Clinical practice guidelines for pseudoxanthoma elasticum (2017): Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Drafting Committee: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Drafting Committee

Imaging Review of Pediatric Monogenic CNS Vasculopathy with Genetic Correlation

Monogenic cerebral vasculopathy is a rare but progressively recognizable cause of pediatric cerebral vasculopathy manifesting as early as fetal life. These monogenic cerebral vasculopathies can be silent or manifest variably as fetal or neonatal distress, neurologic deficit, developmental delay, cerebral palsy, seizures, or stroke. The radiologic findings can be nonspecific, but the presence of disease-specific cerebral and extracerebral imaging features can point to a diagnosis and guide genetic testing, allowing targeted treatment. The authors review the existing literature describing the frequently encountered and rare monogenic cerebral vascular disorders affecting young patients and describe the relevant pathogenesis, with an attempt to categorize them based on the defective step in vascular homeostasis and/or signaling pathways and characteristic cerebrovascular imaging findings. The authors also highlight the role of imaging and a dedicated imaging protocol in identification of distinct cerebral and extracerebral findings crucial in the diagnostic algorithm and selection of genetic testing. Early and precise recognition of these entities allows timely intervention, preventing or delaying complications and thereby improving quality of life. It is also imperative to identify the specific pathogenic variant and pattern of inheritance for satisfactory genetic counseling and care of at-risk family members. Last, the authors present an image-based approach to these young-onset monogenic cerebral vasculopathies that is guided by the size and predominant radiologic characteristics of the affected vessel with reasonable overlap. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Epidemiology of Angioid Streaks and Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (2011-2020): A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study

Purpose

We aimed to describe the epidemiology of angioid streaks (AS) and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), which are rare diseases, using a national claims database.

Design

This was a population-based longitudinal cohort study.

Participants

A total of 126 million individuals were covered by the universal health coverage system in Japan.

Methods

With permission from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, we accessed all data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, which contains the nationwide health insurance claims data for 126 million Japanese. We identified individuals with AS and PXE between January 2011 and December 2020. The incidence rates, prevalence, overlap of AS and PXE, and mean age at death were calculated.

Main Outcome Measures

The incidence rates and prevalence of AS and PXE.

Results

A total of 6598 cases of AS and 1020 cases of PXE were identified during the 10-year study period. The incidence rates of AS and PXE were 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.56) and 0.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.10) per 100 000 person-years, respectively. On October 1, 2020, the prevalence of AS and PXE was 6.5 (95% confidence interval, 6.38-6.66) and 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.89) per 100 000 persons, respectively. The overlap of AS and PXE was 363 patients. The mean age at death of individuals with AS and PXE was 79.3 ± 0.51 and 77.1 ± 2.68 years, respectively.

Conclusion

This is the first population-based study to elucidate the epidemiology of AS and PXE. The mean age of death of both AS and PXE patients was younger than the mean life expectancy of the general Japanese population, thus, appropriate diagnosis and management are important to avoid preventable death.

Financial Disclosures

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

A 21-year-old woman with progressive asymptomatic skin laxity in flexural regions

We describe a 21-year-old woman with progressive asymptomatic skin laxity in the flexural regions.

Vaskulitis mimics

Idiopathische Vaskulitiden sind seltene entzündliche Systemerkrankungen, die nach der Chapel-Hill Konsensus-Nomenklatur nach der Größe der prädominant betroffenen Gebiete von Blutgefäßen (große, mittelgroße, kleine Gefäße und Gefäße variabler Größe) eingeteilt werden. Vaskulitis mimics sind Syndrome, die ein ähnliches klinisches Bild hervorrufen oder leicht mit einer idiopathischen Vaskulitis verwechselt werden und teils sogar ein Krankheitsbild, das klinisch und histologisch einer Vaskulitis gleicht, auslösen können. Die Zahl der Vaskulitis mimics ist groß, je nach betroffenem Gefäßgebiet kommen hereditäre Erkrankungen des Bindegewebes, genetisch bedingte Immundefekt- und Autoinflammationssyndrome, infektiöse Erkrankungen, seltene entzündliche Systemerkrankungen, Tumorerkrankungen, medikamenteninduzierte Syndrome und zahlreiche weitere infrage. In diesem Review wird eine Auswahl klassischer Imitatoren von Vaskulitiden, orientiert an der Größe der betroffenen Blutgefäße präsentiert und Konstellationen, die typische „Fallstricke“ in der klinischen Abklärung darstellen können, diskutiert.

ABC transporters: human disease and pharmacotherapeutic potential

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a 48-member superfamily of membrane proteins that actively transport a variety of biological substrates across lipid membranes. Their functional diversity defines an expansive involvement in myriad aspects of human biology. At least 21 ABC transporters underlie rare monogenic disorders, with even more implicated in the predisposition to and symptomology of common and complex diseases. Such broad (patho)physiological relevance places this class of proteins at the intersection of disease causation and therapeutic potential, underlining them as promising targets for drug discovery, as exemplified by the transformative CFTR (ABCC7) modulator therapies for cystic fibrosis. This review will explore the growing relevance of ABC transporters to human disease and their potential as small-molecule drug targets.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: Die Lotsenfunktion des Dermatologen

Charakteristische Hautveränderungen führen zu der Diagnose eines Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Das PXE repräsentiert eine ektope Mineralisationsstörung, welche primär die Haut, die Augen und das arterielle Gefäßsystem betrifft. Eine frühzeitige Diagnosestellung ist entscheidend für die rechtzeitige Behandlung von extrakutanen Komplikationen. Wir verdeutlichen die Lotsenfunktion der Dermatologen und Dermatologinnen anhand einer Serie von vier unabhängigen Fällen eines PXE mit pathognomonischen Hautveränderungen und einem weiten Spektrum an systemischen Komplikationen.