12 CPU cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Leonid Patrikeev
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Sylwia Pawlędzio
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
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14
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Pawlędzio S, Ziemniak M, Trzybiński D, Arhangelskis M, Makal A, Woźniak K. Influence of N-protonation on electronic properties of acridine derivatives by quantum crystallography. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5340-5350. [PMID: 38348299 PMCID: PMC10859733 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Applications of 9-aminoacridine (9aa) and its derivatives span fields such as chemistry, biology, and medicine, including anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Protonation of such molecules can alter their bioavailability as weakly basic drugs like aminoacridines exhibit reduced solubility at high pH levels potentially limiting their effectiveness in patients with elevated gastric pH. In this study, we analyse the influence of protonation on the electronic characteristics of the molecular organic crystals of 9-aminoacridine. The application of quantum crystallography, including aspherical atom refinement, has enriched the depiction of electron density in the studied systems and non-covalent interactions, providing more details than previous studies. Our experimental results, combined with a topological analysis of the electron density and its Laplacian, provided detailed descriptions of how protonation changes the electron density distribution around the amine group and water molecule, concurrently decreasing the electron density at bond critical points of N/O-H bonds. Protonation also alters the molecular architecture of the systems under investigation. This is reflected in different proportions of the N⋯H and O⋯H intermolecular contacts for the neutral and protonated forms. Periodic DFT calculations of the cohesive energies of the crystal lattice, as well as computed interaction energies between molecules in the crystal, confirm that protonation stabilises the crystal structure due to a positive synergy between strong halogen and hydrogen bonds. Our findings highlight the potential of quantum crystallography in predicting crystal structure properties and point to its possible applications in developing new formulations for poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pawlędzio
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Marcin Ziemniak
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Anna Makal
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-093 Warszawa Poland
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15
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Woińska M, Hoser AA, Chodkiewicz ML, Woźniak K. Enhancing hydrogen positions in X-ray structures of transition metal hydride complexes with dynamic quantum crystallography. IUCRJ 2024; 11:45-56. [PMID: 37990870 PMCID: PMC10833390 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252300951x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) is a method which enables the user to obtain more accurate positions of hydrogen atoms bonded to light chemical elements using X-ray data. When data quality permits, this method can be extended to hydrogen-bonded transition metals (TMs), as in hydride complexes. However, addressing hydrogen thermal motions with HAR, particularly in TM hydrides, presents a challenge. At the same time, proper description of thermal vibrations can be vital for determining hydrogen positions correctly. In this study, we employ tools such as SHADE3 and Normal Mode Refinement (NoMoRe) to estimate anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) for hydrogen atoms during HAR and IAM refinements performed for seven structures of TM (Fe, Ni, Cr, Nb, Rh and Os) and metalloid (Sb) hydride complexes for which both the neutron and the X-ray structures have been determined. A direct comparison between neutron and HAR/SHADE3/NoMoRe ADPs reveals that the similarity between neutron hydrogen ADPs and those estimated with NoMoRe or SHADE3 is significantly higher than when hydrogen ADPs are refined with HAR. Regarding TM-H bond lengths, traditional HAR exhibits a slight advantage over the other methods. However, combining NoMoRe/SHADE3 with HAR results in a minor decrease in agreement with neutron TM-H bond lengths. For the Cr complex, for which high-resolution X-ray data were collected, an investigation of resolution-related effects was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woińska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Anna A. Hoser
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Michał L. Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Chemistry Department, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
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16
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Herbst-Irmer R. In data we trust: X-ray diffraction experiments for charge density investigations. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2023; 79:344-345. [PMID: 37721942 PMCID: PMC10552599 DOI: 10.1107/s205252062300776x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
A short commentary is given on the paper by Vosegaard et al. [Acta Cryst. (2023), 79, 380-391], which compares charge density models derived from four datasets measured on conventional diffractometers with the results of a high-quality dataset from SPring-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
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17
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Vosegaard ES, Ahlburg JV, Krause L, Iversen BB. Comparative study of conventional and synchrotron X-ray electron densities on molecular crystals. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2023; 79:380-391. [PMID: 37669152 PMCID: PMC10552600 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520623006625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Five different electron density datasets obtained from conventional and synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments are compared. The general aim of the study is to investigate the quality of data for electron density analysis from current state-of-the-art conventional sources, and to see how the data perform in comparison with high-quality synchrotron data. A molecular crystal of melamine was selected as the test compound due to its ability to form excellent single crystals, the light atom content, and an advantageous suitability factor of 3.6 for electron density modeling. These features make melamine an optimal system for conventional X-ray diffractometers since the inherent advantages of synchrotron sources such as short wavelength and high intensity are less critical in this case. Data were obtained at 100 K from new in-house diffractometers Rigaku Synergy-S (Mo and Ag source, HyPix100 detector) and Stoe Stadivari (Mo source, EIGER2 1M CdTe detector), and an older Oxford Diffraction Supernova (Mo source, Atlas CCD detector). The synchrotron data were obtained at 25 K from BL02B1 beamline at SPring-8 in Japan (λ = 0.2480 Å, Pilatus3 X 1M CdTe detector). The five datasets were compared on general quality parameters such as resolution, ⟨I/σ⟩, redundancy and R factors, as well as the more model specific fractal dimension plot and residual density maps. Comparison of the extracted electron densities reveals that all datasets can provide reliable multipole models, which overall convey similar chemical information. However, the new laboratory X-ray diffractometers with advanced pixel detector technology clearly measure data with significantly less noise and much higher reliability giving densities of higher quality, compared to the older instrument. The synchrotron data have higher resolution and lower measurement temperature, and they allow for finer details to be modeled (e.g. hydrogen κ parameters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S. Vosegaard
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Jakob V. Ahlburg
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Lennard Krause
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Integrated Materials Research, Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
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18
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Ruth PN, Graw N, Ernemann T, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Indium Kα radiation from a MetalJet X-ray source: comparison of the Eiger2 CdTe and Photon III detectors. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1322-1329. [PMID: 37791362 PMCID: PMC10543668 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723007215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The MetalJet source makes available new Kα radiation wavelengths for use in X-ray diffraction experiments. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the application of indium Kα radiation in independent-atom model refinement, as well as approaches using aspherical atomic form factors. The results vary greatly depending on the detector employed, as the energy cut-off of the Eiger2 CdTe provides a solution to a unique energy contamination problem of the MetalJet In radiation, which the Photon III detector cannot provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Nico Graw
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Tobias Ernemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen, Lower Saxony 37077, Germany
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19
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Thompson AL, White NG. Hydrogen atoms in supramolecular chemistry: a structural perspective. Where are they, and why does it matter? Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6254-6269. [PMID: 37599586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding interactions are ubiquitous across the biochemical and chemical sciences, and are of particular interest to supramolecular chemists. They have been used to assemble hydrogen bonded polymers, cages and frameworks, and are the functional motif in many host-guest systems. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies are often used as a key support for proposed structures, although this presents challenges as hydrogen atoms interact only weakly with X-rays. In this Tutorial Review, we discuss the information that can be gleaned about hydrogen bonding interactions through crystallographic experiments, key limitations of the data, and emerging techniques to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Thompson
- Chemical Crystallography, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia.
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20
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Fernando-López O, Trujillo-Hernández K, Moreno-Martínez VA, Martínez-Otero D, Bernabé-Pablo E, Huerta-Lavorie R, Jancik V. Molecular Alumo- and Gallosilicate Hydrides Functionalized with Terminal M(NR 2) 3 and Bridging M(NR 2) 2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; R = Me, Et) Moieties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14533-14545. [PMID: 37642323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
A general synthetic strategy for the systematic synthesis of group 4 MIV heterometallic complexes LMIII(H)(μ-O)Si(μ-O)(OtBu)2}nMIV(NR2)4-n (L = {[HC{C(Me)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)}2; MIII = Al or Ga; n = 1 or 2; MIV = Ti, Zr, Hf; R = Me, Et), based on alumo- or gallosilicate hydride ligands bearing a Si-OH moiety, is presented. The challenging isolation of these metalloligands involved two strategies. On the one hand, the acid-base reaction of LAlH2 with (HO)2Si(OtBu)2 yielded LAlH(μ-O)Si(OH)(OtBu)2 (1), while on the other hand, the oxidative addition of (HO)2Si(OtBu)2 to LGa produced the gallium analog (2). These metalloligands successfully stabilized two hydrogen atoms with different acid-base properties (MIII-H and SiO-H) in the same molecule. Reactivity studies between 1 and 2 and group 4 amides MIV(NR2)4 (MIV = Ti, Zr, Hf; R = Me, Et) and tuning the reactions conditions and stoichiometry led to isolation and structural characterization of heterometallic complexes 3-11 with a 1:1 or 2:1 metalloligand/MIV ratio. Notably, some of these molecular heterometallic silicate complexes stabilize for the first time terminal (O3Si-O-)MIV(NR2)3 moieties known from single-site silica-grafted species. Furthermore, the aluminum-containing heterometallic complexes possess Al-H vibrational energies similar to those reported for modified alumina surfaces, which makes them potentially suitable models for the proposed MIV species grafted onto silica/alumina surfaces with hydride and dihydride architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Fernando-López
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Karla Trujillo-Hernández
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
| | - Víctor Augusto Moreno-Martínez
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Erandi Bernabé-Pablo
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Raúl Huerta-Lavorie
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México 50200, México
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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21
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Liao JH, Brocha Silalahi RP, Chiu TH, Liu CW. Locating Interstitial Hydrides in MH 2@Cu 14 (M = Cu, Ag) Clusters by Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31541-31547. [PMID: 37663474 PMCID: PMC10468881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Two structures, [Cu15H2(S2CNnBu2)6(C≡CPh)6][CuCl2] (1) and [AgH2Cu14{S2P(OiPr)2}6(C≡CPh)6][PF6] (2), are characterized by X-ray crystallography with high-quality single crystals. The position of interstitial hydrides can be accurately located. In addition, the refinement of the hydrides with anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) was successful. The distances between the central atom and copper atoms, as well as the distances within the metal cages surrounding the hydrides, are analyzed and compared with similar MH2@Cu14 (M = Cu, Ag, Pd) compounds. This work provides a thoughtful and accurate assessment of the considerations and challenges associated with anisotropic refinement for H atoms, particularly in X-ray data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Rhone P. Brocha Silalahi
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Tzu-Hao Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - C. W. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan (Republic of China)
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22
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Pinto CB, Dos Santos LHR, Rodrigues BL. Experimental charge density and topological analysis of tetraaquabis(hydrogenmaleato)nickel(II): a comparison with Hirshfeld atom refinement. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2023; 79:281-295. [PMID: 37402161 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520623004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental charge density analysis is conducted on the coordination compound tetraaquabis(hydrogenmaleato)nickel(II), which exhibits a short intramolecular hydrogen bond. Through topological analysis, the nature of Ni-O bonds is concluded to be intermediate between ionic and covalent, but mainly presenting an ionic character, while the short hydrogen bond is classified as covalent in nature. The compound was also analysed after Hirshfeld atom refinement performed using NoSpherA2. A topological analysis was conducted on the molecular wavefunction and the results are compared with those obtained from experiment. In general, there is good agreement between the refinements, and the chemical bonds involving H atoms are in better agreement with what is expected from neutron data after HAR than they are after multipole refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leonardo H R Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo L Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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23
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Baptista RMF, Gomes CSB, Silva B, Oliveira J, Almeida B, Castro C, Rodrigues PV, Machado A, Freitas RB, Rodrigues MJLF, de Matos Gomes E, Belsley M. A Polymorph of Dipeptide Halide Glycyl-L-Alanine Hydroiodide Monohydrate: Crystal Structure, Optical Second Harmonic Generation, Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103690. [PMID: 37241316 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A polymorph of glycyl-L-alanine HI.H2O is synthesized from chiral cyclo-glycyl-L-alanine dipeptide. The dipeptide is known to show molecular flexibility in different environments, which leads to polymorphism. The crystal structure of the glycyl-L-alanine HI.H2O polymorph is determined at room temperature and indicates that the space group is polar (P21), with two molecules per unit cell and unit cell parameters a = 7.747 Å, b = 6.435 Å, c = 10.941 Å, α = 90°, β = 107.53(3)°, γ = 90° and V = 520.1(7) Å3. Crystallization in the polar point group 2, with one polar axis parallel to the b axis, allows pyroelectricity and optical second harmonic generation. Thermal melting of the glycyl-L-alanine HI.H2O polymorph starts at 533 K, close to the melting temperature reported for cyclo-glycyl-L-alanine (531 K) and 32 K lower than that reported for linear glycyl-L-alanine dipeptide (563 K), suggesting that although the dipeptide, when crystallized in the polymorphic form, is not anymore in its cyclic form, it keeps a memory of its initial closed chain and therefore shows a thermal memory effect. Here, we report a pyroelectric coefficient as high as 45 µC/m2K occurring at 345 K, one order of magnitude smaller than that of semi-organic ferroelectric triglycine sulphate (TGS) crystal. Moreover, the glycyl-L-alanine HI.H2O polymorph displays a nonlinear optical effective coefficient of 0.14 pm/V, around 14 times smaller than the value from a phase-matched inorganic barium borate (BBO) single crystal. The new polymorph displays an effective piezoelectric coefficient equal to deff=280 pCN-1, when embedded into electrospun polymer fibers, indicating its suitability as an active system for energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M F Baptista
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Clara S B Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- i4HB, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bruna Silva
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Oliveira
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Almeida
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cidália Castro
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro V Rodrigues
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Machado
- Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ruben B Freitas
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel J L F Rodrigues
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Etelvina de Matos Gomes
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Michael Belsley
- Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Laboratory for Materials and Emergent Technologies (LAPMET), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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24
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Woińska M, Pawlędzio S, Chodkiewicz ML, Woźniak K. Hirshfeld Atom Refinement of Metal-Organic Complexes: Treatment of Hydrogen Atoms Bonded to Transition Metals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3020-3035. [PMID: 36947670 PMCID: PMC10084459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen positions in hydrides play a key role in hydrogen storage materials and high-temperature superconductors. Our recently published study of five crystal structures of transition-metal-bound hydride complexes showed that using aspherical atomic scattering factors for Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) resulted in a systematic elongation of metal-hydrogen bonds compared to using spherical scattering factors with the Independent Atom Model (IAM). Even though only standard-resolution X-ray data was used, for the highest-quality data, we obtained excellent agreement between the X-ray and the neutron-derived bond lengths. We present an extended version of this study including 10 crystal structures of metal-organic complexes containing hydrogen atoms bonded to transition-metal atoms for which both X-ray and neutron data are available. The neutron structures were used as a benchmark, and the X-ray structures were refined by applying Hirshfeld atom refinement using various basis sets and DFT functionals in order to investigate the influence of the technical aspects on the length of metal-hydrogen bonds. The result of including relativistic effects in the Hamiltonian and using a cluster of multipoles simulating interactions with a crystal environment during wave function calculations was examined. The effect of the data quality on the final result was also evaluated. The study confirms that a high quality of experimental data is the key factor allowing us to obtain significant improvement in transition metal (TM)-hydrogen bond lengths from HAR in comparison with the IAM. Individual adjustments and better choices of the basis set can improve hydrogen positions. Average differences between TM-H bond lengths obtained with various DFT functionals upon including relativistic effects or between double-ζ and triple-ζ basis sets were not statistically significant. However, if all bonds formed by H atoms were considered, significant differences caused by different refinement strategies were observed. Finally, we examined the refinement of atomic thermal motions. Anisotropic refinement of hydrogen thermal motions with HAR was feasible only in some cases, and isotropically refined hydrogen thermal motions were in similar agreement with neutron values whether obtained with HAR or with the IAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woińska
- Biological and Chemical Research
Centre, Chemistry Department, University
of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sylwia Pawlędzio
- Biological and Chemical Research
Centre, Chemistry Department, University
of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał L. Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research
Centre, Chemistry Department, University
of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research
Centre, Chemistry Department, University
of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
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25
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Yanai H, Terajima Y, Kleemiss F, Grabowsky S, Matsumoto T. Reversing the Bond Length Alternation Order in Conjugated Polyenes by Substituent Effects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203538. [PMID: 36515459 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesised several push-pull substituted conjugated polyenes and determined their accurate C-C bond lengths and charge-density distributions by utilising quantum crystallographic techniques. In a series of alkene, dienes, and triene bearing two (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl (triflyl) groups on the terminal carbon atom, unique reversal of the bond-length alternation (BLA) order has been observed. This is a pronounced aberration from the molecular structure predicted by the Lewis-structure-based neutral resonance structure. Such reversal of BLA order has not been observed in push-pull compounds bearing conventional electron-withdrawing groups such as carbonyl and cyano groups instead of triflyl groups. Bonding behaviour of both normal and reversed bond length alternating systems has been revealed by complementary bonding analysis using several bond descriptors based on the experimentally fitted wavefunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yanai
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Terajima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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26
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Jha KK, Kleemiss F, Chodkiewicz ML, Dominiak PM. Aspherical atom refinements on X-ray data of diverse structures including disordered and covalent organic framework systems: a time-accuracy trade-off. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:116-127. [PMID: 36777135 PMCID: PMC9901929 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722010883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspherical atom refinement is the key to achieving accurate structure models, displacement parameters, hydrogen-bond lengths and analysis of weak interactions, amongst other examples. There are various quantum crystallographic methods to perform aspherical atom refinement, including Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) and transferable aspherical atom model (TAAM) refinement. Both HAR and TAAM have their limitations and advantages, the former being more accurate and the latter being faster. With the advent of non-spherical atoms in Olex2 (NoSpherA2), it is now possible to overcome some limitations, like treating disorder, twinning and network structures, in aspherical refinements using HAR, TAAM or both together. TAAM refinement in NoSpherA2 showed significant improvement in refinement statistics compared with independent atom model (IAM) refinements on a diverse set of X-ray diffraction data. The sensitivity of TAAM towards poor data quality and disorder was observed in terms of higher refinement statistics for such structures. A comparison of IAM with TAAM and HAR in NoSpherA2 indicated that the time taken by TAAM refinements was of the same order of magnitude as that taken by IAM, while in HAR the time taken using a minimal basis set was 50 times higher than for IAM and rapidly increased with increasing size of the basis sets used. The displacement parameters for hydrogen and non-hydrogen atoms were very similar in both HAR and TAAM refinements. The hydrogen-bond lengths were slightly closer to neutron reference values in the case of HAR with higher basis sets than in TAAM. To benefit from the advantages of each method, a new hybrid refinement approach has been introduced, allowing a combination of IAM, HAR and TAAM in one structure refinement. Refinement of coordination complexes involving metal-organic compounds and network structures such as covalent organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks is now possible in a hybrid mode such as IAM-TAAM or HAR-TAAM, where the metal atoms are treated via either the IAM or HAR method and the organic part via TAAM, thus reducing the computational costs without compromising the accuracy. Formal charges on the metal and ligand can also be introduced in hybrid-mode refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kumar Jha
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, Regensburg, Bayern 93053, Germany
| | - Michał Leszek Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
| | - Paulina Maria Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw, 02-089, Poland
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27
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Landeros-Rivera B, Ramírez-Palma D, Cortés-Guzmán F, Dominiak PM, Contreras-García J. How do density functionals affect the Hirshfeld atom refinement? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12702-12711. [PMID: 36644944 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of mixing different amounts of Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange with hybrid density functionals applied to the Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) of urea and oxalic acid dihydrate is explored. Together, the influence of using different basis sets, methods (including MP2 and HF) and cluster sizes (to model bulk effects) is studied. The results show that changing the amount of HF exchange, no matter the level of theory, has an impact almost exclusively on the H atom refinement parameters. Contrary to pure quantum mechanical calculations where good geometries are obtained with intermediate HF exchange mixtures, in the HAR the best match with neutron diffraction reference values is not necessarily found for these admixtures. While the non-hydrogen covalent bond lengths are insensitive to the combination of method or basis set employed, the X-H bond lengths always increase proportionally to the HF exchange for the analysed systems. This outcome is opposite to what is normally observed from geometry optimisations, i.e., shorter bonds are obtained with greater HF exchange. Additionally, the thermal ellipsoids tend to shrink with larger HF exchange, especially for the H atoms involved in strong hydrogen bonding. Thus, it may be the case that the development of density functionals or basis sets suitable for quantum crystallography should take a different path than those fitted for quantum chemistry calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ramírez-Palma
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Avenida IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico
| | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Paulina M Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Macetti G, Genoni A. Introduction of a weighting scheme for the X-ray restrained wavefunction approach: advantages and drawbacks. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2023; 79:25-40. [PMID: 36601761 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a quite recent study [Genoni et al. (2017). IUCrJ, 4, 136-146], it was observed that the X-ray restrained wavefunction (XRW) approach allows a more efficient and larger capture of electron correlation effects on the electron density if high-angle reflections are not considered in the calculations. This is due to the occurrence of two concomitant effects when one uses theoretical X-ray diffraction data corresponding to a single-molecule electron density in a large unit cell: (i) the high-angle reflections are generally much more numerous than the low- and medium-angle ones, and (ii) they are already very well described at unrestrained level. Nevertheless, since high-angle data also contain important information that should not be disregarded, it is not advisable to neglect them completely. For this reason, based on the results of the previous investigation, this work introduces a weighting scheme for XRW calculations to up-weight the contribution of low- and medium-angle reflections, and, at the same time, to reasonably down-weight the importance of the high-angle data. The proposed strategy was tested through XRW computations with both theoretical and experimental structure-factor amplitudes. The tests have shown that the new weighting scheme works optimally if it is applied with theoretically generated X-ray diffraction data, while it is not advantageous when traditional experimental X-ray diffraction data (even of very high resolution) are employed. This also led to the conclusion that the use of a specific external parameter λJ for each resolution range might not be a suitable strategy to adopt in XRW calculations exploiting experimental X-ray data as restraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Macetti
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, 1 Boulevard Arago, Metz, F-57078, France
| | - Alessandro Genoni
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, 1 Boulevard Arago, Metz, F-57078, France
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29
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Different phosphoric triamide [HN]3-nP(O)[N]n (n = 1, 2) skeletons lead to identical non-covalent interactions assemblies: X-ray crystallography investigation, Hirshfeld surface analysis and molecular docking study against SARS-CoV-2. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Hill NDD, Lilienthal E, Bender CO, Boeré RT. Accurate Crystal Structures of C 12H 9CN, C 12H 8(CN) 2, and C 16H 11CN Valence Isomers Using Nonspherical Atomic Scattering Factors. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16213-16229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. D. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
- The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies (C-CRAFT), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Elaura Lilienthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
- The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies (C-CRAFT), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Christopher O. Bender
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
- The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies (C-CRAFT), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
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31
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Mohammed AI, Bhadbhade MM, Read RW. 3,4-Bis-O-propargyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol: a study of multiple weak hydrogen bonds in the solid state. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2022; 78:629-646. [PMID: 36331888 PMCID: PMC9635589 DOI: 10.1107/s205322962200897x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title homochiral compound, C18H26O6, 1, was examined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography in order to understand its potential as a synthetic building block, particularly in inter- and intramolecular cyclocondensation reactions. It has also proven to be an excellent model for understanding multiple weak donor-acceptor D-H...A interactions involving terminal acetylenes as donors and as acceptors. The asymmetric unit of 1 comprises three almost identical independent molecules, each with the mannitol 2R,3R,4R,5R configuration and different conformations. Like independent molecules align in strands through acetylenic donor C-H...O contacts with equivalent dioxolanyl acceptor groups. Two of the strands are aligned unidirectionally, in parallel, while the third strand aligns perpendicular to the first two, to give interwoven layers in the supramolecular structure. A detailed study of the interdigitation of the second propargyl group from each independent molecule between strands, and of other short interstrand C-H...O contacts, provides new insight into the application of weak hydrogen-bond theory within the context of a conformationally flexible symmetrical molecule. Analyses of the Cambridge Structural Database using Crystal Packing Features and ConQuest search motifs support the importance of the D...A distance parameter, demonstrate the different influences of donor and acceptor types, and reveal the interplay between H...A and D...A contributions in different contact types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan I. Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Mohan M. Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roger W. Read
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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32
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Chauhan V, Mardia R, Patel M, Suhagia B, Parmar K. Technical and Formulation Aspects of Pharmaceutical Co‐Crystallization: A Systematic Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishva Chauhan
- Affiliation: a-ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy Namdha campus Vapi Gujarat India 396191
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Rajnikant Mardia
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Bhanu Suhagia
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Komal Parmar
- Affiliation: a-ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy Namdha campus Vapi Gujarat India 396191
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33
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Electron density is not spherical: the many applications of the transferable aspherical atom model. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6237-6243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Vosegaard ES, Thomsen MK, Krause L, Grønbech TBE, Mamakhel A, Takahashi S, Nishibori E, Iversen BB. Synchrotron X-ray Electron Density Analysis of Chemical Bonding in the Graphitic Carbon Nitride Precursor Melamine. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201295. [PMID: 35760733 PMCID: PMC9804335 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is a precursor and building block for graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) materials, a group of layered materials showing great promise for catalytic applications. The synthetic pathway to g-CN includes a polycondensation reaction of melamine by evaporation of ammonia. Melamine molecules in the crystal organize into wave-like planes with an interlayer distance of 3.3 Å similar to that of g-CN. Here we present an extensive investigation of the experimental electron density of melamine obtained from modelling of synchrotron radiation X-ray single-crystal diffraction data measured at 25 K with special focus on the molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions. Both intra- and interlayer structures are dominated by hydrogen bonding and π-interactions. Theoretical gas-phase optimizations of the experimental molecular geometry show that bond lengths and angles for atoms in the same chemical environment (C-N bonds in the ring, amine groups) differ significantly more for the experimental geometry than for the gas-phase-optimized geometries, indicating that intermolecular interactions in the crystal affects the molecular geometry. In the experimental crystal geometry, one amine group has significantly more sp3 -like character than the others, hinting at a possible formation mechanism of g-CN. Topological analysis and energy frameworks show that the nitrogen atom in this amine group participates in weak intralayer hydrogen bonding. We hypothesize that melamine condenses to g-CN within the layers and that the unique amine group plays a key role in the condensation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S. Vosegaard
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Maja K. Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Lennard Krause
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Thomas B. E. Grønbech
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Seiya Takahashi
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Pure and Applied Sciences andTsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305-8571Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Pure and Applied Sciences andTsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305-8571Japan
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Department of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
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35
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Chodkiewicz ML, Gajda R, Lavina B, Tkachev S, Prakapenka VB, Dera P, Wozniak K. Accurate crystal structure of ice VI from X-ray diffraction with Hirshfeld atom refinement. IUCRJ 2022; 9:573-579. [PMID: 36071798 PMCID: PMC9438488 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522006662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is an essential chemical compound for living organisms, and twenty of its different crystal solid forms (ices) are known. Still, there are many fundamental problems with these structures such as establishing the correct positions and thermal motions of hydrogen atoms. The list of ice structures is not yet complete as DFT calculations have suggested the existence of additional and - to date - unknown phases. In many ice structures, neither neutron diffraction nor DFT calculations nor X-ray diffraction methods can easily solve the problem of hydrogen atom disorder or accurately determine their anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs). Here, accurate crystal structures of H2O, D2O and mixed (50%H2O/50%D2O) ice VI obtained by Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) of high-pressure single-crystal synchrotron and laboratory X-ray diffraction data are presented. It was possible to obtain O-H/D bond lengths and ADPs for disordered hydrogen atoms which are in good agreement with the corresponding single-crystal neutron diffraction data. These results show that HAR combined with X-ray diffraction can compete with neutron diffraction in detailed studies of polymorphic forms of ice and crystals of other hydrogen-rich compounds. As neutron diffraction is relatively expensive, requires larger crystals which can be difficult to obtain and access to neutron facilities is restricted, cheaper and more accessible X-ray measurements combined with HAR can facilitate the verification of the existing ice polymorphs and the quest for new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal L. Chodkiewicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Roman Gajda
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
| | - Barbara Lavina
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Sergey Tkachev
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Vitali B. Prakapenka
- Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Université d’hawaï à mānoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Przemyslaw Dera
- Hawai’i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Université d’hawaï à mānoa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Krzysztof Wozniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury, Warszawa 02-089, Poland
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36
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Meurer F, Dolomanov OV, Hennig C, Peyerimhoff N, Kleemiss F, Puschmann H, Bodensteiner M. Refinement of anomalous dispersion correction parameters in single-crystal structure determinations. IUCRJ 2022; 9:604-609. [PMID: 36071807 PMCID: PMC9438505 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Correcting for anomalous dispersion is part of any refinement of an X-ray dif-fraction crystal structure determination. The procedure takes the inelastic scattering in the diffraction experiment into account. This X-ray absorption effect is specific to each chemical compound and is particularly sensitive to radiation energies in the region of the absorption edges of the elements in the compound. Therefore, the widely used tabulated values for these corrections can only be approximations as they are based on calculations for isolated atoms. Features of the unique spatial and electronic environment that are directly related to the anomalous dispersion are ignored, although these can be observed spectroscopically. This significantly affects the fit between the crystallographic model and the measured intensities when the excitation wavelength in an X-ray diffraction experiment is close to an element's absorption edge. Herein, we report on synchrotron multi-wavelength single-crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments which we performed on the mol-ecular compound Mo(CO)6 at energies around the molybdenum K edge. The dispersive (f') and absorptive (f'') terms of the anomalous dispersion can be refined as independent parameters in the full-matrix least-squares refinement. This procedure has been implemented as a new feature in the well-established OLEX2 software suite. These refined parameters are in good agreement with the independently recorded X-ray absorption spectrum. The resulting crystallographic models show significant improvement compared to those employing tabulated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meurer
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Oleg V. Dolomanov
- OlexSys Ltd, Chemistry Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Hennig
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden 01314, Germany
- Rossendorf Beamline (BM20-CRG), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Norbert Peyerimhoff
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Horst Puschmann
- OlexSys Ltd, Chemistry Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
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37
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Weak antiferromagnetic interaction in Cu(ii) complex with semi-coordination exchange pathway. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Yano Y, Kasai H, Zheng Y, Nishibori E, Hisaeda Y, Ono T. Multicomponent Crystals with Competing Intermolecular Interactions: In Situ X‐ray Diffraction and Luminescent Features Reveal Multimolecular Assembly under Mechanochemical Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203853. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- Department of Physics Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Department of Physics Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Department of Physics Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate School of Engineering Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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39
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Duvinage D, Malaspina L, Grabowsky S, Mebs S, Beckmann J. Lewis Superacidic Divalent Bis(m‐terphenyl)element Cations [(2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2E]+ of Group 13 Revisited and Extended (E = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)r. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Mebs
- Universitatsbibliothek der Freien Universitat Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Universitatsbibliothek Physik GERMANY
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Universität Bremen Institut fuer Biologie und Chemie Leobener Str. 28359 Bremen GERMANY
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40
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Heidari N, Tarahhomi A, van der Lee A. Structural and Molecular Packing study of Three New Amidophosphoric Acid Esters and Assessment of Their Inhibiting Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 by Molecular Docking. ChemistrySelect 2022; 7:e202201504. [PMID: 36247410 PMCID: PMC9538075 DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Three new compounds of amidophosphoric acid esters with a [OCH2C(CH3)2CH2O]P(O)[X] segment (where X=cyclopentylamido (1), 2-aminopyridinyl (2) and pyrrolidinyl (3)) were synthesized and studied using FT-IR and 31P/13C/1H NMR spectroscopies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compounds crystallize in the triclinic space groups P 1 ‾ for 1 and 3 and in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 for 2, where the asymmetric unit consists of three symmetrically-independent molecules for 1 and one molecule for 2 and 3. The intermolecular interactions and supramolecular assemblies are assessed by Hirshfeld surface analysis and enrichment ratios. The results reveal that the substituent effect plays an important role in directing the supramolecular structures. The presence of the aromatic substituent aminopyridine in 2 providing the C-H…π interactions leads to a larger variety in interactions including H…H, H…O/O…H, H…C/C…H and H…N/N…H contacts, whereas the packings of the compounds 1 and 3 bearing aliphatic substituents only include H…H and H…O/O…H contacts. The enrichment ratios affirm the importance of O…H/H…O contacts reflecting the hydrogen bond N-H…O interactions to be the enriched contacts. Compounds 1-3 were also investigated along with five similar reported structures with a [OCH2C(CH3)2CH2O]P(O) segment for their inhibitory behavior against SARS-CoV-2. The molecular docking results illustrate that the presence of the aromatic amido substituent versus the aliphatic type provides a more favorable condition for their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Heidari
- Department of ChemistrySemnan UniversitySemnan35131-19111Iran
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41
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Pawlędzio S, Malinska M, Kleemiss F, Grabowsky S, Woźniak K. Influence of modelling disorder on Hirshfeld atom refinement results of an organo-gold(I) compound. IUCRJ 2022; 9:497-507. [PMID: 35844484 PMCID: PMC9252150 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522005309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Details of the validation of disorder modelling with Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) for a previously investigated organo-gold(I) compound are presented here. The impact of refining disorder on HAR results is discussed using an analysis of the differences of dynamic structure factors. These dynamic structure factor differences are calculated from thermally smeared quantum mechanical electron densities based on wavefunctions that include or exclude electron correlation and relativistic effects. When disorder is modelled, the electron densities stem from a weighted superposition of two (or more) different conformers. Here this is shown to impact the relative importance of electron correlation and relativistic effect estimates expressed by the structure factor magnitudes. The role of disorder modelling is also compared with the effect of the treatment of hydrogen anisotropic displacement parameter (ADP) values and atomic anharmonicity of the gold atom. The analysis of ADP values of gold and disordered carbon atoms showed that the effect of disorder significantly altered carbon ADP values and did not influence those of the gold atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pawlędzio
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Maura Malinska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Faculty for Chemistry und Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
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42
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Yano Y, Kasai H, Zheng Y, Nishibori E, Hisaeda Y, Ono T. Multicomponent Crystals with Competing Intermolecular Interactions: In Situ X‐ray Diffraction and Luminescent Features Reveal Multimolecular Assembly of Mechanochemical Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yano
- Kyushu University: Kyushu Daigaku Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) JAPAN
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) JAPAN
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- University of Tsukuba: Tsukuba Daigaku Department of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS) JAPAN
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Kyushu University: Kyushu Daigaku Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering JAPAN
| | - Toshikazu Ono
- Kyushu University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering 744 Motooka, Nishi 819-0395 Fukuoka JAPAN
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43
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Davidson ML, Grabowsky S, Jayatilaka D. X-ray constrained wavefunctions based on Hirshfeld atoms. II. Reproducibility of electron densities in crystals of α-oxalic acid dihydrate. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:397-415. [PMID: 35695114 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622004103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Hirshfeld atom-based X-ray constrained wavefunction fitting (HA-XCW) procedure is tested for its reproducibility, and the information content of the fitted wavefunction is critically assessed. Fourteen different α-oxalic acid dihydrate data sets are used for this purpose, and the first joint fitting to 12 of these data sets is reported. There are systematic features in the electron density obtained from all data sets which agree with higher level benchmark calculations, but there are also many other strong systematic features which disagree with the reference calculations, most notably those associated with the electron density near the nuclei. To enhance reproducibility, three new protocols are described and tested to address the halting problem of XCW fitting, namely: an empirical power-function method, which is useful for estimating the accuracy of the structure factor uncertainties; an asymptotic extrapolation method based on ideas from density functional theory; and a `conservative method' whereby the smallest value of the regularization parameter is chosen from a series of data sets, or subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Davidson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Bürgi HB. Crystal structures. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:283-289. [PMID: 35695099 DOI: 10.1107/s205252062200292x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A personal view is offered on various solved and open problems related to crystal structures: the present state of reconstructing the crystal electron density from X-ray diffraction data; characterization of atomic and molecular motion from a combination of atomic displacement parameters and quantum chemical calculations; Bragg diffraction and diffuse scattering: twins, but different; models of real (as opposed to ideal) crystal structures from diffuse scattering; exploiting unexplored neighbourhoods of crystallography to mathematics, physics and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Beat Bürgi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 12, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
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45
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Bürgi HB, Genoni A. Remarks on X-ray constrained/restrained wavefunction fitting. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:298-304. [PMID: 35695103 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622004164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray constrained/restrained wavefunctions (XCWs/XRWs) result from a combination of theory and experiment and are therefore affected by experimental errors and model uncertainties. The present XCW/XRW procedure does not take this into account, thus limiting the meaning and significance of the obtained wavefunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Beat Bürgi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, University of Berne, Freiestr. 12, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Genoni
- Université de Lorraine and CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, 1 Boulevard Arago, Metz, 57050, France
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46
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Davidson ML, Grabowsky S, Jayatilaka D. X-ray constrained wavefunctions based on Hirshfeld atoms. I. Method and review. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:312-332. [PMID: 35695105 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622004097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray constrained wavefunction (XCW) procedure for obtaining an experimentally reconstructed wavefunction from X-ray diffraction data is reviewed. The two-center probability distribution model used to perform nuclear-position averaging in the original paper [Grimwood & Jayatilaka (2001). Acta Cryst. A57, 87-100] is carefully distinguished from the newer one-center probability distribution model. In the one-center model, Hirshfeld atoms are used, and the Hirshfeld atom based X-ray constrained wavefunction (HA-XCW) procedure is described for the first time, as well as its efficient implementation. In this context, the definition of the related X-ray wavefunction refinement (XWR) method is refined. The key halting problem for the XCW method - the procedure by which one determines when overfitting has occurred - is named and work on it reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Davidson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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47
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Four-Coordinate Monoboron Complexes with 8-Hydroxyquinolin-5-Sulfonate: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Theoretical Studies, and Luminescence Properties. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyquinolin-5-sulfonic acid (8HQSA) was combined with 3-pyridineboronic acid (3PBA) or 4-pyridineboronic acid (4PBA) to give two zwitterionic monoboron complexes in crystalline form. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, and IR, 1H NMR, UV-Visible, and luminescence spectroscopy. The analyses revealed compounds with boron atoms adopting tetrahedral geometry. In the solid state, the molecular components are linked by charge-assisted (B)(O-H···−O(S) and N+-H···O(S) hydrogen bonds aside from C-H···O contacts and π···π interactions, as shown by Hirshfeld surface analyses and 2D fingerprint plots. The luminescence properties were characterized in terms of the emission behavior in solution and the solid state, showing emission in the bluish-green region in solution and large positive solvatofluorochromism, caused by intramolecular charge transfer. According to TD-DFT calculations at the M06-2X/6-31G(d) level of theory simulating an ethanol solvent environment, the emission properties are originated from π-π * and n-π * HOMO-LUMO transitions.
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48
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Meurer F, von Essen C, Kühn C, Puschmann H, Bodensteiner M. The benefits of Cu Kβ radiation for the single-crystal X-ray structure determination of crystalline sponges. IUCRJ 2022; 9:349-354. [PMID: 35546798 PMCID: PMC9067116 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline sponge method facilitates the X-ray structure determination of samples that do not crystallize or are too sparsely available to afford viable crystallization. By including these materials in a metal-organic framework, the structure of the guest molecules can be determined. Some of the inherent difficulties of this method are discussed and the use of Cu Kβ radiation is presented as a simple and effective means to improve the quality of the diffraction data that can be obtained from a sponge crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meurer
- University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg, 93053 Bayern, Germany
| | - Carolina von Essen
- Merck Innovation Center, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, 64293 Hessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Kühn
- Merck Innovation Center, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, Darmstadt, 64293 Hessen, Germany
| | - Horst Puschmann
- OlexSys Ltd, Chemistry Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg, 93053 Bayern, Germany
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Merino-García MDR, Soriano-Agueda LA, Guzmán-Hernández JDD, Martínez-Otero D, Landeros Rivera B, Cortés-Guzmán F, Barquera-Lozada JE, Jancik V. Benzene and Borazine, so Different, yet so Similar: Insight from Experimental Charge Density Analysis. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:6785-6798. [PMID: 35472275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although benzene and borazine are isoelectronic and isostructural, they have very different electronic structures, mainly due to the polar nature of the B-N bond. Herein, we present an experimental study of the charge density distribution obtained from the multipole model formalism and Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR) based on high-resolution X-ray diffraction data of borazine B3N3H6 (1) and B,B',B″-trichloroborazine (2) crystals. These data are compared to those obtained from HAR for benzene (4) and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (5) and further compared with values obtained from density functional theory calculations in the gas phase, where N,N',N″-trichloroborazine (3) was also included. The results confirm that, unlike benzene, borazines are only weakly aromatic with an island-like electronic delocalization within the B3N3 ring involving only the nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, delocalization indices and interacting quantum atom energy for bonded and non-bonded atoms were found to be highly suitable indicators capable of describing the origin of the discrepancies observed when the degree of aromaticity in 2 and 3 is evaluated using common aromaticity indices. Additionally, analysis of intermolecular interactions in the crystals brings further evidence of a weakly aromatic character of the borazines as it reveals surprising similarities between the crystal packing of borazine and benzene and also between B,B',B″-trichloroborazine and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rosario Merino-García
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50200, México
| | - Luis Antonio Soriano-Agueda
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Juan de Dios Guzmán-Hernández
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50200, México
| | - Diego Martínez-Otero
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50200, México.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Bruno Landeros Rivera
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fernando Cortés-Guzmán
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50200, México.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - José Enrique Barquera-Lozada
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Vojtech Jancik
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, km. 14.5, Toluca, Estado de México C.P. 50200, México.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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Pal R, Jelsch C, Momma K, Grabowsky S. π-Hole bonding in a new co-crystal hydrate of gallic acid and pyrazine: static and dynamic charge density analysis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:231-246. [PMID: 35411861 PMCID: PMC9004022 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520622001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new cocrystal hydrate of gallic acid with pyrazine (4GA, Py, 4H2O; GA4PyW4) was obtained and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition to structure determination, experimental charge density analysis was carried out in terms of Multipole Modelling (MP), X-ray wavefunction refinement (XWR) and maximum entropy method (MEM). As a part of XWR, the structural refinement via Hirshfeld atom refinement was carried out and resulted in O-H bond lengths close to values from neutron diffraction. A systematic comparison of molecular conformations and aromatic interactions in this new cocrystal hydrate was performed with other existing polymorphs of gallic acid. In GA4PyW4, the two symmetry-independent gallic acid molecules have a syn COOH orientation and form the common (COOH)2 dimeric synthon. The carboxyl C atom displays the characteristics of π-holes with electropositive regions above and below the molecular plane and engages in acceptor-donor interactions with oxygen atoms of acidic O-H groups and phenol groups of neighbouring gallic acid molecules. The signature of the π-hole was identified from experimental charge density analysis, both in static density maps in MP and XWR as well as dynamic density in MEM, but it cannot be pinned down to a specific atom-atom interaction. This study presents the first comparison between an XWR and a MEM experimental electron-density determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumpa Pal
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Koichi Momma
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography, Department 2 – Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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