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Lewandowski M. A Review of the Commercially Available ECG Detection and Transmission Systems-The Fuzzy Logic Approach in the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121489. [PMID: 34945338 PMCID: PMC8705604 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) constitutes a major clinical and public health problem, whose death burden is comparable to the current worldwide pandemic. This comprehensive review encompasses the following topics: available rescue systems, wearable electrocardiograms (ECG), detection and transmission technology, and a newly developed fuzzy logic algorithm (FA) for heart rhythm classification which is state-of-the art in the field of SCD prevention. Project “PROTECTOR”, the Polish Rapid Transtelephonic ECG to Obtain Resuscitation for development of a rapid rescue system for patients at risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), is presented. If a lethal arrhythmia is detected on the basis of FA, the system produces an alarm signal audible for bystanders and transmits the alarm message along with location to the emergency medical center. Phone guided resuscitation can be started immediately because an automated external defibrillator (AED) localization map is available. An automatic, very fast diagnosis is a unique feature of the PROTECTOR prototype. The rapid detection of SCA is based on a processor characterized by 100% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity (as measured in the pilot studies). An integrated circuit which implements FA has already been designed and a diagnosis is made within few seconds, which is extremely important in ischemic brain damage prophylaxis. This circuit could be implemented in smart implants (Sis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Lewandowski
- 2nd Department of Arrhythmia, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland
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Wilson S, Laing R. Fabrics and Garments as Sensors: A Research Update. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19163570. [PMID: 31443332 PMCID: PMC6719058 DOI: 10.3390/s19163570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Properties critical to the structure of apparel and apparel fabrics (thermal and moisture transfer, elasticity, and flexural rigidity), those related to performance (durability to abrasion, cleaning, and storage), and environmental effects have not been consistently addressed in the research on fabric sensors designed to interact with the human body. These fabric properties need to be acceptable for functionalized fabrics to be effectively used in apparel. Measures of performance such as electrical conductivity, impedance, and/or capacitance have been quantified. That the apparel/human body system involves continuous transient conditions needs to be taken into account when considering performance. This review highlights gaps concerning fabric-related aspects for functionalized apparel and includes information on increasing the inclusion of such aspects. A multidisciplinary approach including experts in chemistry, electronics, textiles, and standard test methods, and the intended end use is key to widespread development and adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wilson
- Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Raechel Laing
- Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Preferred Placement and Usability of a Smart Textile System vs. Inertial Measurement Units for Activity Monitoring. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082501. [PMID: 30071635 PMCID: PMC6111998 DOI: 10.3390/s18082501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and systems have become increasingly popular in recent years. Two prominent wearable technologies for human activity monitoring are smart textile systems (STSs) and inertial measurement units (IMUs). Despite ongoing advances in both, the usability aspects of these devices require further investigation, especially to facilitate future use. In this study, 18 participants evaluate the preferred placement and usability of two STSs, along with a comparison to a commercial IMU system. These evaluations are completed after participants engaged in a range of activities (e.g., sitting, standing, walking, and running), during which they wear two representatives of smart textile systems: (1) a custom smart undershirt (SUS) and commercial smart socks; and (2) a commercial whole-body IMU system. We first analyze responses regarding the usability of the STS, and subsequently compared these results to those for the IMU system. Participants identify a short-sleeved shirt as their preferred activity monitor. In additional, the SUS in combination with the smart socks is rated superior to the IMU system in several aspects of usability. As reported herein, STSs show promise for future applications in human activity monitoring in terms of usability.
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Zheng YL, Ding XR, Poon CCY, Lo BPL, Zhang H, Zhou XL, Yang GZ, Zhao N, Zhang YT. Unobtrusive sensing and wearable devices for health informatics. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 61:1538-54. [PMID: 24759283 PMCID: PMC7176476 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2309951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aging population, prevalence of chronic diseases, and outbreaks of infectious diseases are some of the major challenges of our present-day society. To address these unmet healthcare needs, especially for the early prediction and treatment of major diseases, health informatics, which deals with the acquisition, transmission, processing, storage, retrieval, and use of health information, has emerged as an active area of interdisciplinary research. In particular, acquisition of health-related information by unobtrusive sensing and wearable technologies is considered as a cornerstone in health informatics. Sensors can be weaved or integrated into clothing, accessories, and the living environment, such that health information can be acquired seamlessly and pervasively in daily living. Sensors can even be designed as stick-on electronic tattoos or directly printed onto human skin to enable long-term health monitoring. This paper aims to provide an overview of four emerging unobtrusive and wearable technologies, which are essential to the realization of pervasive health information acquisition, including: 1) unobtrusive sensing methods, 2) smart textile technology, 3) flexible-stretchable-printable electronics, and 4) sensor fusion, and then to identify some future directions of research.
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Dittmar A, Meffre R, De Oliveira F, Gehin C, Delhomme G. Wearable medical devices using textile and flexible technologies for ambulatory monitoring. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2005:7161-4. [PMID: 17281928 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Health smart clothes are in contact with almost all the surface of the skin offer large possibilities for the location of sensors for non invasive measurements. Head band, collar, tee-shirt, socks, shoes, belts for chest, arm, wrist, legs ... provide localization with specific purpose taking into account their proximity of an organ or a source of biosignal, and also its ergonomic possibility (user friendly) to fix a sensor, and the associated instrumentations (batteries, amplifiers, signal processing, telecom, alarm, display ...). Progress in science and technology offers, for the first time, intelligence, speed, miniaturization, sophistication and new materials at low cost. In this new landscape, microtechnologies, information technologies and telecommunications are a key factor. Microsensors : Microtechnologies offer the possibility of small size, but also intelligent, active device, working with low energy, wireless and non invasive or mini invasive. These sensors have to be thin, flexible and compatible with textile, or made using textile technologies, new fibers with specific properties: mechanical, electrical, optical ... The field of applications is very large, e.g. continuous monitoring on elderly population, professional and military activities, athlete's performance and condition, and people with disabilities. The research are oriented toward two complementary directions: Improving the relevancy of each sensor and increasing the number of sensors for having a more global synthetic and robust information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Dittmar
- National Institute of Applied Sciences and National Centre of Scientific Research, Biomedical MicroSensors and MicroSystems Group, LPM, 20 Av. Albert Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. Phone: +33 4 72 43 89 86, Fax +33 4 72 43 89 87,
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Patel S, Park H, Bonato P, Chan L, Rodgers M. A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2012; 9:21. [PMID: 22520559 PMCID: PMC3354997 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review paper is to summarize recent developments in the field of wearable sensors and systems that are relevant to the field of rehabilitation. The growing body of work focused on the application of wearable technology to monitor older adults and subjects with chronic conditions in the home and community settings justifies the emphasis of this review paper on summarizing clinical applications of wearable technology currently undergoing assessment rather than describing the development of new wearable sensors and systems. A short description of key enabling technologies (i.e. sensor technology, communication technology, and data analysis techniques) that have allowed researchers to implement wearable systems is followed by a detailed description of major areas of application of wearable technology. Applications described in this review paper include those that focus on health and wellness, safety, home rehabilitation, assessment of treatment efficacy, and early detection of disorders. The integration of wearable and ambient sensors is discussed in the context of achieving home monitoring of older adults and subjects with chronic conditions. Future work required to advance the field toward clinical deployment of wearable sensors and systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Patel
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyung Park
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Bonato
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leighton Chan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Rodgers
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Khan AM, Lee YK, Lee S, Kim TS. Accelerometer’s position independent physical activity recognition system for long-term activity monitoring in the elderly. Med Biol Eng Comput 2010; 48:1271-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-010-0701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang CC, Hsu YL. A review of accelerometry-based wearable motion detectors for physical activity monitoring. SENSORS 2010; 10:7772-88. [PMID: 22163626 PMCID: PMC3231187 DOI: 10.3390/s100807772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of physical activity are indicative of one's mobility level, latent chronic diseases and aging process. Accelerometers have been widely accepted as useful and practical sensors for wearable devices to measure and assess physical activity. This paper reviews the development of wearable accelerometry-based motion detectors. The principle of accelerometry measurement, sensor properties and sensor placements are first introduced. Various research using accelerometry-based wearable motion detectors for physical activity monitoring and assessment, including posture and movement classification, estimation of energy expenditure, fall detection and balance control evaluation, are also reviewed. Finally this paper reviews and compares existing commercial products to provide a comprehensive outlook of current development status and possible emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University / 135, Yuan-Tung Rd., Chung-Li, 32003, Taiwan.
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Vuorela T, Seppa VP, Vanhala J, Hyttinen J. Design and Implementation of a Portable Long-Term Physiological Signal Recorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 14:718-25. [DOI: 10.1109/titb.2010.2042606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bourke AK, van de Ven PWJ, Chaya AE, OLaighin GM, Nelson J. Testing of a long-term fall detection system incorporated into a custom vest for the elderly. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:2844-7. [PMID: 19163298 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A fall detection system and algorithm, incorporated into a custom designed garment has been developed. The developed fall detection system uses a tri-axial accelerometer to detect impacts and monitor posture. This sensor is attached to a custom designed vest, designed to be worn by the elderly person under clothing. The fall detection algorithm was developed and incorporates both impact and posture detection capability. The vest and fall algorithm was tested by two teams of 5 elderly subjects who wore the sensor system in turn for 2 week each and were monitored for 8 hours a day. The system previously achieved sensitivity of >90% and a specificity of >99%, using young healthy subjects performing falls and normal activities of daily living (ADL). In this study, over 833 hours of monitoring was performed over the course of the four weeks from the elderly subjects, during normal daily activity. In this time no actual falls were recorded, however the system registered a total of the 42 fall-alerts however only 9 were received at the care taker site. A fall detection system incorporated into a custom designed garment has been developed which will help reduce the incidence of the long-lie, when falls occur in the elderly population. However further development is required to reduce the number of false-positives and improve the transmission of messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Bourke
- CAALYX FP6 project, Wireless Access Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Bourke AK, van de Ven PWJ, Chaya AE, OLaighin GM, Nelson J. The design and development of a long-term fall detection system incorporated into a custom vest for the elderly. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:2836-9. [PMID: 19163296 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A fall detection system and algorithm, incorporated into a custom designed garment has been developed. The developed fall detection system uses a tri-axial accelerometer, microcontroller, battery and Bluetooth module. This sensor is attached to a custom designed vest, designed to be worn by the elderly person under clothing. The fall detection algorithm was developed and incorporates both impact and posture detection capability. The vest and fall algorithm was tested on young healthy subjects performing normal activities of daily living (ADL) and falls onto crash mats, while wearing the best and sensor. Results show that falls can de distinguished from normal activities with a sensitivity >90% and a specificity of >99%, from a total data set of 264 falls and 165 normal ADL. By incorporating the fall-detection sensor into a custom designed garment it is anticipated that greater compliance when wearing a fall-detection system can be achieved and will help reduce the incidence of the long-lie, when falls occur in the elderly population. However further long-term testing using elderly subjects is required to validate the systems performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Bourke
- CAALYX FP6 project, Wireless Access Research Centre, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland.
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Noury N, Barralon P, Flammarion D. Preliminary results on the study of smart wearable antennas. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2005:3814-7. [PMID: 17281061 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report a study on the design, simulation and evaluation of wearable antennas. This work open the way to continuous and automatic monitoring with wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Noury
- Member, IEEE, TIMC-IMAG, Laboratory, Université Jossph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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