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Abstract
Co-crystallization is a technique for modifying physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical ingredients with an aim to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and subsequent reduction in toxicity. The patent describes the development of oxaliplatin co-crystals using flavonoids (baicalein and naringenin) via solvent volatilization technique with an objective to improve solubility and stability in GI tract and reduced side/toxic effects. The co-crystals were characterized via differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis. The co-crystals exhibited slow drug release, delayed hydrolysis, low cytotoxicity and enhanced therapeutic activity on human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. However, suitable solvent for co-crystal production, large scale production and regulatory challenges for continuous manufacturing of co-crystals must be addressed.
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Roy P, Pandey N, Kumari N, Baidya R, Mary YS, Mary YS, Ghosh A. Development of Sulfamethoxazole-Succinimide cocrystal by mechanochemical cocrystallization- an insight into spectroscopic, electronic, chemical conformation and physicochemical properties. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Stabilizing Effect of Soluplus on Erlotinib Metastable Crystal Form in Microparticles and Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061241. [PMID: 35335571 PMCID: PMC8949943 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) and amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) are effective methods to improve the dissolution of insoluble drugs. However, stability is a concern for these two high-energy systems, resulting from high surface area and amorphous polymorph, respectively. As an amphiphilic polymer, Soluplus (SOL) is usually used as a carrier in SDs. In this study, erlotinib microparticles (ERL MPs) and erlotinib solid dispersions (ERL SDs) were prepared with SOL by bottom-up technology and solvent evaporation. The solid-state properties of ERL MPs and ERL SDs were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ERL MPs existed in a metastable crystal form A while the ERL SDs existed in an amorphous state. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed that there was a hydrogen bond interaction between the N-H group of ERL and the carbonyl group of SOL in ERL MPs and SDs. The dissolution profiles of ERL SDs and ERL MPs were improved significantly. ERL MPs showed better stability than ERL SDs in accelerated stability test. The discrepant stabilizing effects of polymer SOL in two systems may provide effective ideas for solubilization of insoluble drugs and the stability of drugs after recrystallization.
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Bharadwaj S, El-Kafrawy SA, Alandijany TA, Bajrai LH, Shah AA, Dubey A, Sahoo AK, Yadava U, Kamal MA, Azhar EI, Kang SG, Dwivedi VD. Structure-Based Identification of Natural Products as SARS-CoV-2 M pro Antagonist from Echinacea angustifolia Using Computational Approaches. Viruses 2021; 13:305. [PMID: 33672054 PMCID: PMC7919488 DOI: 10.3390/v13020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, continues to be a global threat. The number of cases and deaths will remain escalating due to the lack of effective therapeutic agents. Several studies have established the importance of the viral main protease (Mpro) in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 which makes it an attractive target for antiviral drug development, including pharmaceutical repurposing and other medicinal chemistry approaches. Identification of natural products with considerable inhibitory potential against SARS-CoV-2 could be beneficial as a rapid and potent alternative with drug-likeness by comparison to de novo antiviral drug discovery approaches. Thereof, we carried out the structure-based screening of natural products from Echinacea-angustifolia, commonly used to prevent cold and other microbial respiratory infections, targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Four natural products namely, Echinacoside, Quercetagetin 7-glucoside, Levan N, Inulin from chicory, and 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, revealed significant docking energy (>-10 kcal/mol) in the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro catalytic pocket via substantial intermolecular contacts formation against co-crystallized ligand (<-4 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the docked poses of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with selected natural products showed conformational stability through molecular dynamics. Exploring the end-point net binding energy exhibited substantial contribution of Coulomb and van der Waals interactions to the stability of respective docked conformations. These results advocated the natural products from Echinacea angustifolia for further experimental studies with an elevated probability to discover the potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro antagonist with higher affinity and drug-likeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea;
| | - Sherif Aly El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (T.A.A.); (L.H.B.); (M.A.K.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir A. Alandijany
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (T.A.A.); (L.H.B.); (M.A.K.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena Hussein Bajrai
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (T.A.A.); (L.H.B.); (M.A.K.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Ahmad Shah
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus Pvt. Ltd., Kushinagar 274203, India;
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad 211015, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273009, India;
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (T.A.A.); (L.H.B.); (M.A.K.)
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (T.A.A.); (L.H.B.); (M.A.K.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea;
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India
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Thorat SH, George CP, Shaligram PS, P. R. S, Gonnade RG. Polymorphs and hydrates of the anticancer drug erlotinib: X-ray crystallography, phase transition and biopharmaceutical studies. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer drug erlotinib revealed two polymorphs and two hydrates. The metastable polymorph and hydrates converted to the stable polymorph, which displayed solution-mediated transformation into the monohydrate at the lowest water activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar H. Thorat
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Christy P. George
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Parth S. Shaligram
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
| | - Suresha P. R.
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Lee KE, Bharadwaj S, Yadava U, Kang SG. Computational and In Vitro Investigation of (-)-Epicatechin and Proanthocyanidin B2 as Inhibitors of Human Matrix Metalloproteinase 1. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101379. [PMID: 32998374 PMCID: PMC7650666 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP-1) energetically triggers the enzymatic proteolysis of extracellular matrix collagenase (ECM), resulting in progressive skin aging. Natural flavonoids are well known for their antioxidant properties and have been evaluated for inhibition of matrix metalloproteins in human. Recently, (-)-epicatechin and proanthocyanidin B2 were reported as essential flavanols from various natural reservoirs as potential anti-inflammatory and free radical scavengers. However, their molecular interactions and inhibitory potential against MMP-1 are not yet well studied. In this study, sequential absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiling, quantum mechanics calculations, and molecular docking simulations by extra precision Glide protocol predicted the drug-likeness of (-)-epicatechin (−7.862 kcal/mol) and proanthocyanidin B2 (−8.145 kcal/mol) with the least reactivity and substantial binding affinity in the catalytic pocket of human MMP-1 by comparison to reference bioactive compound epigallocatechin gallate (−6.488 kcal/mol). These flavanols in docked complexes with MMP-1 were further studied by 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations that revealed substantial stability and intermolecular interactions, viz. hydrogen and ionic interactions, with essential residues, i.e., His218, Glu219, His222, and His228, in the active pocket of MMP-1. In addition, binding free energy calculations using the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) method suggested the significant role of Coulomb interactions and van der Waals forces in the stability of respective docked MMP-1-flavonol complexes by comparison to MMP-1-epigallocatechin gallate; these observations were further supported by MMP-1 inhibition assay using zymography. Altogether with computational and MMP-1–zymography results, our findings support (-)-epicatechin as a comparatively strong inhibitor of human MMP-1 with considerable drug-likeness against proanthocyanidin B2 in reference to epigallocatechin gallate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (K.E.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (K.E.L.); (S.B.)
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273009, India;
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea; (K.E.L.); (S.B.)
- Stemforce, 313 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Roy P, Ghosh A. Mechanochemical cocrystallization to improve the physicochemical properties of chlorzoxazone. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystals of chlorzoxazone prepared by mechanochemical cocrystallization with picolinic acid to improve the physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi
- India
| | - Animesh Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology
- Birla Institute of Technology
- Ranchi
- India
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Budhwar V, Dutt B, Choudhary M. Cocrystallization: An innovative route toward better medication. JOURNAL OF REPORTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_103_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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P. George C, Thorat SH, Shaligram PS, P. R. S, Gonnade RG. Drug–drug cocrystals of anticancer drugs erlotinib–furosemide and gefitinib–mefenamic acid for alternative multi-drug treatment. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug–drug cocrystals of anticancer drugs erlotinib and gefitinib with furosemide and mefenamic acid, respectively, have been synthesized, characterized and their solubilities and dissolution rates were correlated with crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy P. George
- Center for Materials Characterization
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
| | - Shridhar H. Thorat
- Center for Materials Characterization
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Parth S. Shaligram
- Center for Materials Characterization
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
| | - Suresha P. R.
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Center for Materials Characterization
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Nam JH, Kim SY, Seong H. Investigation on Physicochemical Characteristics of a Nanoliposome-Based System for Dual Drug Delivery. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:101. [PMID: 29654484 PMCID: PMC5899077 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic effects of multiple drugs with different modes of action are utilized for combinatorial chemotherapy of intractable cancers. Translation of in vitro synergistic effects into the clinic can be realized using an efficient delivery system of the drugs. Despite a few studies on nano-sized liposomes containing erlotinib (ERL) and doxorubicin (DOX) in a single liposome vesicle, reliable and reproducible preparation methods as well as physicochemical characteristics of a non-PEGylated nanoliposome co-encapsulated with ERL and DOX have not been yet elucidated. In this study, ERL-encapsulated nanoliposomes were prepared using the lipid film-hydration method. By ultrasonication using a probe sonicator, the liposome diameter was reduced to less than 200 nm. DOX was loaded into the ERL-encapsulated nanoliposomes using ammonium sulfate (AS)-gradient or pH-gradient method. Effects of DOX-loading conditions on encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the DOX were investigated to determine an efficient drug-loading method. In the EE of DOX, AS-gradient method was more effective than pH gradient. The dual drug-encapsulated nanoliposomes had more than 90% EE of DOX and 30% EE of ERL, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analyses of the dual drug-encapsulated nanoliposomes verified the highly oriented DOX-sulfate crystals inside the liposome as well as the less oriented small crystals of ERL in the outermost region of the nanoliposome. The nanoliposomes were stable at different temperatures without an increase of the nanoliposome diameter. The dual drug-encapsulated nanoliposomes showed a time-differential release of ERL and DOX, implying proper sequential releases for their synergism. The preparation methods and the physicochemical characteristics of the dual drug delivery system contribute to the development of the optimal process and more advanced systems for translational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Nam
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Hasoo Seong
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Deajeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
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Savchenkov AV, Serezhkin VN. A method for visualization of the variation of noncovalent interactions in crystal structures of conformational polymorphs. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2018; 74:137-147. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520618001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A method for clear visualization of the variation of noncovalent interactions in crystal structures of conformational polymorphs is developed and introduced. The first stage of the method establishes the characteristics of all, without exception, noncovalent interactions in all crystal structures under discussion. This is possible using a strict and objective method of construction of Voronoi–Dirichlet polyhedra within the framework of the stereoatomic model of crystal structures. The second stage of the method then involves plotting of diagrams, showing the relation between parameters characterizing interatomic interactions and chosen geometric parameters of molecules. Application of the title method to highly polymorphic systems of ROY and flufenamic acid allows several imperceptible features of real crystal structures to be revealed and determines the value of different types of interactions in their conformational polymorphs. The method is universal as it can be readily adapted to any system of crystal structures in which noncovalent interactions change as a function of any parameters. Employment of the title method along with quantum chemical calculations offers opportunities for the correlation of potential energy of crystalline materials with noncovalent interactions in their structures, which is a giant step forward towards a more complete understanding of the relationship between the structure and properties of compounds.
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Cerreia Vioglio P, Chierotti MR, Gobetto R. Pharmaceutical aspects of salt and cocrystal forms of APIs and characterization challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:86-110. [PMID: 28687273 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many efforts have been devoted to the screening and the study of new solid-state forms of old active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with salification or co-crystallization processes, thus modulating final properties without changing the pharmacological nature. Salts, hydrates/solvates, and cocrystals are the common solid-state forms employed. They offer the intriguing possibility of exploring different pharmaceutical properties for a single API in the quest of enhancing the final drug product. New synthetic strategies and advanced characterization techniques have been recently proposed in this hot topic for pharmaceutical companies. This paper reviews the recent progresses in the field particularly focusing on the characterization challenges encountered when the nature of the solid-state form must be determined. The aim of this article is to offer the state-of-the-art on this subject in order to develop new insights and to promote cooperative efforts in the fascinating field of API salt and cocrystal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele R Chierotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Pindelska E, Sokal A, Kolodziejski W. Pharmaceutical cocrystals, salts and polymorphs: Advanced characterization techniques. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:111-146. [PMID: 28931472 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of a novel drug development is to obtain it with optimal physiochemical, pharmaceutical and biological properties. Pharmaceutical companies and scientists modify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which often are cocrystals, salts or carefully selected polymorphs, to improve the properties of a parent drug. To find the best form of a drug, various advanced characterization methods should be used. In this review, we have described such analytical methods, dedicated to solid drug forms. Thus, diffraction, spectroscopic, thermal and also pharmaceutical characterization methods are discussed. They all are necessary to study a solid API in its intrinsic complexity from bulk down to the molecular level, gain information on its structure, properties, purity and possible transformations, and make the characterization efficient, comprehensive and complete. Furthermore, these methods can be used to monitor and investigate physical processes, involved in the drug development, in situ and in real time. The main aim of this paper is to gather information on the current advancements in the analytical methods and highlight their pharmaceutical relevance.
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Valdo AKSM, Sarotti AM, Martins FT. Synthon trends according to acid strength and geometry in salts of N-heterocyclic bases. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hierarchy and robustness of homosynthons and heterosynthons formed by N-heterocyclic bases were assessed experimentally in salts of aminopyrazine (ampyz) andtrans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (BPE) with common strong, moderate and weak acids, and theoretically at the M06-2X/6-31+G** level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR)
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario–CONICET
- S2002LRK Rosario
- Argentina
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