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Fang S, Ren J, Cadotte MW, Yuan Z, Hao Z, Wang X, Lin F, Fortunel C. Disturbance history, neighborhood crowding and soil conditions jointly shape tree growth in temperate forests. Oecologia 2024:10.1007/s00442-024-05570-7. [PMID: 38824461 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how different mechanisms act and interact in shaping communities and ecosystems is essential to better predict their future with global change. Disturbance legacy, abiotic conditions, and biotic interactions can simultaneously influence tree growth, but it remains unclear what are their relative contributions and whether they have additive or interactive effects. We examined the separate and joint effects of disturbance intensity, soil conditions, and neighborhood crowding on tree growth in 10 temperate forests in northeast China. We found that disturbance was the strongest driver of tree growth, followed by neighbors and soil. Specifically, trees grew slower with decreasing initial disturbance intensity, but with increasing neighborhood crowding, soil pH and soil total phosphorus. Interestingly, the decrease in tree growth with increasing soil pH and soil phosphorus was steeper with high initial disturbance intensity. Testing the role of species traits, we showed that fast-growing species exhibited greater maximum tree size, but lower wood density and specific leaf area. Species with lower wood density grew faster with increasing initial disturbance intensity, while species with higher specific leaf area suffered less from neighbors in areas with high initial disturbance intensity. Our study suggests that accounting for both individual and interactive effects of multiple drivers is crucial to better predict forest dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc William Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- Research Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- Research Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning, China.
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Noulèkoun F, Mensah S, Kim H, Jo H, Gouwakinnou GN, Houéhanou TD, Mensah M, Naab J, Son Y, Khamzina A. Tree size diversity is the major driver of aboveground carbon storage in dryland agroforestry parklands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22210. [PMID: 38097646 PMCID: PMC10721610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of agroforestry parkland systems for ecosystem and livelihood benefits, evidence on determinants of carbon storage in parklands remains scarce. Here, we assessed the direct and indirect influence of human management (selective harvesting of trees), abiotic factors (climate, topography, and soil) and multiple attributes of species diversity (taxonomic, functional, and structural) on aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks in 51 parklands in drylands of Benin. We used linear mixed-effects regressions and structural equation modeling to test the relative effects of these predictors on AGC stocks. We found that structural diversity (tree size diversity, HDBH) had the strongest (effect size β = 0.59, R2 = 54%) relationship with AGC stocks, followed by community-weighted mean of maximum height (CWMMAXH). Taxonomic diversity had no significant direct relationship with AGC stocks but influenced the latter indirectly through its negative effect on CWMMAXH, reflecting the impact of species selection by farmers. Elevation and soil total organic carbon content positively influenced AGC stocks both directly and indirectly via HDBH. No significant association was found between AGC stocks and tree harvesting factor. Our results suggest the mass ratio, niche complementarity and environmental favorability as underlying mechanisms of AGC storage in the parklands. Our findings also highlight the potential role of human-driven filtering of local species pool in regulating the effect of biodiversity on AGC storage in the parklands. We conclude that the promotion of AGC stocks in parklands is dependent on protecting tree regeneration in addition to enhancing tree size diversity and managing tall-stature trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Noulèkoun
- Agroforestry Systems and Ecology Laboratory (ASEL), Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sylvanus Mensah
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - HyungSub Kim
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Heejae Jo
- Agroforestry Systems and Ecology Laboratory (ASEL), Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Gérard N Gouwakinnou
- Research Unit of Biodiversity Conservation at the Interface People-Land Use and Climate Changes, Laboratory of Ecology, Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 125, Parakou, Benin
| | - Thierry D Houéhanou
- Research Unit of Biodiversity Conservation at the Interface People-Land Use and Climate Changes, Laboratory of Ecology, Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 125, Parakou, Benin
| | - Michael Mensah
- Department of Business Administration, University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jesse Naab
- West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), P.O. Box 9507, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso
| | - Yowhan Son
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Asia Khamzina
- Agroforestry Systems and Ecology Laboratory (ASEL), Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Liu Y, Lü Y, Zhao M, Fu B. Multiple pressures and vegetation conditions shape the spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1127808. [PMID: 36743496 PMCID: PMC9893274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human activities and environmental change can impact the supply of ecosystem services (ESs) as pressures. Understanding the mechanisms of these impacts is crucial to support ecological conservation and restoration policy and applications. In this study, we highlighted the contribution of vegetation to mitigating these impacts on ESs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) of China. First, we identified hot and cold spots of pressures from human activities and environmental factors and mapped the cumulative provision of five ESs (i.e., water yield, soil retention, carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and landscape aesthetics). Then, we clustered these ESs into five bundles based on their supply level. Furthermore, structural equation modeling was used to quantify the pathways of multiple pressures on ESs. The results indicated that 1) for 2000, 2010 and 2019, the percentages of hot spots with high pressure were 28.88%, 27.59% and 45.66% respectively, with significant spatial heterogeneity from northwest to southeast; 2) both regions with high and low cumulative ES values experienced increased volatility; and 3) the joint effects of multiple pressures shaped ESs through pressure-ES (direct) and pressure-vegetation-ES (indirect) pathways. Specifically, precipitation had the largest positive effect on regulating services (rα ≥ 0.76), and landscape fragmentation had the largest negative effect on cultural services (-0.10 ≤ rα ≤ -0.07). Vegetation played an important role in modulating multiple pressures on ESs. This study contributes to ecosystem management by effectively coping with anthropogenic and environmental pressures and sustaining the supply of ESs, particularly in alpine and plateau regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihe Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pires Coelho AJ, Ribeiro Matos FA, Villa PM, Heringer G, Pontara V, de Paula Almado R, Alves Meira-Neto JA. Multiple drivers influence tree species diversity and above-ground carbon stock in second-growth Atlantic forests: Implications for passive restoration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115588. [PMID: 35779299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Second-growth forests (SGF) are critical components for limiting biodiversity loss and climate change mitigation. However, these forests were established after anthropic disturbances such as land use for planting, and in highly human-modified landscapes. These interventions can decrease the ability of biological communities to recover naturally, and it is necessary to understand how multiple drivers, from local scale to landscape scale influence the diversity and carbon stock of these forests in natural regeneration. For this, we used data from 37 SGF growing on areas previously used for eucalyptus plantations in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, after the last cut cycle. For each SGF, the forest tree species diversity was calculated based on the Hills number, and we also calculated the above-ground carbon stock. Then, we evaluated the influence of multiple environmental factors on these indexes: soil properties, past-management intensity, patch configuration, and landscape composition. Little influence of soil properties was found, only soil fertility negatively influenced above-ground carbon stock. However, past-management intensity negatively influenced tree species diversity and carbon stock. The isolation of other forests and tree species propagules source distance (>500 ha) also negatively influenced the diversity of species. This is probably due to the favoring of tree pioneer species in highly human-modified landscapes because they are more tolerant of environmental changes, less dependent on animal dispersal, and have low carbon stock capacity. Thus, areas with higher past-management intensity and more isolated areas are less effective for passive restoration and may require intervention to recover tree diversity and carbon stock in the Atlantic Forest. The approach, which had not yet been applied in the Atlantic Forest, brought similar results to that found in other forests, and serves as a theoretical basis for choosing priority areas for passive restoration in the biome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Josélio Pires Coelho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Antônio Ribeiro Matos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), São Mateus, Espírito Santo, 29932-540, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manuel Villa
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Associação para Conservação da Biodiversidade - Probiodiversa Brasil, Viçosa, Minas Gerias, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Heringer
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pontara
- Laboratório de Macroecologia e Evolução, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Mundo Novo, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79240-000, Brazil
| | | | - João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants - LEEP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
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Tree Species Diversity and Stand Attributes Differently Influence the Ecosystem Functions of Pinus yunnanensis Secondary Forests under the Climate Context. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that biodiversity, ecosystems, and functional traits are positively interrelated in natural forest ecosystems. However, it remains unclear whether these relationships should be expected in secondary forests. In this study, we hypothesized that the multifunctionality (EMF) is affected by the climate dependency of tree-species diversity and stand attribute diversity in a secondary forest dominated by Pinus yunnanensis. By using forest inventory data from a wide range of areas, we quantified the aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon, ratio of soil carbon and nitrogen, total soil nitrogen, total soil phosphorus, total soil potassium, tree-species diversity, and stand attribute diversity (i.e., individual tree-size variations). We also quantified the climate data, including the mean annual temperature (MAT), and mean annual precipitation (MAP). We found that a higher MAT directly constrains all the ecosystem multifunctionalities (EMFs) and three of the five single functions. A higher MAP was negatively correlated with all the EMFs and four of the five single functions, but indirectly through diversity indices. Stand attribute diversity better explained the EMFs rather than tree species diversity. Meanwhile, most of the single functions were highly correlated with stand attribute diversity rather than tree species diversity. These results highlight the importance of diversity in promoting forest multifunctionality and underscore the importance of the climate context in defining EMF and shaping the relationship between diversity and ecosystem functions. We argue that the climate context should be taken into account when maximizing forest complexity, so as to enhance the multifunctionality of Pinus yunnanensis secondary forests.
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Pyles MV, Magnago LFS, Maia VA, Pinho BX, Pitta G, de Gasper AL, Vibrans AC, dos Santos RM, van den Berg E, Lima RAF. Human impacts as the main driver of tropical forest carbon. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl7968. [PMID: 35714191 PMCID: PMC9205592 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms controlling forest carbon storage is crucial to support "nature-based" solutions for climate change mitigation. We used a dataset of 892 Atlantic Forest inventories to assess the direct and indirect effects of environmental conditions, human impacts, tree community proprieties, and sampling methods on tree above-ground carbon stocks. We showed that the widely accepted drivers of carbon stocks, such as climate, soil, topography, and forest fragmentation, have a much smaller role than the forest disturbance history and functional proprieties of the Atlantic Forest. Specifically, within-forest disturbance level was the most important driver, with effect at least 30% higher than any of the environmental conditions individually. Thus, our findings suggest that the conservation of tropical carbon stocks may be dependable on, principally, avoiding forest degradation and that conservation policies focusing only on carbon may fail to protect tropical biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Venelli Pyles
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 100, Kennedy, Lavras-MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Silva Magnago
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB), Campus Jorge Amado, Rodovia Ilhéus/Itabuna, Km 22, Ilhéus-BA, 45604-811, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Andrade Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras-MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno X. Pinho
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n, Recife-PE, Brazil
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, INRAe, CIRAD, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Gregory Pitta
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, 05508-090, São Paulo‑SP, Brazil
| | - André L. de Gasper
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, 89030-903, Blumenau-SC, Brazil
| | - Alexander C. Vibrans
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua São Paulo, 3250, 89030-000, Blumenau-SC, Brazil
| | - Rubens Manoel dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras-MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo van den Berg
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 100, Kennedy, Lavras-MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Renato A. F. Lima
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, 05508-090, São Paulo‑SP, Brazil
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Li J, Li S, Huang X, Tang R, Zhang R, Li C, Xu C, Su J. Plant diversity and soil properties regulate the microbial community of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest under different intensities of woodland use. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153565. [PMID: 35101489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of global forest management, woodland use intensity (WUI) greatly affects the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities, thereby affecting multiple ecosystem functions and services. However, the effects of WUI on soil microbial community composition and enzymatic activities remains unclear. The effects of anthropomorphic alterations to a natural monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in terms of the composition and diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities, was investigated at a site in Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Soil microbial communities were assessed under four levels of disturbance with increasing levels of WUI: (i) none, undisturbed forest (control), (ii) light, naturally-regenerated Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon forest, (iii) intermediate, shrub and grassland communities formed through grazing, and (iv) severe, continuously managed coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations. With increasing WUI, the diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities increased, while similarities in community composition decreased for fungi but increased for bacteria. Among fungal functional guilds, ectomycorrhizal fungi decreased significantly with increasing WUI, whereas saprotrophic fungi (undefined, wood, and soil saprotrophs) increased significantly. The species richness of woody plants remarkably affected fungal functional guilds. Ectomycorrhizal fungi interacted in a synergistic manner with the fungal network structure. Significantly affecting microorganismal network structure, WUI increases led to more homogeneous networks with less integration within modules within the microbial community. The WUI strongly altered hub identity and module composition in the microbial community. According to structural equation models, WUI had direct positive effects on soil fungal community composition via its effects on plant species richness. The diversity of bacterial and fungal communities and composition of bacterial communities were jointly regulated by the indirect effects of plant species richness and soil nutrients (including enzyme activity). Deterministic processes largely determined the composition of soil fungal and bacterial communities. This study highlights the importance of maintaining the diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities despite changes in woodland use to sustain ecosystem functions. These results can be used to develop management practices in subtropical forests and help sustain plant and soil microbial diversity at levels sufficient to maintain long-term ecosystem function and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China; Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuaifeng Li
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Cong Li
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Chonghua Xu
- Taiyanghe Provincial Nature Reserve, Pu'er 66500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Institute of Highland Forest science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; Pu'er Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China, Kunming 650224, China.
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Use Remote Sensing and Machine Learning to Study the Changes of Broad-Leaved Forest Biomass and Their Climate Driving Forces in Nature Reserves of Northern Subtropics. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Forest is the largest vegetation carbon pool in the global terrestrial ecosystem. The spatial distribution and change of forest biomass are of importance to reveal the surface spatial variation and driving factors, to analyze and evaluate forest productivity, and to evaluate ecological function of forest. In this study, broad-leaved forests located in a typical state nature reserve in northern subtropics were selected as the study area. Based on ground survey data and high-resolution remote sensing images, three machine learning models were used to identify the best remote sensing quantitative inversion model of forest biomass. The biomass of broad-leaved forest with 30-m resolution in the study area from 1998 to 2016 was estimated by using the best model about every two years. With the estimated biomass, multiple leading factors to cause biomass temporal change were then identified from dozens of remote sensing factors by investigating their nonlinear correlations. Our results showed that the artificial neural network (ANN) model was the best (R2 = 0.8742) among the three, and its accuracy was also much higher than that of the traditional linear or nonlinear models. The mean biomass of the broad-leaved forest in the study area from 1998 to 2016 ranged from 90 to 145 Mg ha−1, showing an obvious temporal variation. Instead of biomass, biomass change (BC) was studied further in this research. Significant correlations were found between BC in broad-leaved forest and three climate factors, including average daily maximum surface temperature, maximum precipitation, and maximum mean temperature. It was also found that BC has a strong correlation with the biomass at the previous time (i.e., two years ago). Those quantitative correlations were used to construct a linear model of BC with high accuracy (R2 = 0.8873), providing a new way to estimate the biomass change of two years later based on the observations of current biomass and the three climate factors.
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Coelho SD, Levis C, Baccaro FB, Figueiredo FOG, Pinassi Antunes A, ter Steege H, Peña-Claros M, Clement CR, Schietti J. Eighty-four per cent of all Amazonian arboreal plant individuals are useful to humans. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257875. [PMID: 34597306 PMCID: PMC8486103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been used in Amazonian forests for millennia and some of these plants are disproportionally abundant (hyperdominant). At local scales, people generally use the most abundant plants, which may be abundant as the result of management of indigenous peoples and local communities. However, it is unknown whether plant use is also associated with abundance at larger scales. We used the population sizes of 4,454 arboreal species (trees and palms) estimated from 1946 forest plots and compiled information about uses from 29 Amazonian ethnobotany books and articles published between 1926 and 2013 to investigate the relationship between species usefulness and their population sizes, and how this relationship is influenced by the degree of domestication of arboreal species across Amazonia. We found that half of the arboreal species (2,253) are useful to humans, which represents 84% of the estimated individuals in Amazonian forests. Useful species have mean populations sizes six times larger than non-useful species, and their abundance is related with the probability of usefulness. Incipiently domesticated species are the most abundant. Population size was weakly related to specific uses, but strongly related with the multiplicity of uses. This study highlights the enormous usefulness of Amazonian arboreal species for local peoples. Our findings support the hypothesis that the most abundant plant species have a greater chance to be useful at both local and larger scales, and suggest that although people use the most abundant plants, indigenous people and local communities have contributed to plant abundance through long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Carolina Levis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B. Baccaro
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Fernando O. G. Figueiredo
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - André Pinassi Antunes
- RedeFauna - Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles R. Clement
- Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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McMichael CN. Ecological legacies of past human activities in Amazonian forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2492-2496. [PMID: 32815167 PMCID: PMC7891632 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Amazonia, human activities that occurred hundreds of years ago in the pre-European era can leave long-lasting effects on the forests - termed ecological legacies. These legacies include the intentional or nonintentional enrichment or depletion of certain species. The persistence of these legacies through time varies by species, and creates complex long-term trajectories of post-disturbance succession that affect ecosystem processes for hundreds of years. Most of our knowledge of Amazonian biodiversity and carbon storage comes from a series of several hundred forest plots, and we only know the disturbance history of four of them. More empirical data are needed to determine the degree to which past human activities and their ecological legacies affect our current understanding of Amazonian forest ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal N.H. McMichael
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape DynamicsInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of Amsterdam904 Science ParkAmsterdam1098 XHthe Netherlands
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11
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Yue Q, Hao M, Li X, Zhang C, von Gadow K, Zhao X. Assessing biotic and abiotic effects on forest productivity in three temperate forests. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7887-7900. [PMID: 32760572 PMCID: PMC7391343 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that biotic and abiotic variables influence forest productivity. However, in regard to temperate forests, the relative contributions of the aforementioned drivers to biomass demographic processes (i.e., the growth rates of the survivors and recruits) have not received a great deal of attention. Thus, this study focused on the identification of the relative influencing effects of biotic and abiotic variables in the demographic biomass processes of temperate forests.This study was conducted in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, in northeastern China. Based on the observational data collected from three 5.2-hectare forest plots, the annual above-ground biomass (AGB) increment (productivity) of the surviving trees, recruits, and the total tree community (survivors + recruits) were estimated. Then, the changes in the forest productivity in response to biotic variables (including species diversity, structural diversity, and density variables) along with abiotic variables (including topographic and soil variables) were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.This study determined that the biotic variables regulated the variabilities in productivity. Density variables were the most critical drivers of the annual AGB increments of the surviving trees and total tree community. Structural diversity enhanced the annual AGB increments of the recruits, but diminished the annual AGB increments of the surviving trees and the total tree community. Species diversity and abiotic variables did not have impacts on the productivity in the examined forest plots.The results highlighted the important roles of forest density and structural diversity in the biomass demographic processes of temperate forests. The surviving and recruit trees were found to respond differently to the biotic variables, which suggested that the asymmetric competition had shaped the productivity dynamics in forests. Therefore, the findings emphasized the need to consider the demographic processes of forest productivity to better understand the functions of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Yue
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Minhui Hao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Faculty of Forestry and Forest EcologyGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
- Faculty of AgriSciencesStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Functional Diversity Changes after Selective Thinning in a Tropical Mountain Forest in Southern Ecuador. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12060256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The impact of selective thinning on forest diversity has been extensively studied in temperate and boreal regions. However, in the tropics, knowledge is still poor regarding the impacts of this silvicultural treatment on functional diversity, especially in tropical mountain forests, which are considered to be highly biodiverse ecosystems and also endangered by human activities. By evaluating the changes on functional diversity by using different indicators, hypothesizing that selective thinning significantly affects (directly or indirectly) tropical mountain forests, this work promotes sustainable ecosystem use. Methods: A total of 52 permanent plots of 2500 m2 each were installed in a primary mountain forest in the San Francisco Biological Reserve to assess the impact of this silvicultural treatment. Selective thinning can be defined as a controlled process, in which trees that compete with ecologically and/or valuable timber species are progressively removed to stimulate the development of profitable ones, called potential crop trees (PCT). In doing so, the best specimens remain in the forest stand until their final harvest. After PCT selection, 30 plots were chosen for the intervention, while 22 plots served as control plots. The thinning intensity fluctuated between 4 and 56 trees ha−1 (average 18.8 ± 12.1 stems ha−1). Functional Diversity (FD) indices, including the community weighted mean (CWM), were determined based on six traits using the FD package implemented in R software. The difference between initial and final conditions of functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), functional evenness (FEve), functional dispersion (FDis), and Rao quadratic entropy (RaoQ) was modeled using linear mixed models (LMM). As fixed factors, we used all the predictors inherent to structural and ecological forest conditions before and after the selective thinning and as a random variable, we used the membership to nested sampling units. Results: Functional Richness (FRic) showed significant changes after selective thinning, the other indexes (FEve, FDis, FDiv, RaoQ) were only influenced by predictors related to ecological conditions and characteristics of the community.
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Wen Z, Zheng H, Smith JR, Zhao H, Liu L, Ouyang Z. Functional diversity overrides community-weighted mean traits in linking land-use intensity to hydrological ecosystem services. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:583-590. [PMID: 31128371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land-use intensification can importantly influence terrestrial ecosystem services by altering plant functional traits. Although we know that functional traits influence both ecosystem properties and services, we do not fully understand the mechanistic pathways governing these relationships nor how they will respond to global climate change. To identify the impact pathways of land-use intensity on hydrological services under changing precipitation regimes, we monitored hydrological services in 15 plots of different land-use types during 25 precipitation events (6 light, 8 moderate, and 11 heavy rains). Bayesian structural equation modeling was used to quantify the direct and indirect effects between land-use intensity, functional trait components (community weighted mean [CWM] and functional diversity [FD]), ecosystem properties (canopy density, litter fall and fine-root density), and hydrological services under different rainfall intensities. The impact of land-use intensity on hydrological service provisioning was regulated by plant functional traits regardless of intensity rainfall. Under light and moderate rain, FD significantly influenced hydrological services by altering canopy density and fine-root density, but we found no significant effect of CWMs. Under heavy rain, FD had significant, and greater, impacts on hydrological services than CWM of traits, although CWM of traits influenced hydrological services provision indirectly by altering canopy density and fine-root density. Land-use intensity indirectly affected hydrological services mainly by altering FD regardless of rainfall intensification, suggesting that the reduction of niche differentiation caused by land-use intensity is the main mechanism of hydrological services degradation. Our results suggested that the effect of land-use intensity on hydrological services are likely to change with increasing frequency of extreme precipitation events because of the different underlying mechanism at play and emphasize the importance of FD in maintaining hydrological services in respond to global environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco⁃Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco⁃Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jeffrey R Smith
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco⁃Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Hainan Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, Baisha, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco⁃Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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van der Plas F. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1220-1245. [PMID: 30724447 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 25 years ago, ecologists became increasingly interested in the question of whether ongoing biodiversity loss matters for the functioning of ecosystems. As such, a new ecological subfield on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) was born. This subfield was initially dominated by theoretical studies and by experiments in which biodiversity was manipulated, and responses of ecosystem functions such as biomass production, decomposition rates, carbon sequestration, trophic interactions and pollination were assessed. More recently, an increasing number of studies have investigated BEF relationships in non-manipulated ecosystems, but reviews synthesizing our knowledge on the importance of real-world biodiversity are still largely missing. I performed a systematic review in order to assess how biodiversity drives ecosystem functioning in both terrestrial and aquatic, naturally assembled communities, and on how important biodiversity is compared to other factors, including other aspects of community composition and abiotic conditions. The outcomes of 258 published studies, which reported 726 BEF relationships, revealed that in many cases, biodiversity promotes average biomass production and its temporal stability, and pollination success. For decomposition rates and ecosystem multifunctionality, positive effects of biodiversity outnumbered negative effects, but neutral relationships were even more common. Similarly, negative effects of prey biodiversity on pathogen and herbivore damage outnumbered positive effects, but were less common than neutral relationships. Finally, there was no evidence that biodiversity is related to soil carbon storage. Most BEF studies focused on the effects of taxonomic diversity, however, metrics of functional diversity were generally stronger predictors of ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, in most studies, abiotic factors and functional composition (e.g. the presence of a certain functional group) were stronger drivers of ecosystem functioning than biodiversity per se. While experiments suggest that positive biodiversity effects become stronger at larger spatial scales, in naturally assembled communities this idea is too poorly studied to draw general conclusions. In summary, a high biodiversity in naturally assembled communities positively drives various ecosystem functions. At the same time, the strength and direction of these effects vary highly among studies, and factors other than biodiversity can be even more important in driving ecosystem functioning. Thus, to promote those ecosystem functions that underpin human well-being, conservation should not only promote biodiversity per se, but also the abiotic conditions favouring species with suitable trait combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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