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Cheema A, Singh M, Kumar M, Setia G. Combined empirical mode decomposition and phase space reconstruction based psychologically stressed and non-stressed state classification from cardiac sound signals. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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2
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Jiménez-González A, Salas-Márquez U. Time-frequency characteristics of the vibrations underlying the first fetal heart sound: a preliminary study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:739-756. [PMID: 36598675 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work studied, for the first time, the time-frequency characteristics of the vibrations underlying the first fetal heart sound (S1). To this end, the continuous wavelet transform was used to produce time-energy and time-frequency representations of S1 from where five vibrations were studied by their timing, energy, and frequency characteristics in three gestational age groups (early, G1, preterm, G2, and term, G3). Results on a dataset of 1111 S1s (9 phonocardiograms between 33 and 40 weeks) indicate that such representations uncovered a set of five well-defined, non-overlapped, and large-energy vibrations whose features presented interesting behaviors. Thus, for each group, while the timing characteristics of the five vibrations were likely to be statically different, their frequencies were similar. Also, the energies of the vibrations were likely to be different only in G2 and G3. Alternatively, while the frequencies and energies of each vibration were likely to statistically change among groups (excluding the energy of the third vibration), the timings were more likely to change only from G1 to G2 and from G2 to G3. Therefore, this methodology seems suitable to detect and study the generating vibrations of S1. Future work will test the correlation between these vibrations and the valvular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aída Jiménez-González
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México City, México.
| | - Usiel Salas-Márquez
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Alcaldía Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México City, México
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Barnova K, Kahankova R, Jaros R, Litschmannova M, Martinek R. A comparative study of single-channel signal processing methods in fetal phonocardiography. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269884. [PMID: 35984866 PMCID: PMC9390939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal phonocardiography is a non-invasive, completely passive and low-cost method based on sensing acoustic signals from the maternal abdomen. However, different types of interference are sensed along with the desired fetal phonocardiography. This study focuses on the comparison of fetal phonocardiography filtering using eight algorithms: Savitzky-Golay filter, finite impulse response filter, adaptive wavelet transform, maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform, variational mode decomposition, empirical mode decomposition, ensemble empirical mode decomposition, and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise. The effectiveness of those methods was tested on four types of interference (maternal sounds, movement artifacts, Gaussian noise, and ambient noise) and eleven combinations of these disturbances. The dataset was created using two synthetic records r01 and r02, where the record r02 was loaded with higher levels of interference than the record r01. The evaluation was performed using the objective parameters such as accuracy of the detection of S1 and S2 sounds, signal-to-noise ratio improvement, and mean error of heart interval measurement. According to all parameters, the best results were achieved using the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise method with average values of accuracy = 91.53% in the detection of S1 and accuracy = 68.89% in the detection of S2. The average value of signal-to-noise ratio improvement achieved by complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise method was 9.75 dB and the average value of the mean error of heart interval measurement was 3.27 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Barnova
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Radana Kahankova
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Rene Jaros
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Litschmannova
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Radek Martinek
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
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Torre-Cruz J, Martinez-Muñoz D, Ruiz-Reyes N, Muñoz-Montoro AJ, Puentes-Chiachio M, Canadas-Quesada FJ. Unsupervised detection and classification of heartbeats using the dissimilarity matrix in PCG signals. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106909. [PMID: 35649297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Auscultation is the first technique applied to the early diagnose of any cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural areas and poor-resources countries because of its low cost and non-invasiveness. However, it highly depends on the physician's expertise to recognize specific heart sounds heard through the stethoscope. The analysis of phonocardiogram (PCG) signals attempts to segment each cardiac cycle into the four cardiac states (S1, systole, S2 and diastole) in order to develop automatic systems applied to an efficient and reliable detection and classification of heartbeats. In this work, we propose an unsupervised approach, based on time-frequency characteristics shown by cardiac sounds, to detect and classify heartbeats S1 and S2. METHODS The proposed system consists of a two-stage cascade. The first stage performs a rough heartbeat detection while the second stage refines the previous one, improving the temporal localization and also classifying the heartbeats into types S1 and S2. The first contribution is a novel approach that combines the dissimilarity matrix with the frame-level spectral divergence to locate heartbeats using the repetitiveness shown by the heart sounds and the temporal relationships between the intervals defined by the events S1/S2 and non-S1/S2 (systole and diastole). The second contribution is a verification-correction-classification process based on a sliding window that allows the preservation of the temporal structure of the cardiac cycle in order to be applied in the heart sound classification. The proposed method has been assessed using the open access databases PASCAL, CirCor DigiScope Phonocardiogram and an additional sound mixing procedure considering both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and different kinds of clinical ambient noises from a commercial database. RESULTS The proposed method outperforms the detection and classification performance of other recent state-of-the-art methods. Although our proposal achieves the best average accuracy for PCG signals without cardiac abnormalities, 99.4% in heartbeat detection and 97.2% in heartbeat classification, its worst average accuracy is always above 92% for PCG signals with cardiac abnormalities, signifying an improvement in heartbeat detection/classification above 10% compared to the other state-of-the-art methods evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method provides the best detection/classification performance in realistic scenarios where the presence of cardiac anomalies as well as different types of clinical environmental noises are active in the PCG signal. Of note, the promising modelling of the temporal structures of the heart provided by the dissimilarity matrix together with the frame-level spectral divergence, as well as the removal of a significant number of spurious heart events and recovery of missing heart events, both corrected by the proposed verification-correction-classification algorithm, suggest that our proposal is a successful tool to be applied in heart segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Torre-Cruz
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Jaen, Campus Cientifico-Tecnologico de Linares, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, Linares 23700, Jaen, Spain.
| | - D Martinez-Muñoz
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Jaen, Campus Cientifico-Tecnologico de Linares, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, Linares 23700, Jaen, Spain
| | - N Ruiz-Reyes
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Jaen, Campus Cientifico-Tecnologico de Linares, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, Linares 23700, Jaen, Spain
| | - A J Muñoz-Montoro
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, s/n, Gijón 33203, Spain
| | - M Puentes-Chiachio
- Cardiology, University Hospital of Jaen, Av. del Ejercito Espanol, 10, 23007 Jaen, Spain
| | - F J Canadas-Quesada
- Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University of Jaen, Campus Cientifico-Tecnologico de Linares, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, Linares 23700, Jaen, Spain
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Vican I, Kreković G, Jambrošić K. Can empirical mode decomposition improve heartbeat detection in fetal phonocardiography signals? COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 203:106038. [PMID: 33770544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A fetal phonocardiography signal can be hard to interpret and classify due to various sources of additive noise in the womb, spanning from fetal movement to maternal heart sounds. Nevertheless, the non-invasive nature of the method makes it potentially suitable for long-term monitoring of fetal health, especially since it can be implemented on ubiquitous devices such as smartphones. We have employed empirical mode decomposition for the extraction of intrinsic mode functions that would enable the utilization of additional characteristics from the signal. METHODS Fetal heart recordings from 7 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester or pregnancy were taken in parallel with a measurement microphone and a portable Doppler device. Signal peaks positions from the Doppler were taken as the locations of S1 heart sounds and subsequently used as classification labels for the microphone signal. After employing a moving window approach for segmentation, more than 7600 observations were stored in the final dataset. The 135 extracted features consisted of typical audio temporal and spectral characteristics, each taken from separate sets of audio signals and intrinsic mode functions. We have used a number of metrics and methods to validate the usability of features, including univariate analysis of feature ranking and importance. Furthermore, we have used machine learning to train a number of classifiers to validate the usability of features based on intrinsic mode functions, taking prediction accuracy as the comparison metric. RESULTS Features extracted from intrinsic mode functions combined with audio features significantly improve accuracy in comparison to using only audio features. The improvements of detection accuracy obtained with a selected set of combined features spanned from 3.8% to even 10.3% based on the employed classifier. CONCLUSIONS We have utilized empirical mode decomposition as a method of extracting features relevant for fetal heartbeat classification. The results show consistent improvements in detection accuracy when these characteristics are added to a set of conventional audio features. This implies substantial benefits of applying empirical mode decomposition and lays the groundwork for future research on fetal heartbeat detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vican
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Kristian Jambrošić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Tamber KK, Hayes DJL, Carey SJ, Wijekoon JHB, Heazell AEP. A systematic scoping review to identify the design and assess the performance of devices for antenatal continuous fetal monitoring. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242983. [PMID: 33259507 PMCID: PMC7707469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antepartum fetal monitoring aims to assess fetal development and wellbeing throughout pregnancy. Current methods utilised in clinical practice are intermittent and only provide a 'snapshot' of fetal wellbeing, thus key signs of fetal demise could be missed. Continuous fetal monitoring (CFM) offers the potential to alleviate these issues by providing an objective and longitudinal overview of fetal status. Various CFM devices exist within literature; this review planned to provide a systematic overview of these devices, and specifically aimed to map the devices' design, performance and factors which affect this, whilst determining any gaps in development. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, EMCARE, BNI, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Pubmed databases. Following the deletion of duplicates, the articles' titles and abstracts were screened and suitable papers underwent a full-text assessment prior to inclusion in the review by two independent assessors. RESULTS The literature searches generated 4,885 hits from which 43 studies were included in the review. Twenty-four different devices were identified utilising four suitable CFM technologies: fetal electrocardiography, fetal phonocardiography, accelerometry and fetal vectorcardiography. The devices adopted various designs and signal processing methods. There was no common means of device performance assessment between different devices, which limited comparison. The device performance of fetal electrocardiography was reduced between 28 to 36 weeks' gestation and during high levels of maternal movement, and increased during night-time rest. Other factors, including maternal body mass index, fetal position, recording location, uterine activity, amniotic fluid index, number of fetuses and smoking status, as well as factors which affected alternative technologies had equivocal effects and require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS A variety of CFM devices have been developed, however no specific approach or design appears to be advantageous due to high levels of inter-device and intra-device variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal K. Tamber
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dexter J. L. Hayes
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Carey
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jayawan H. B. Wijekoon
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander E. P. Heazell
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Kovacs F, Goda MA, Hosszu G, Telek T. A Proposed Phonography-Based Measurement of Fetal Breathing Movement Using Segmented Structures with Frequency Splitting. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:4483-4486. [PMID: 33018990 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a detection method of fetal breathing movement (FBM) as an important data of fetal well-being. To analyze the chaotic nature of the individual episodes, the frequency band has been split into single test frequencies in order to find its starting point (SP) as a signal free (quiet) zone. Computing some features of the signal the sound will be distinguishable from the disturbing signals as hiccups, body's rotation and limb movements or even additional noises of maternal heart beats. The SPs of the episodes are characterized by an approximation process in order to select the real ones.Clinical relevance- The method is an irradiation free measurement, carried out on the maternal abdomen. Furthermore, connected with the fetal phonocardiographic (fPCG) monitoring the method offers a non-invasive way for FBM detection applicable also at home. More than 50 pregnancies were examined with the proposed method for at least for 20-min with synchronous measurements by the proposed phonographic device and a 3D ultrasound machine in the third trimester.
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Cheema A, Singh M. An application of phonocardiography signals for psychological stress detection using non-linear entropy based features in empirical mode decomposition domain. Appl Soft Comput 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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9
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Cheema A, Singh M. Psychological stress detection using phonocardiography signal: An empirical mode decomposition approach. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Jaros R, Martinek R, Kahankova R. Non-Adaptive Methods for Fetal ECG Signal Processing: A Review and Appraisal. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113648. [PMID: 30373259 PMCID: PMC6263968 DOI: 10.3390/s18113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fetal electrocardiography is among the most promising methods of modern electronic fetal monitoring. However, before they can be fully deployed in the clinical practice as a gold standard, the challenges associated with the signal quality must be solved. During the last two decades, a great amount of articles dealing with improving the quality of the fetal electrocardiogram signal acquired from the abdominal recordings have been introduced. This article aims to present an extensive literature survey of different non-adaptive signal processing methods applied for fetal electrocardiogram extraction and enhancement. It is limiting that a different non-adaptive method works well for each type of signal, but independent component analysis, principal component analysis and wavelet transforms are the most commonly published methods of signal processing and have good accuracy and speed of algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Jaros
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Martinek
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Radana Kahankova
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Mubarak QUA, Akram MU, Shaukat A, Hussain F, Khawaja SG, Butt WH. Analysis of PCG signals using quality assessment and homomorphic filters for localization and classification of heart sounds. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 164:143-157. [PMID: 30195422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Accurate localization of heart beats in phonocardiogram (PCG) signal is very crucial for correct segmentation and classification of heart sounds into S1 and S2. This task becomes challenging due to inclusion of noise in acquisition process owing to number of different factors. In this paper we propose a system for heart sound localization and classification into S1 and S2. The proposed system introduces the concept of quality assessment before localization, feature extraction and classification of heart sounds. METHODS The signal quality is assessed by predefined criteria based upon number of peaks and zero crossing of PCG signal. Once quality assessment is performed, then heart beats within PCG signal are localized, which is done by envelope extraction using homomorphic envelogram and finding prominent peaks. In order to classify localized peaks into S1 and S2, temporal and time-frequency based statistical features have been used. Support Vector Machine using radial basis function kernel is used for classification of heart beats into S1 and S2 based upon extracted features. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, F-measure and Total Error. The dataset provided by PASCAL classifying heart sound challenge is used for testing. RESULTS Performance of system is significantly improved by quality assessment. Results shows that proposed Localization algorithm achieves accuracy up to 97% and generates smallest total average error among top 3 challenge participants. The classification algorithm achieves accuracy up to 91%. CONCLUSION The system provides firm foundation for the detection of normal and abnormal heart sounds for cardiovascular disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurat-Ul-Ain Mubarak
- Department of Computer & Software Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Usman Akram
- Department of Computer & Software Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Shaukat
- Department of Computer & Software Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Hussain
- Department of Computer & Software Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Gul Khawaja
- Department of Computer & Software Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasi Haider Butt
- Department of Computer & Software Engineering, College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Non-invasive fetal monitoring using electrocardiography and phonocardiography: A preliminary study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2018; 47:455-459. [PMID: 30144558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous fetal monitoring is commonly used during pregnancy and labor to assess fetal wellbeing. The most often used technology is cardiotocography (CTG), but this technique has major drawbacks in clinical use. OBJECTIVES Our aim is to test a non-invasive multimodal technique of fetal monitoring using phonocardiography (PCG) and electrocardiography (ECG) and to evaluate its feasibility in clinical practice, by comparison with CTG. METHODS This prospective open label study took place in a French university hospital. PCG and ECG signals were recorded using abdominal and thoracic sensors from antepartum women during the second half of pregnancy, simultaneously with CTG recording. Signals were then processed to extract fetal PCG and ECG and estimate fetal heart rate (FHR). RESULTS A total of 9 sets of recordings were evaluated. Very accurate fetal ECG and fetal PCG signals were recorded, enabling us to obtain FHR for several subjects. The FHR calculated from ECG was highly correlated with the FHR from the CTG reference (from 74% to 84% of correlation). CONCLUSION This work with preliminary signal processing algorithms proves the feasibility of the approach and constitutes the beginnings of a unique database that is needed to improve and validate the signal processing algorithms.
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Koutsiana E, Hadjileontiadis LJ, Chouvarda I, Khandoker AH. Detecting fetal heart sounds by means of Fractal Dimension analysis in the Wavelet domain. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:2201-2204. [PMID: 29060333 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phonocardiography is a low-cost technique for the detection of fetal heart sounds (FHS) that can extend clinical auscultation in mobile and home care setups. The work presented here examines the transferability of a Wavelet Transform (WT)-based method that combines also Fractal Dimension (FD) analysis, previously proposed as WT-FD for the cases of lung and bowel sound analysis [4], to the extraction of FHSs. The WT-FD method has been evaluated with 12 simulated FHS signals and has shown promising results in terms of accuracy and performance (89%) in identifying the location of heartbeat, even in cases of signals with additive noise up to (6dB). This robustness paves the way for WT-FD testing in real FHSs, recorded under clinical setting, clearly contributing to better evaluation of the fetal heart functionality.
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Ibrahim EA, Al Awar S, Balayah ZH, Hadjileontiadis LJ, Khandoker AH. A Comparative Study on Fetal Heart Rates Estimated from Fetal Phonography and Cardiotocography. Front Physiol 2017; 8:764. [PMID: 29089896 PMCID: PMC5651042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate that fetal heart rates (fHR) extracted from fetal phonocardiography (fPCG) could convey similar information of fHR from cardiotocography (CTG). Four-channel fPCG sensors made of low cost (<$1) ceramic piezo vibration sensor within 3D-printed casings were used to collect abdominal phonogram signals from 20 pregnant mothers (>34 weeks of gestation). A novel multi-lag covariance matrix-based eigenvalue decomposition technique was used to separate maternal breathing, fetal heart sounds (fHS) and maternal heart sounds (mHS) from abdominal phonogram signals. Prior to the fHR estimation, the fPCG signals were denoised using a multi-resolution wavelet-based filter. The proposed source separation technique was first tested in separating sources from synthetically mixed signals and then on raw abdominal phonogram signals. fHR signals extracted from fPCG signals were validated using simultaneous recorded CTG-based fHR recordings.The experimental results have shown that the fHR derived from the acquired fPCG can be used to detect periods of acceleration and deceleration, which are critical indication of the fetus' well-being. Moreover, a comparative analysis demonstrated that fHRs from CTG and fPCG signals were in good agreement (Bland Altman plot has mean = -0.21 BPM and ±2 SD = ±3) with statistical significance (p < 0.001 and Spearman correlation coefficient ρ = 0.95). The study findings show that fHR estimated from fPCG could be a reliable substitute for fHR from the CTG, opening up the possibility of a low cost monitoring tool for fetal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamsa Al Awar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine and Health Science, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zuhur H. Balayah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine and Health Science, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ahsan H. Khandoker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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15
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Koutsiana E, Hadjileontiadis LJ, Chouvarda I, Khandoker AH. Fetal Heart Sounds Detection Using Wavelet Transform and Fractal Dimension. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:49. [PMID: 28944222 PMCID: PMC5596097 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonocardiography is a non-invasive technique for the detection of fetal heart sounds (fHSs). In this study, analysis of fetal phonocardiograph (fPCG) signals, in order to achieve fetal heartbeat segmentation, is proposed. The proposed approach (namely WT–FD) is a wavelet transform (WT)-based method that combines fractal dimension (FD) analysis in the WT domain for the extraction of fHSs from the underlying noise. Its adoption in this field stems from its successful use in the fields of lung and bowel sounds de-noising analysis. The efficiency of the WT–FD method in fHS extraction has been evaluated with 19 simulated fHS signals, created for the present study, with additive noise up to (3 dB), along with the simulated fPCGs database available at PhysioBank. Results have shown promising performance in the identification of the correct location and morphology of the fHSs, reaching an overall accuracy of 89% justifying the efficacy of the method. The WT–FD approach effectively extracts the fHS signals from the noisy background, paving the way for testing it in real fHSs and clearly contributing to better evaluation of the fetal heart functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Koutsiana
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, The Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leontios J Hadjileontiadis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ioanna Chouvarda
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, The Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ahsan H Khandoker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mobile Phonocardiogram Diagnosis in Newborns Using Support Vector Machine. Healthcare (Basel) 2017; 5:healthcare5010016. [PMID: 28335471 PMCID: PMC5371922 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonocardiogram (PCG) monitoring on newborns is one of the most important and challenging tasks in the heart assessment in the early ages of life. In this paper, we present a novel approach for cardiac monitoring applied in PCG data. This basic system coupled with denoising, segmentation, cardiac cycle selection and classification of heart sound can be used widely for a large number of the data. This paper describes the problems and additional advantages of the PCG method including the possibility of recording heart sound at home, removing unwanted noises and data reduction on a mobile device, and an intelligent system to diagnose heart diseases on the cloud server. A wide range of physiological features from various analysis domains, including modeling, time/frequency domain analysis, an algorithm, etc., is proposed in order to extract features which will be considered as inputs for the classifier. In order to record the PCG data set from multiple subjects over one year, an electronic stethoscope was used for collecting data that was connected to a mobile device. In this study, we used different types of classifiers in order to distinguish between healthy and pathological heart sounds, and a comparison on the performances revealed that support vector machine (SVM) provides 92.2% accuracy and AUC = 0.98 in a time of 1.14 seconds for training, on a dataset of 116 samples.
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Chetlur Adithya P, Sankar R, Moreno WA, Hart S. Trends in fetal monitoring through phonocardiography: Challenges and future directions. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring from Phonocardiograph Signal Using Repetition Frequency of Heart Sounds. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/2404267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a passive, harmless, and low-cost diagnosis tool, fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring based on fetal phonocardiography (fPCG) signal is alternative to ultrasonographic cardiotocography. Previous fPCG-based methods commonly relied on the time difference of detected heart sound bursts. However, the performance is unavoidable to degrade due to missed heart sounds in very low signal-to-noise ratio environments. This paper proposes a FHR monitoring method using repetition frequency of heart sounds. The proposed method can track time-varying heart rate without both heart sound burst identification and denoising. The average accuracy rate comparison to benchmark is 88.3% as the SNR ranges from −4.4 dB to −26.7 dB.
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19
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Chourasia VS, Tiwari AK, Gangopadhyay R. Interval type-2 fuzzy logic based antenatal care system using phonocardiography. Appl Soft Comput 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Jabloun M, Ravier P, Buttelli O, Lédée R, Harba R, Nguyen LD. A generating model of realistic synthetic heart sounds for performance assessment of phonocardiogram processing algorithms. Biomed Signal Process Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Design methodology of a new wavelet basis function for fetal phonocardiographic signals. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:505840. [PMID: 23766693 PMCID: PMC3676936 DOI: 10.1155/2013/505840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal phonocardiography (fPCG) based antenatal care system is economical and has a potential to use for long-term monitoring due to noninvasive nature of the system. The main limitation of this technique is that noise gets superimposed on the useful signal during its acquisition and transmission. Conventional filtering may result into loss of valuable diagnostic information from these signals. This calls for a robust, versatile, and adaptable denoising method applicable in different operative circumstances. In this work, a novel algorithm based on wavelet transform has been developed for denoising of fPCG signals. Successful implementation of wavelet theory in denoising is heavily dependent on selection of suitable wavelet basis function. This work introduces a new mother wavelet basis function for denoising of fPCG signals. The performance of newly developed wavelet is found to be better when compared with the existing wavelets. For this purpose, a two-channel filter bank, based on characteristics of fPCG signal, is designed. The resultant denoised fPCG signals retain the important diagnostic information contained in the original fPCG signal.
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Vaisman S, Yaniv Salem S, Holcberg G, Geva AB. Passive fetal monitoring by adaptive wavelet denoising method. Comput Biol Med 2012; 42:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fodor G, Balogh ÁT, Hosszú G, Kovács F. Screening for congenital heart diseases by murmurs using telemedical phonocardiography. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2012:6100-6103. [PMID: 23367320 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A large proportion of congenital heart diseases (CHD) remain undetected during pregnancy or even after birth. Many of them generate turbulent blood flow, resulting heart murmur. Doppler ultrasound cardiotocography (CTG) is suitable for the assessment of the fetal heart rate and some derived parameters, but it is inadequate for detecting heart murmurs. Although comprehensive examination can be carried out with echocardiography, it is expensive and requires expertise; therefore, it is not applicable for widespread screening. This paper presents a new possibility for screening for some CHDs using phonocardiography, which can be combined with Doppler ultrasound CTG as an extension of it. Furthermore it can be carried out at home allowing repeated measurements, which increases also the reliability of filtering out innocent murmurs. The diagnostic capability of this screening method is supported by a large number of evaluated fetal heart sound records. Moreover, according to experiences pregnant women prefer this reliable, easy to use method, which facilitates their examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Fodor
- Department of Electron Devices, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
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