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Tang X, Renteria-Pinon M, Tang W. Second-Order Level-Crossing Sampling Analog to Digital Converter for Electrocardiogram Delineation and Premature Ventricular Contraction Detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:1342-1354. [PMID: 37463086 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3296529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an electrocardiogram (ECG) delineation and arrhythmia heartbeat detection system using a novel second-order level-crossing sampling analog to digital converter (ADC) for real-time data compression and feature extraction. The proposed system consists of the front-end integrated circuit of the data converter, the delineation algorithm, and the arrhythmia detection algorithm. Compared with conventional level-sampling ADCs, the proposed circuit updates tracking thresholds using linear extrapolation, which forms a second-order level-crossing sampling ADC that has sloped sampling levels. The computing is done digitally and is implemented by modifying the digital control logic of a conventional Successive-approximation-register (SAR) ADC. The system separates the sampling and quantization processes and only selects the turning points in the input waveform for quantization. The output of the proposed data converter consists of both the digital value of the selected sampling points and the timestamp between the selected sampling points. The main advantages are data savings for the data converter and the following digital signal processing or communication circuits, which are ideal for low-power sensors. The test chip was fabricated using a 180 nm CMOS process. When sensing sparse signals such as ECG signals the proposed ADC achieves a compression factor of 8.33. The delineation algorithm uses a triangle filter method to locate the fiducial points and measures the intervals, slopes, and morphology of the QRS complex and the P/T waves. Those extracted features are then used in the arrhythmia heartbeat detection algorithm to identify Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC). The overall performance of the system is evaluated using the MIT-BIH database and the QT database, which is also compared with the recently reported systems. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and F1 score are 97.3%, 89.6%, 97.8%, 73.3%, and 0.81 for detecting PVC.
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Stretchable printed device for the simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain validated in a mouse wound healing model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10138. [PMID: 35710701 PMCID: PMC9203561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and strain are two vital parameters that play a significant role in wound diagnosis and healing. As periodic temperature measurements with a custom thermometer or strain measurements with conventional metallic gauges became less feasible for the modern competent health monitoring, individual temperature and strain measurement modalities incorporated into wearables and patches were developed. The proposed research in the article shows the development of a single sensor solution which can simultaneously measure both the above mentioned parameters. This work integrates a thermoelectric principle based temperature measurement approach into wearables, ensuring flexibility and bendability properties without affecting its thermo-generated voltage. The modified thermoelectric material helped to achieve stretchability of the sensor, thanks to its superior mechano-transduction properties. Moreover, the stretch-induced resistance changes become an additional marker for strain measurements so that both the parameters can be measured with the same sensor. Due to the independent measurement parameters (open circuit voltage and sensor resistance), the sensing model is greatly attractive for measurements without cross-sensitivity. The highly resilient temperature and strain sensor show excellent linearity, repeatability and good sensitivity. Besides, due to the compatibility of the fabrication scheme to low-temperature processing of the flexible materials and to mass volume production, printed fabrication methodologies were adopted to realize the sensor. This promises low-cost production and a disposable nature (single use) of the sensor patch. For the first time, this innovative temperature-strain dual parameter sensor concept has been tested on mice wounds in vivo. The preliminary experiments on mice wounds offer prospects for developing smart, i.e. sensorized, wound dressings for clinical applications.
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Tang X, Tang W. An ECG Delineation and Arrhythmia Classification System Using Slope Variation Measurement by Ternary Second-Order Delta Modulators for Wearable ECG Sensors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:1053-1065. [PMID: 34543204 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a system for electrocardiogram (ECG) delineation and arrhythmia classification. The proposed system consists of a front-end integrated circuit, a delineation algorithm implemented on an FPGA board, and an arrhythmia classification algorithm. The front-end circuit applies a ternary second-order Delta modulator to measure the slope variation of the input analog ECG signal. The circuit converts the analog inputs into a pulse density modulated bitstream, whose pulse density is proportional to the slope variation of the input analog signal regardless of the instantaneous amplitude. The front-end chip can detect the minimum slope variation of 3.2 mV/ms 2 within a 3 ms timing error. The front-end integrated circuit was fabricated with a 180 nm CMOS process occupying a 0.25 mm 2 area with a 151 nW power consumption at the sampling rate of 1 kS/s. Based on the slope variation obtained from the front-end circuit, a delineation algorithm is designed to detect fiducial points in the ECG waveform. The delineation algorithm was tested on a Spartan-6 FPGA. The delineation system can detect the intervals, slopes, and morphology of the QRS/PT waves and form a feature set that contains 22 features. Based on these features, a rotate linear kernel support vector machine (SVM) is applied for patient-specific arrhythmia classification of the ventricular ectopic beat (VEB), supraventricular ectopic beat (SVEB), and heartbeats originating in sinus node. The performance of the proposed system is comparable to the recently published methods while providing a promising solution for the low-complexity implementation of future wearable ECG monitoring systems.
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Mayer P, Magno M, Benini L. Energy-Positive Activity Recognition - From Kinetic Energy Harvesting to Smart Self-Sustainable Wearable Devices. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:926-937. [PMID: 34559663 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable, intelligent, and unobtrusive sensor nodes that monitor the human body and the surrounding environment have the potential to create valuable data for preventive human-centric ubiquitous healthcare. To attain this vision of unobtrusiveness, the smart devices have to gather and analyze data over long periods of time without the need for battery recharging or replacement. This article presents a software-configurable kinetic energy harvesting and power management circuit that enables self-sustainable wearable devices. By exploiting the kinetic transducer as an energy source and an activity sensor simultaneously, the proposed circuit provides highly efficient context-aware control features. Its mixed-signal nano-power context awareness allows reaching energy neutrality even in energy-drought periods, thus significantly relaxing the energy storage requirements. Furthermore, the asynchronous sensing approach also doubles as a coarse-grained human activity recognition frontend. Experimental results, using commercial micro-kinetic generators, demonstrate the flexibility and potential of this approach: the circuit achieves a quiescent current of 57 nA and a maximum load current of 300 mA, delivered with a harvesting efficiency of 79%. Based on empirically collected motion data, the system achieves an energy surplus of over 232 mJ per day in a wrist-worn application while executing activity recognition at an accuracy of 89% and a latency of 60 s.
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Hui X, Zhou J, Sharma P, Conroy TB, Zhang Z, Kan EC. Wearable RF Near-Field Cough Monitoring by Frequency-Time Deep Learning. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:756-764. [PMID: 34310320 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3099865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coughing is a common symptom for many respiratory disorders, and can spread droplets of various sizes containing bacterial and viral pathogens. Mild coughs are usually overlooked in the early stage, not only because they are barely noticeable by the person and the people around, but also because the present recording method is not comfortable, private, or reliable for long-term monitoring. In this paper, a wearable radio-frequency (RF) sensor is presented to recognize the mild cough signal directly from the local trachea vibration characteristics, and can isolate interferences from nearby people. The sensor operates at the ultra-high-frequency band, and can couple the RF energy to the upper respiratory track by the near field of the sensing antenna. The retrieved tissue vibration caused by the cough airflow burst can then be analyzed by a convolutional neural network trained on the frequency-time spectra. The sensing antenna design is analyzed for performance improvement. During the human study of 5 participants over 100 minutes of prescribed routines, the overall recognition ratio is above 90% and the false positive ratio during other routines is below 2.09%.
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Davila-Montero S, Dana-Le JA, Bente G, Hall AT, Mason AJ. Review and Challenges of Technologies for Real-Time Human Behavior Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:2-28. [PMID: 33606635 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3060617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A person's behavior significantly influences their health and well-being. It also contributes to the social environment in which humans interact, with cascading impacts to the health and behaviors of others. During social interactions, our understanding and awareness of vital nonverbal messages expressing beliefs, emotions, and intentions can be obstructed by a variety of factors including greatly flawed self-awareness. For these reasons, human behavior is a very important topic to study using the most advanced technology. Moreover, technology offers a breakthrough opportunity to improve people's social awareness and self-awareness through machine-enhanced recognition and interpretation of human behaviors. This paper reviews (1) the social psychology theories that have established the framework to study human behaviors and their manifestations during social interactions and (2) the technologies that have contributed to the monitoring of human behaviors. State-of-the-art in sensors, signal features, and computational models are categorized, summarized, and evaluated from a comprehensive transdisciplinary perspective. This review focuses on assessing technologies most suitable for real-time monitoring while highlighting their challenges and opportunities in near-future applications. Although social behavior monitoring has been highly reported in psychology and engineering literature, this paper uniquely aims to serve as a disciplinary convergence bridge and a guide for engineers capable of bringing new technologies to bear against the current challenges in real-time human behavior monitoring.
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Takaya M, Matsuda R, Inamori G, Kamoto U, Isoda Y, Tachibana D, Nakamura F, Fuchiwaki O, Okubo Y, Ota H. Transformable Electrocardiograph Using Robust Liquid-Solid Heteroconnector. ACS Sens 2021; 6:212-219. [PMID: 33395271 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a highly transformable electrocardiograph that can considerably deform the position of stretchable electrodes based on the lead method for diagnosing heart disease was developed; these electrodes exhibited high resistance stability against considerable stretching and multiple stretching. To realize the large deformable functionality of the electrodes of a system, liquid metal electrodes and a heteroconnector composed of a liquid metal paste and carbon-based conductive rubber were employed. The developed device can achieve a 200% strain with only 6% resistance change and a high stability of resistances after the 100-time stretching test. In addition, the study demonstrated electrocardiograms in different lead methods of adult and child using the same device. The proposed combination of large deformable electrodes with high electric stability and a robust heteroconnector is an important technology, and it presents a considerable advancement in the application of stretchable electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maika Takaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Go Inamori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Umihiro Kamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yutaka Isoda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Daiki Tachibana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Fumika Nakamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ohmi Fuchiwaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okubo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Biological Safety and Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of System Integration, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
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Classifying sitting, standing, and walking using plantar force data. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:257-270. [PMID: 33420617 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged static weight-bearing at work may increase the risk of developing plantar fasciitis (PF). However, to establish a causal relationship between weight-bearing and PF, a low-cost objective measure of workplace behaviors is needed. This proof-of-concept study assesses the classification accuracy and sensitivity of low-resolution plantar pressure measurements in distinguishing workplace postures. Plantar pressure was measured using an in-shoe measurement system in eight healthy participants while sitting, standing, and walking. Data was resampled to simulate on/off characteristics of 24 plantar force sensitive resistors. The top 10 sensors were evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation with machine learning algorithms: support vector machines (SVMs), decision tree (DT), discriminant analysis (DA), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). SVM and DT best classified sitting, standing, and walking. High classification accuracy was obtained with five sensors (98.6% and 99.1% accuracy, respectively) and even a single sensor (98.4% and 98.4%, respectively). The central forefoot and the medial and lateral midfoot were the most important classification sensor locations. On/off plantar pressure measurements in the midfoot and central forefoot can accurately classify workplace postures. These results provide the foundation for a low-cost objective tool to classify and quantify sedentary workplace postures.
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Vavrinsky E, Subjak J, Donoval M, Wagner A, Zavodnik T, Svobodova H. Application of Modern Multi-Sensor Holter in Diagnosis and Treatment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2663. [PMID: 32392697 PMCID: PMC7273207 DOI: 10.3390/s20092663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern Holter devices are very trendy tools used in medicine, research, or sport. They monitor a variety of human physiological or pathophysiological signals. Nowadays, Holter devices have been developing very fast. New innovative products come to the market every day. They have become smaller, smarter, cheaper, have ultra-low power consumption, do not limit everyday life, and allow comfortable measurements of humans to be accomplished in a familiar and natural environment, without extreme fear from doctors. People can be informed about their health and 24/7 monitoring can sometimes easily detect specific diseases, which are normally passed during routine ambulance operation. However, there is a problem with the reliability, quality, and quantity of the collected data. In normal life, there may be a loss of signal recording, abnormal growth of artifacts, etc. At this point, there is a need for multiple sensors capturing single variables in parallel by different sensing methods to complement these methods and diminish the level of artifacts. We can also sense multiple different signals that are complementary and give us a coherent picture. In this article, we describe actual interesting multi-sensor principles on the grounds of our own long-year experiences and many experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Vavrinsky
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (M.D.); (T.Z.)
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Subjak
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (M.D.); (T.Z.)
| | - Martin Donoval
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (M.D.); (T.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Tomas Zavodnik
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (M.D.); (T.Z.)
| | - Helena Svobodova
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 81272 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.S.)
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Thamaraimanalan T, Sampath P. A low power fuzzy logic based variable resolution ADC for wireless ECG monitoring systems. COGN SYST RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tang X, Ma Z, Hu Q, Tang W. A Real-Time Arrhythmia Heartbeats Classification Algorithm Using Parallel Delta Modulations and Rotated Linear-Kernel Support Vector Machines. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:978-986. [PMID: 31265382 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2926104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Real-time wearable electrocardiogram monitoring sensor is one of the best candidates in assisting cardiovascular disease diagnosis. In this paper, we present a novel real-time machine learning system for Arrhythmia classification. The system is based on the parallel Delta modulation and QRS/PT wave detection algorithms. We propose a patient dependent rotated linear-kernel support vector machine classifier that combines the global and local classifiers, with three types of feature vectors extracted directly from the Delta modulated bit-streams. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. According to the AAMI standard, two binary classifications are performed and evaluated, which are supraventricular ectopic beat (SVEB) versus the rest four classes, and ventricular ectopic beat (VEB) versus the rest. For SVEB classification, the preferred SkP-32 method's F1 score, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictivity value are 0.83, 79.3%, 99.6%, and 88.2%, respectively, and for VEB classification, the numbers are 0.92%, 92.8%, 99.4%, and 91.6%, respectively. The results show that the performance of our proposed approach is comparable to that of published research. The proposed low-complexity algorithm has the potential to be implemented as an on-sensor machine learning solution.
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12
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Wang K, Yu C, Zhu T, Tang J. A rapid approach to assess cardiac contractility by ballistocardiogram and electrocardiogram. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 63:113-122. [PMID: 27824610 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2015-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a rapid assessment on cardiac contractility by using the time interval between the I wave of ballistocardiogram (BCG) and the R wave of electrocardiogram (ECG) which is referred to as the RI interval. The whole work can be divided into two parts. First, the correlation between the RI interval and the ejection fraction (EF), which is a clinical index to assess systolic performance, was computed. For 39 subjects, the correlation coefficient is -0.54 (p<0.001). Moreover, RI intervals of heart failure (HF) patients and healthy subjects were measured, and a significant difference was found among different New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes and the healthy group. Second, the beat-to-beat correlation analysis between the RI interval and the pre-ejection period (PEP), which is a parameter of systolic time interval to evaluate the cardiac contractility, was calculated. For 4578 heart beats across eight healthy subjects, the correlation coefficient is 0.85 (p<0.001). As a conclusion, these results indicate that the RI interval can be used as a noninvasive assessment of cardiac contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tiangang Zhu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jintian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
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13
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Electrical extraction of piezoelectric constants. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00910. [PMID: 30450438 PMCID: PMC6226591 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The piezoelectric materials are incorporated in smart structure to exhibit specific functionality. The activity of piezoelectric material dimension and electrical properties can be changed with an applied stress. These variations are translated to a change in the capacitance of the structure. This work takes a close outlook on the use of the capacitance-voltage measurements for the extraction of double piezoelectric thin film material deposited at the two faces of a flexible steel sheet. The piezoelectric thin film materials have been deposited using RF sputtering techniques. Gamry analyzer references 3000 was used to collect the capacitance-voltage measurements from both layers. The developed algorithm extracts directly the piezoelectric coefficients knowing the film thickness, the applied voltage, and the capacitance ratio. The capacitance ratio is the ratio between the capacitances of the film when the applied field in antiparallel and parallel to the polling field direction, respectively. The method has been calibrated using a piezoelectric bulk ceramic and validated by comparing the result with the reported values in the literature. The extracted values using the current approach match well the values extracted by other existing methods.
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14
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Tang X, Hu Q, Tang W. A Real-Time QRS Detection System With PR/RT Interval and ST Segment Measurements for Wearable ECG Sensors Using Parallel Delta Modulators. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:751-761. [PMID: 29993893 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2823275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for wearable devices. The system is based on the proposed parallel delta modulator architecture with local maximum point and local minimum point algorithms to detect QRS and PT waves. Therefore, using the proposed system and algorithm, real-time PR and RT intervals, and ST segment measurements can be achieved in long-term wearable ECG recording. The algorithm is tested with the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database for QRS complex detection and with the QT Database for the P and T wave detections. The simulation result shows that the algorithm achieves above 99%, 91%, and 98% accuracy in the QRS complex, P wave, and T wave detections, respectively. Experimental results are presented from the system prototype, in which the parallel delta modulator circuits are fabricated in IBM 0.13 $\mu \text{m}$ standard CMOS technology and the algorithms are implemented in a Xilinx Spartan-6 field programmable gate array (FPGA). The parallel delta modulators consume 720 nW at 1 kHz sampling rate with $\pm$0.6 V power supply. The proposed system has the potential to be applied in future long-term wearable ECG recording devices.
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Mehdi M, Akhtar M, Hussain A, Nauman M, Alothmany DS, Ahmed I, Choi KH. Dip coated stretchable and bendable PEDOTPSS films on low modulus micro-bumpy PDMS substrate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2017-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOTPSS) is an organic conductive polymer which has a great potential to replace metallic conductors in thin film electronics. This paper reports the experimental findings on the electromechanical performance of conductive PEDOTPSS thin films on a stretchable and flexible low modulus polymer substrate, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), having random micro-bumpy roughness features. All films were fabricated using the method of dip coating, which is cost effective and also favorable for mass production. The main goal of the study is to quantify the stretchability and bendability of dip coated PEDOTPSS thin films on PDMS substrate having random micro-bumpy type of roughness features. The films displayed almost constant resistance up to 10% axial strain and were also found to remain conductive when bent up to a diameter of 2 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtuza Mehdi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , NED University of Engineering and Technology , Karachi 75270 , Pakistan
| | - Maaz Akhtar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , NED University of Engineering and Technology , Karachi 75270 , Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Hussain
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology , Hamdard University , Karachi 75400 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nauman
- Faculty of Integrated Technologies , University Brunei Darussalam , Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410 , Brunei Darussalam
| | - Dheya Shuja Alothmany
- Department of Nuclear Engineering , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21577 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21577 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering , Jeju National University , Jeju 690756 , South Korea
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16
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Lee H, Lee H, Whang M. An Enhanced Method to Estimate Heart Rate from Seismocardiography via Ensemble Averaging of Body Movements at Six Degrees of Freedom. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010238. [PMID: 29342958 PMCID: PMC5796478 DOI: 10.3390/s18010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cardiac monitoring has been developed to evaluate cardiac activity outside of clinical environments due to the advancement of novel instruments. Seismocardiography (SCG) is one of the vital components that could develop such a monitoring system. Although SCG has been presented with a lower accuracy, this novel cardiac indicator has been steadily proposed over traditional methods such as electrocardiography (ECG). Thus, it is necessary to develop an enhanced method by combining the significant cardiac indicators. In this study, the six-axis signals of accelerometer and gyroscope were measured and integrated by the L2 normalization and multi-dimensional kineticardiography (MKCG) approaches, respectively. The waveforms of accelerometer and gyroscope were standardized and combined via ensemble averaging, and the heart rate was calculated from the dominant frequency. Thirty participants (15 females) were asked to stand or sit in relaxed and aroused conditions. Their SCG was measured during the task. As a result, proposed method showed higher accuracy than traditional SCG methods in all measurement conditions. The three main contributions are as follows: (1) the ensemble averaging enhanced heart rate estimation with the benefits of the six-axis signals; (2) the proposed method was compared with the previous SCG method that employs fewer-axis; and (3) the method was tested in various measurement conditions for a more practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Emotion Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| | - Mincheol Whang
- Department of Intelligence Informatics Engineering, University of Sangmyung, Seoul 03016, Korea.
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Landreani F, Caiani EG. Smartphone accelerometers for the detection of heart rate. Expert Rev Med Devices 2017; 14:935-948. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2017.1407647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Landreani
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Gianluca Caiani
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy
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Hurnanen T, Lehtonen E, Tadi MJ, Kuusela T, Kiviniemi T, Saraste A, Vasankari T, Airaksinen J, Koivisto T, Pankaala M. Automated Detection of Atrial Fibrillation Based on Time–Frequency Analysis of Seismocardiograms. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2017; 21:1233-1241. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2016.2621887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ashouri H, Inan OT. Automatic Detection of Seismocardiogram Sensor Misplacement for Robust Pre-Ejection Period Estimation in Unsupervised Settings. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2017; 17:3805-3813. [PMID: 29085256 PMCID: PMC5659316 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2017.2701349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seismocardiography (SCG), the measurement of the local chest vibrations due to the movements of blood and the heart, is a non-invasive technique for assessing myocardial contractility via the pre-ejection period (PEP). Recently, SCG-based extraction of PEP has been shown to be an effective means of classifying decompensated from compensated heart failure patients, and thus can be potentially used for monitoring such patients at home. Accurate extraction of PEP from SCG signals hinges on lab-based population data (i.e., regression curves) linking particular time-domain features of the SCG signal to corresponding features from reference standard bulky instruments such as impedance cardiography (ICG). Such regression curves, in the case of SCG, have always been estimated based on the "ideal" positioning of the SCG sensor on the chest. However, in settings such as the home where users may position the SCG measurement hardware on the chest without supervision, it is likely that the sensor will not always be placed exactly on this "ideal" location on the sternum, but rather on other positions on the chest as well. In this study, we show for the first time that the regression curve for estimating PEP from SCG signals differs significantly as the position of the sensor changes. We further devise a method to automatically detect when the sensor is placed in any position other than the desired one in order to avoid inaccurate systolic time interval estimation. Our classification algorithm for this purpose resulted in 0.83 precision and 0.82 recall when classifying whether the sensor is placed in the desired position or not. The classifier was tested with heartbeats taken both at rest, and also during exercise recovery to ensure that waveform changes due to positioning could be accurately discriminated from those due to physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazar Ashouri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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20
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Automatic Identification of Systolic Time Intervals in Seismocardiogram. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37524. [PMID: 27874050 PMCID: PMC5118745 DOI: 10.1038/srep37524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous and non-invasive monitoring of hemodynamic parameters through unobtrusive wearable sensors can potentially aid in early detection of cardiac abnormalities, and provides a viable solution for long-term follow-up of patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases without disrupting the daily life activities. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and siesmocardiogram (SCG) signals can be readily acquired from light-weight electrodes and accelerometers respectively, which can be employed to derive systolic time intervals (STI). For this purpose, automated and accurate annotation of the relevant peaks in these signals is required, which is challenging due to the inter-subject morphological variability and noise prone nature of SCG signal. In this paper, an approach is proposed to automatically annotate the desired peaks in SCG signal that are related to STI by utilizing the information of peak detected in the sliding template to narrow-down the search for the desired peak in actual SCG signal. Experimental validation of this approach performed in conventional/controlled supine and realistic/challenging seated conditions, containing over 5600 heart beat cycles shows good performance and robustness of the proposed approach in noisy conditions. Automated measurement of STI in wearable configuration can provide a quantified cardiac health index for long-term monitoring of patients, elderly people at risk and health-enthusiasts.
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Liu Y, Norton JJS, Qazi R, Zou Z, Ammann KR, Liu H, Yan L, Tran PL, Jang KI, Lee JW, Zhang D, Kilian KA, Jung SH, Bretl T, Xiao J, Slepian MJ, Huang Y, Jeong JW, Rogers JA. Epidermal mechano-acoustic sensing electronics for cardiovascular diagnostics and human-machine interfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601185. [PMID: 28138529 PMCID: PMC5262452 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Physiological mechano-acoustic signals, often with frequencies and intensities that are beyond those associated with the audible range, provide information of great clinical utility. Stethoscopes and digital accelerometers in conventional packages can capture some relevant data, but neither is suitable for use in a continuous, wearable mode, and both have shortcomings associated with mechanical transduction of signals through the skin. We report a soft, conformal class of device configured specifically for mechano-acoustic recording from the skin, capable of being used on nearly any part of the body, in forms that maximize detectable signals and allow for multimodal operation, such as electrophysiological recording. Experimental and computational studies highlight the key roles of low effective modulus and low areal mass density for effective operation in this type of measurement mode on the skin. Demonstrations involving seismocardiography and heart murmur detection in a series of cardiac patients illustrate utility in advanced clinical diagnostics. Monitoring of pump thrombosis in ventricular assist devices provides an example in characterization of mechanical implants. Speech recognition and human-machine interfaces represent additional demonstrated applications. These and other possibilities suggest broad-ranging uses for soft, skin-integrated digital technologies that can capture human body acoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - James J. S. Norton
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Raza Qazi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zhanan Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R. Ammann
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, and Department of Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hank Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lingqing Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Phat L. Tran
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, and Department of Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Douglas Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kristopher A. Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sung Hee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Timothy Bretl
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marvin J. Slepian
- Department of Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, and Department of Biomedical Engineering Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Etemadi M, Inan OT, Heller JA, Hersek S, Klein L, Roy S. A Wearable Patch to Enable Long-Term Monitoring of Environmental, Activity and Hemodynamics Variables. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:280-8. [PMID: 25974943 PMCID: PMC4643430 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2015.2405480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a low power multi-modal patch designed for measuring activity, altitude (based on high-resolution barometric pressure), a single-lead electrocardiogram, and a tri-axial seismocardiogram (SCG). Enabled by a novel embedded systems design methodology, this patch offers a powerful means of monitoring the physiology for both patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, and the general population interested in personal health and fitness measures. Specifically, to the best of our knowledge, this patch represents the first demonstration of combined activity, environmental context, and hemodynamics monitoring, all on the same hardware, capable of operating for longer than 48 hours at a time with continuous recording. The three-channels of SCG and one-lead ECG are all sampled at 500 Hz with high signal-to-noise ratio, the pressure sensor is sampled at 10 Hz, and all signals are stored to a microSD card with an average current consumption of less than 2 mA from a 3.7 V coin cell (LIR2450) battery. In addition to electronic characterization, proof-of-concept exercise recovery studies were performed with this patch, suggesting the ability to discriminate between hemodynamic and electrophysiology response to light, moderate, and heavy exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozziyar Etemadi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - J. Alex Heller
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Sinan Hersek
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Liviu Klein
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131 USA
| | - Shuvo Roy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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23
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Yoon S, Sim JK, Cho YH. A Flexible and Wearable Human Stress Monitoring Patch. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23468. [PMID: 27004608 PMCID: PMC4804278 DOI: 10.1038/srep23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A human stress monitoring patch integrates three sensors of skin temperature, skin conductance, and pulsewave in the size of stamp (25 mm × 15 mm × 72 μm) in order to enhance wearing comfort with small skin contact area and high flexibility. The skin contact area is minimized through the invention of an integrated multi-layer structure and the associated microfabrication process; thus being reduced to 1/125 of that of the conventional single-layer multiple sensors. The patch flexibility is increased mainly by the development of flexible pulsewave sensor, made of a flexible piezoelectric membrane supported by a perforated polyimide membrane. In the human physiological range, the fabricated stress patch measures skin temperature with the sensitivity of 0.31 Ω/°C, skin conductance with the sensitivity of 0.28 μV/0.02 μS, and pulse wave with the response time of 70 msec. The skin-attachable stress patch, capable to detect multimodal bio-signals, shows potential for application to wearable emotion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Yoon
- NanoSentuating Systems Laboratory, Cell Bench Research Center Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 271 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Kyoung Sim
- NanoSentuating Systems Laboratory, Cell Bench Research Center Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 271 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Cho
- NanoSentuating Systems Laboratory, Cell Bench Research Center Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 271 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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Inan OT, Migeotte PF, Park KS, Etemadi M, Tavakolian K, Casanella R, Zanetti J, Tank J, Funtova I, Prisk GK, Di Rienzo M. Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A Review of Recent Advances. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2015; 19:1414-27. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2014.2361732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Zheng YL, Ding XR, Poon CCY, Lo BPL, Zhang H, Zhou XL, Yang GZ, Zhao N, Zhang YT. Unobtrusive sensing and wearable devices for health informatics. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 61:1538-54. [PMID: 24759283 PMCID: PMC7176476 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2309951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aging population, prevalence of chronic diseases, and outbreaks of infectious diseases are some of the major challenges of our present-day society. To address these unmet healthcare needs, especially for the early prediction and treatment of major diseases, health informatics, which deals with the acquisition, transmission, processing, storage, retrieval, and use of health information, has emerged as an active area of interdisciplinary research. In particular, acquisition of health-related information by unobtrusive sensing and wearable technologies is considered as a cornerstone in health informatics. Sensors can be weaved or integrated into clothing, accessories, and the living environment, such that health information can be acquired seamlessly and pervasively in daily living. Sensors can even be designed as stick-on electronic tattoos or directly printed onto human skin to enable long-term health monitoring. This paper aims to provide an overview of four emerging unobtrusive and wearable technologies, which are essential to the realization of pervasive health information acquisition, including: 1) unobtrusive sensing methods, 2) smart textile technology, 3) flexible-stretchable-printable electronics, and 4) sensor fusion, and then to identify some future directions of research.
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26
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Valenza G, Nardelli M, Lanata A, Gentili C, Bertschy G, Paradiso R, Scilingo EP. Wearable Monitoring for Mood Recognition in Bipolar Disorder Based on History-Dependent Long-Term Heart Rate Variability Analysis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2014; 18:1625-35. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2290382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Goodarzy F, Skafidas ES, Gambini S. Feasibility of Energy-Autonomous Wireless Microsensors for Biomedical Applications: Powering and Communication. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 8:17-29. [PMID: 25137732 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2014.2346487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this review, biomedical-related wireless miniature devices such as implantable medical devices, neural prostheses, embedded neural systems, and body area network systems are investigated and categorized. The two main subsystems of such designs, the RF subsystem and the energy source subsystem, are studied in detail. Different application classes are considered separately, focusing on their specific data rate and size characteristics. Also, the energy consumption of state-of-the-art communication practices is compared to the energy that can be generated by current energy scavenging devices, highlighting gaps and opportunities. The RF subsystem is classified, and the suitable architecture for each category of applications is highlighted. Finally, a new figure of merit suitable for wireless biomedical applications is introduced to measure the performance of these devices and assist the designer in selecting the proper system for the required application. This figure of merit can effectively fill the gap of a much required method for comparing different techniques in simulation stage before a final design is chosen for implementation.
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Pant JK, Krishnan S. Compressive sensing of electrocardiogram signals by promoting sparsity on the second-order difference and by using dictionary learning. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2014; 8:293-302. [PMID: 24875288 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2263459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new algorithm for the reconstruction of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and a dictionary learning algorithm for the enhancement of its reconstruction performance for a class of signals are proposed. The signal reconstruction algorithm is based on minimizing the lp pseudo-norm of the second-order difference, called as the lp(2d) pseudo-norm, of the signal. The optimization involved is carried out using a sequential conjugate-gradient algorithm. The dictionary learning algorithm uses an iterative procedure wherein a signal reconstruction and a dictionary update steps are repeated until a convergence criterion is satisfied. The signal reconstruction step is implemented by using the proposed signal reconstruction algorithm and the dictionary update step is implemented by using the linear least-squares method. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm yields improved reconstruction performance for temporally correlated ECG signals relative to the state-of-the-art lp(1d)-regularized least-squares and Bayesian learning based algorithms. Also for a known class of signals, the reconstruction performance of the proposed algorithm can be improved by applying it in conjunction with a dictionary obtained using the proposed dictionary learning algorithm.
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Kim H, Kim S, Van Helleputte N, Artes A, Konijnenburg M, Huisken J, Van Hoof C, Yazicioglu RF. A configurable and low-power mixed signal SoC for portable ECG monitoring applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2014; 8:257-267. [PMID: 24875285 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2260159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a mixed-signal ECG System-on-Chip (SoC) that is capable of implementing configurable functionality with low-power consumption for portable ECG monitoring applications. A low-voltage and high performance analog front-end extracts 3-channel ECG signals and single channel electrode-tissue-impedance (ETI) measurement with high signal quality. This can be used to evaluate the quality of the ECG measurement and to filter motion artifacts. A custom digital signal processor consisting of 4-way SIMD processor provides the configurability and advanced functionality like motion artifact removal and R peak detection. A built-in 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is capable of adaptive sampling achieving a compression ratio of up to 7, and loop buffer integration reduces the power consumption for on-chip memory access. The SoC is implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS process and consumes 32 μ W from a 1.2 V while heart beat detection application is running, and integrated in a wireless ECG monitoring system with Bluetooth protocol. Thanks to the ECG SoC, the overall system power consumption can be reduced significantly.
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30
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Aziz AM. A new adaptive decentralized soft decision combining rule for distributed sensor systems with data fusion. Inf Sci (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ins.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Gaura E, Kemp J, Brusey J. Leveraging knowledge from physiological data: on-body heat stress risk prediction with sensor networks. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:861-70. [PMID: 24473550 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2254485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The paper demonstrates that wearable sensor systems, coupled with real-time on-body processing and actuation, can enhance safety for wearers of heavy protective equipment who are subjected to harsh thermal environments by reducing risk of Uncompensable Heat Stress (UHS). The work focuses on Explosive Ordnance Disposal operatives and shows that predictions of UHS risk can be performed in real-time with sufficient accuracy for real-world use. Furthermore, it is shown that the required sensory input for such algorithms can be obtained with wearable, non-intrusive sensors. Two algorithms, one based on Bayesian nets and another on decision trees, are presented for determining the heat stress risk, considering the mean skin temperature prediction as a proxy. The algorithms are trained on empirical data and have accuracies of 92.1±2.9% and 94.4±2.1%, respectively when tested using leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. In applications such as Explosive Ordnance Disposal operative monitoring, such prediction algorithms can enable autonomous actuation of cooling systems and haptic alerts to minimize casualties.
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Khayatzadeh M, Zhang X, Tan J, Liew WS, Lian Y. A 0.7-V 17.4- μ W 3-lead wireless ECG SoC. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:583-592. [PMID: 24108477 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2279398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a fully integrated sub-1 V 3-lead wireless ECG System-on-Chip (SoC) for wireless body sensor network applications. The SoC includes a two-channel ECG front-end with a driven-right-leg circuit, an 8-bit SAR ADC, a custom-designed 16-bit microcontroller, two banks of 16 kb SRAM, and a MICS band transceiver. The microcontroller and SRAM blocks are able to operate at sub-/near-threshold regime for the best energy consumption. The proposed SoC has been implemented in a standard 0.13- μ m CMOS process. Measurement results show the microcontroller consumes only 2.62 pJ per instruction at 0.35 V . Both microcontroller and memory blocks are functional down to 0.25 V. The entire SoC is capable of working at single 0.7-V supply. At the best case, it consumes 17.4 μ W in heart rate detection mode and 74.8 μW in raw data acquisition mode under sampling rate of 500 Hz. This makes it one of the best ECG SoCs among state-of-the-art biomedical chips.
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An application of reconfigurable technologies for non-invasive fetal heart rate extraction. Med Eng Phys 2012; 35:1005-14. [PMID: 23089209 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper illustrates the use of a reconfigurable system for fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) estimation from mother's abdomen ECG measurements. The system is based on two different reconfigurable devices. Initially, a field-programmable analog array (FPAA) device implements the analog reconfigurable preprocessing for ECG signal acquisition. The signal processing chain continues onto a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device, which contains all the communication and interfacing protocols along with specific digital signal processing blocks required for fundamental period extraction from FECG waveforms. The synergy between these devices provides the system the ability to change any necessary parameter during the acquisition process for enhancing the result. The use of a FPGA allows implementing different algorithms for FECG signal extraction, such as adaptive signal filtering. Preliminary works employ commercially available development platforms for test experiments, which suffice for the processing of real FECG signals from biomedical databases, as the presented results illustrate.
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