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Advancement and Challenges of Biosensing Using Field Effect Transistors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080647. [PMID: 36005043 PMCID: PMC9405812 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Field-effect transistors (FETs) have become eminent electronic devices for biosensing applications owing to their high sensitivity, faster response and availability of advanced fabrication techniques for their production. The device physics of this sensor is now well understood due to the emergence of several numerical modelling and simulation papers over the years. The pace of advancement along with the knowhow of theoretical concepts proved to be highly effective in detecting deadly pathogens, especially the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of the coronavirus with the onset of the (coronavirus disease of 2019) COVID-19 pandemic. However, the advancement in the sensing system is also accompanied by various hurdles that degrade the performance. In this review, we have explored all these challenges and how these are tackled with innovative approaches, techniques and device modifications that have also raised the detection sensitivity and specificity. The functional materials of the device are also structurally modified towards improving the surface area and minimizing power dissipation for developing miniaturized microarrays applicable in ultra large scale integration (ULSI) technology. Several theoretical models and simulations have also been carried out in this domain which have given a deeper insight on the electron transport mechanism in these devices and provided the direction for optimizing performance.
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Falina S, Syamsul M, Rhaffor NA, Sal Hamid S, Mohamed Zain KA, Abd Manaf A, Kawarada H. Ten Years Progress of Electrical Detection of Heavy Metal Ions (HMIs) Using Various Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Nanosensors: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:478. [PMID: 34940235 PMCID: PMC8699440 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution remains a major concern for the public today, in line with the growing population and global industrialization. Heavy metal ion (HMI) is a threat to human and environmental safety, even at low concentrations, thus rapid and continuous HMI monitoring is essential. Among the sensors available for HMI detection, the field-effect transistor (FET) sensor demonstrates promising potential for fast and real-time detection. The aim of this review is to provide a condensed overview of the contribution of certain semiconductor substrates in the development of chemical and biosensor FETs for HMI detection in the past decade. A brief introduction of the FET sensor along with its construction and configuration is presented in the first part of this review. Subsequently, the FET sensor deployment issue and FET intrinsic limitation screening effect are also discussed, and the solutions to overcome these shortcomings are summarized. Later, we summarize the strategies for HMIs' electrical detection, mechanisms, and sensing performance on nanomaterial semiconductor FET transducers, including silicon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, AlGaN/GaN, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), black phosphorus, organic and inorganic semiconductor. Finally, concerns and suggestions regarding detection in the real samples using FET sensors are highlighted in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Falina
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Mohd Syamsul
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Institute of Nano Optoelectronics Research and Technology (INOR), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nuha Abd Rhaffor
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Sofiyah Sal Hamid
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Khairu Anuar Mohamed Zain
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Center (CEDEC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas 11900, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (S.F.); (N.A.R.); (S.S.H.); (K.A.M.Z.)
| | - Hiroshi Kawarada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- The Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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Yoshinobu T, Miyamoto KI, Werner CF, Poghossian A, Wagner T, Schöning MJ. Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors for Quantitative Spatial Imaging of Chemical Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:225-246. [PMID: 28375701 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a semiconductor-based chemical sensor, in which a measurement site on the sensing surface is defined by illumination. This light addressability can be applied to visualize the spatial distribution of pH or the concentration of a specific chemical species, with potential applications in the fields of chemistry, materials science, biology, and medicine. In this review, the features of this chemical imaging sensor technology are compared with those of other technologies. Instrumentation, principles of operation, and various measurement modes of chemical imaging sensor systems are described. The review discusses and summarizes state-of-the-art technologies, especially with regard to the spatial resolution and measurement speed; for example, a high spatial resolution in a submicron range and a readout speed in the range of several tens of thousands of pixels per second have been achieved with the LAPS. The possibility of combining this technology with microfluidic devices and other potential future developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Yoshinobu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan;
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ko-Ichiro Miyamoto
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | | | - Arshak Poghossian
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich Campus, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich Campus, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich Campus, Jülich 52428, Germany
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
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Nemeth B, Busche C, Tsuda S, Cronin L, Cumming DRS. Imaging the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in real time using an ion sensitive array. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5085-7. [PMID: 22517276 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30811h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show how an array of ion-sensitive-field-effect-transistors can be used to both spatially and temporally image the oscillating pH/ion waves produced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Nemeth
- Electronics Design Centre, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
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McKinley BA. ISFET and fiber optic sensor technologies: in vivo experience for critical care monitoring. Chem Rev 2008; 108:826-44. [PMID: 18179258 DOI: 10.1021/cr068120y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A McKinley
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Development of electrochemical calcium sensors by using silicon nanowires modified with phosphotyrosine. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:1442-8. [PMID: 18242974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the electrical detection of calcium ions by using silicon nanowires (SiNWs) as channels in a chemically gated field-effect-transistor (FET) configuration. To obtain a selective and sensitive layer for calcium sensing, the SiNWs are modified with a biologically relevant amino acid phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr), which is able to complex calcium ions with high affinity. It is found that when the p-Tyr modified SiNWs are exposed to aqueous solutions containing calcium ions, their conductances increase with the increasing of calcium concentration up to 10microM. In contrast, when the SiNWs are exposed to sodium or potassium, or when they are modified with tyrosine (Tyr), no significant increase in the conductance is observed. This finding suggests that the calcium ions complexed with the phosphate group of p-Tyr can act as a positive gate voltage on the FET device comprising of n-type SiNWs, and leads to an increase in their conductances. The FET device is also sensitive to magnesium ions. However, the response is 10 times lower than that of calcium at the same concentration. The study reported here may pave the way for designing an intracellular calcium sensor which permits the monitoring of calcium concentration in real time.
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Errachid A, Zine N, Samitier J, Bausells J. FET-Based Chemical Sensor Systems Fabricated with Standard Technologies. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Song KS, Sakai T, Kanazawa H, Araki Y, Umezawa H, Tachiki M, Kawarada H. Cl− sensitive biosensor used electrolyte-solution-gate diamond FETs. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 19:137-40. [PMID: 14568714 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the electrolyte-solution-gate field effect transisitors (SGFETs) used hydrogen terminated (H-terminated) or partially oxygen terminated (O-terminated) polycrystalline diamond surface in the Cl- and Br- ionic solutions. The H-terminated channel SGFETs are insensitive to pH values in electrolyte solutions. The threshold voltages of the diamond SGFETs shift according to the density of Cl- and Br- ions about 30 mV/decade. One of the attractive biomedical applications for the Cl- sensitive SGFETs is the detection of chloride density in blood or in sweat especially in the case of cystic fibrosis. The sensitivities of Cl- and Br- ions have been lost on the partially O-terminated diamond surface. These phenomena can be explained by the polarity of surface change on the H-terminated and the O-terminated surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soup Song
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Jan SS, Chiang JL, Chen YC, Chou JC, Cheng CC. Characteristics of the hydrogen ion-sensitive field effect transistors with sol–gel-derived lead titanate gate. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arisawa J, Misawa K. Characteristics of Ca2+-induced structural changes of millipore-doph artificial membranes. Possibility of Calcium Ion detection. J Memb Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(00)82446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dror M, Bergs E, Rhodes R. Potassium ion-selective electrodes based on valinomycin/PVC overlayered solid substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0250-6874(87)85002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rhodes RK. Development of low-drift pH electrodes based on neutral carrier in PVC overlayered metallizations. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1986; 33:91-7. [PMID: 3957378 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1986.325882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kawakami S, Akiyama T, Ujihira Y. Potassium ion-sensitive field effect transistors using valinomycin doped photoresist membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00538728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The theory, construction and performance of a catheter tip optical PCO2 probe is described. The sensor, called the Opticap, is made with plastic fiber optics. One fiber carries light to the sensitive tip which is a silicone rubber tube 0.6 mm dia. X 1.0 mm long filled with a phenol red-KHCO3 solution. Ambient PCO2 controls the pH of the solution which influences the optical transmittance of the phenol red. A second fiber carries the transmitted signal to a receiver; the resulting electrical signal is linearly related to the PCO2 over the range of 2.7 to 10.7 kPa. The probe was tested as a tissue PCO2 sensor on the cerebral cortex of the cat and as an arterial PCO2 sensor. Drift over one day's use was 0.6 KPa or less and individual probes have been used as long as 12 weeks.
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Potential Impacts of Physics and Electronics on Enzyme-Based Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-041103-0.50014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bioinstrumentation: Twentieth Century Slave. Nurs Clin North Am 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0029-6465(22)03112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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