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Weng C, Gu X, Jin H. Coded Excitation for Ultrasonic Testing: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2167. [PMID: 38610378 PMCID: PMC11014118 DOI: 10.3390/s24072167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Originating in the early 20th century, ultrasonic testing has found increasingly extensive applications in medicine, industry, and materials science. Achieving both a high signal-to-noise ratio and high efficiency is crucial in ultrasonic testing. The former means an increase in imaging clarity as well as the detection depth, while the latter facilitates a faster refresh of the image. It is difficult to balance these two indicators with a conventional short pulse to excite the probe, so in general handling methods, these two factors have a trade-off. To solve the above problems, coded excitation (CE) can increase the pulse duration and offers great potential to improve the signal-to-noise ratio with equivalent or even higher efficiency. In this paper, we first review the fundamentals of CE, including signal modulation, signal transmission, signal reception, pulse compression, and optimization methods. Then, we introduce the application of CE in different areas of ultrasonic testing, with a focus on industrial bulk wave single-probe detection, industrial guided wave detection, industrial bulk wave phased array detection, and medical phased array imaging. Finally, we point out the advantages as well as a few future directions of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haoran Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (C.W.); (X.G.)
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Aurup C, Bendig J, Blackman SG, McCune EP, Bae S, Jimenez-Gambin S, Ji R, Konofagou EE. Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging Detects Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation Induced Hemodynamic Changes in Mouse and Nonhuman Primate Brains In Vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.583971. [PMID: 38559149 PMCID: PMC10979885 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.583971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is an emerging noinvasive technique for neuromodulation in the central nervous system (CNS). To evaluate the effects of FUS-induced neuromodulation, many studies used behavioral changes, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG). However, behavioral readouts are often not easily mapped to specific brain activity, EEG has low spatial resolution limited to the surface of the brain and fMRI requires a large importable scanner that limits additional readouts and manipulations. In this context, functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) holds promise to directly monitor the effects of FUS neuromodulation with high spatiotemporal resolution in a large field of view, with a comparatively simple and flexible setup. fUSI uses ultrafast Power Doppler Imaging (PDI) to measure changes in cerebral blood volume, which correlates well with neuronal activity and local field potentials. We designed a setup that aligns a FUS transducer with a linear array to allow immediate subsequent monitoring of the hemodynamic response with fUSI during and after FUS neuromodulation. We established a positive correlation between FUS pressure and the size of the activated area, as well as changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV) and found that unilateral sonications produce bilateral hemodynamic changes with ipsilateral accentuation in mice. We further demonstrated the ability to perform fully noninvasive, transcranial FUS-fUSI in nonhuman primates for the first time by using a lower-frequency transducer configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Aurup
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonas Bendig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel G. Blackman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica P. McCune
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sua Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa E. Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Tian Z, Olmstead M, Jing Y, Han A. Transcranial Phase Correction Using Pulse-Echo Ultrasound and Deep Learning: A 2-D Numerical Study. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2024; 71:117-126. [PMID: 38060357 PMCID: PMC10858766 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2023.3340597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Phase aberration caused by human skulls severely degrades the quality of transcranial ultrasound images, posing a major challenge in the practical application of transcranial ultrasound techniques in adults. Aberration can be corrected if the skull profile (i.e., thickness distribution) and speed of sound (SOS) are known. However, accurately estimating the skull profile and SOS using ultrasound with a physics-based approach is challenging due to the complexity of the interaction between ultrasound and the skull. A deep learning approach is proposed herein to estimate the skull profile and SOS using ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) signals backscattered from the skull. A numerical study was performed to test the approach's feasibility. Realistic numerical skull models were constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of five ex vivo human skulls in this numerical study. Acoustic simulations were performed on 3595 skull segments to generate array-based ultrasound backscattered signals. A deep learning model was developed and trained to estimate skull thickness and SOS from RF channel data. The trained model was shown to be highly accurate. The mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.15 mm (2% error) for thickness estimation and 13 m/s (0.5% error) for SOS estimation. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the estimated and ground-truth values was 0.99 for thickness and 0.95 for SOS. Aberration correction performed using deep-learning-estimated skull thickness and SOS values yielded significantly improved beam focusing (e.g., narrower beams) and transcranial imaging quality (e.g., improved spatial resolution and reduced artifacts) compared with no aberration correction. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for transcranial phase aberration correction.
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Yang Y, Wang P, Jia Y, Jing L, Shi Y, Sheng H, Jiang Y, Liu R, Xu Y, Li X. Rail fracture monitoring based on ultrasonic-guided wave technology with multivariate coded excitation. ULTRASONICS 2024; 136:107164. [PMID: 37748363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Steel lay the basis of railroad train traffic. Rail fracture is the most serious injury to the rail, which should be monitored in time. The conventional mono-pulse exciting ultrasonic guide wave (UGW) has low energy, the conventional Barker code has limited coding sequence length and the orthogonal complementary Golay code has the problem of low monitoring efficiency. This study proposes multivariate coded excitation (MCE) to excite UGW to monitor rail fracture, and the feasibility of coding and decoding the method is theoretically derived and verified. Ideally, the MCE generated based on the 3-bit Barker code (B3: 1,1, -1) and 4-bit orthogonal complementary Golay code (GA4: 1,1,1, -1; GB4: 1,1, -1,1) is calculated to have a main-lobe power level (MPL) gain of 8.1020 dB, which is significantly higher than the MPL of Barker and Golay codes. For the proposed method, finite element modeling simulation and experimental study are carried out respectively. Analyze and process the data, and calculate the gain of the difference in amplitude (DIA) between the amplitude of echo caused by rail fracture and the amplitude in the healthy rail. The gain of the DIA of the echoes in the MCE is above 50 dB (experimental data, the value of simulation data is 5 dB) under different degrees of rail fracture, while the gain of the DIA of the echoes caused by the other three excitation methods is below 40 dB (experimental data, the value of simulation data is 1 dB). Simulation and experimental results show that the MCE makes up for the shortcomings of the conventional Barker code and Golay code, improves the excitation energy of the monitoring system, and the high gain of the DIA of the echoes is more conducive to the identification of rail fracture damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Yinliang Jia
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Lixuan Jing
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Hongwei Sheng
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Technology, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Renbao Liu
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Yihang Xu
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Xin Li
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
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Griggs WS, Norman SL, Deffieux T, Segura F, Osmanski BF, Chau G, Christopoulos V, Liu C, Tanter M, Shapiro MG, Andersen RA. Decoding motor plans using a closed-loop ultrasonic brain-machine interface. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:196-207. [PMID: 38036744 PMCID: PMC10774125 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) enable people living with chronic paralysis to control computers, robots and more with nothing but thought. Existing BMIs have trade-offs across invasiveness, performance, spatial coverage and spatiotemporal resolution. Functional ultrasound (fUS) neuroimaging is an emerging technology that balances these attributes and may complement existing BMI recording technologies. In this study, we use fUS to demonstrate a successful implementation of a closed-loop ultrasonic BMI. We streamed fUS data from the posterior parietal cortex of two rhesus macaque monkeys while they performed eye and hand movements. After training, the monkeys controlled up to eight movement directions using the BMI. We also developed a method for pretraining the BMI using data from previous sessions. This enabled immediate control on subsequent days, even those that occurred months apart, without requiring extensive recalibration. These findings establish the feasibility of ultrasonic BMIs, paving the way for a new class of less-invasive (epidural) interfaces that generalize across extended time periods and promise to restore function to people with neurological impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Griggs
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sumner L Norman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Paris, France
| | - Florian Segura
- Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Paris, France
| | | | - Geeling Chau
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vasileios Christopoulos
- T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Charles Liu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Paris, France
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- T&C Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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