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Díaz-Sierra R, Rietkerk M, Verwijmeren M, Baudena M. Facilitation and competition deconstructed: a mechanistic modelling approach to the stress gradient hypothesis applied to drylands. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2205. [PMID: 38272965 PMCID: PMC10810957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Facilitative interactions among species are key in plant communities. While experimental tests support the Stress Gradient Hypothesis (SGH) as an association between facilitation and stress, whether the shape of net effects along stress gradients can be predicted is controversial, with no available mathematical modelling approaches. We proposed a novel test, using a modification of the R* model to study how negative and positive partial effects of plant interactions in drylands combine along two common stress gradients. We modelled different interactions: competition for water and light, amelioration of soil infiltration and/or grazing protection, obtaining that intensity and importance of facilitation did not generally increase along stress gradients, being dependent on the interaction type. While along the water stress gradient net interactions became more positive, reaching a maximum and then waning again, various outcomes were observed along the grazing gradient. Shape variety was mainly driven by the various shapes of the partial positive effects. Under resource stress, additive interaction effects can be expected, whereas when including grazing, the effects were non-additive. In the context of the SGH, deconstructing the effect of positive and negative interaction in a pairwise mechanistic models of drylands does not show a unique shape along stress gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz-Sierra
- Mathematical and Fluid Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Complex Systems Studies, 4th Floor Minnaert Building, Leuvenlaan 4, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mart Verwijmeren
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Baudena
- Section Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Complex Systems Studies, 4th Floor Minnaert Building, Leuvenlaan 4, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), National Research Council of Italy, Corso Fiume 4, 10133, Torino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
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Ferreira NCDF, Ramos MLG, Gatto A. Use of Trichoderma in the Production of Forest Seedlings. Microorganisms 2024; 12:237. [PMID: 38399641 PMCID: PMC10893047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Forest production has great relevance in the Brazilian economy, characterized by several production sectors, including the production of seedlings. With the focus on maximizing the capacity of survival, development, and adaptation of seedlings, Trichoderma is highlighted as a potentially useful genus of microorganisms for promoting growth and higher product quality. In this sense, this review aims to describe the main mechanisms of fungi action in forest seedlings' production. The different species of the genus Trichoderma have specific mechanisms of action, and the current scenario points to more advances in the number of species. The interaction process mediated by different mechanisms of action begins in the communication with plants, from the colonization process. After the interaction, chemical dialogues allow the plant to develop better because, from colonization, the forest seedlings can maximize height and increase shoot and root development. Fungi promote solubilization and availability of nutrients to seedlings, which show numerous benefits to the development. The use of beneficial microorganisms, such as fungi of the genus Trichoderma, has become a sustainable strategy to enhance seedling development, reducing the use of agrochemicals and industrial fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alcides Gatto
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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Randé H, Michalet R, Nemer D, Delerue F. Relative contribution of canopy and soil effects between plants with different metal tolerance along a metal pollution gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166905. [PMID: 37699491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple effects, operating either on the long-term (soil-engineering effects) or on the short-term during plant life (microclimate modification or resources pre-emption), can act simultaneously and determine the outcome of plant-plant interactions. These diverse effects have not been disentangled along a gradient of metal/metalloid pollution, although this is crucial for understanding the dominant species turnover along the gradient, and thus the driving processes of facilitation recurrently found in metalliferous ecosystems, which could help improving ecological restoration of these degraded ecosystems. Here, we experimentally assessed different short-term effects of two dominant forbs of highly polluted habitats (Hutchinsia alpina and Arenaria multicaulis, tolerant to metal stress) and two grasses of less polluted habitats (Agrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra, less tolerant to metal stress) on target plant species (the same as the dominant species mentioned above) transplanted along a large metal pollution gradient. Additionally, in highly polluted environments, we differentiated short- from long-term effects of the two metallicolous forbs, which had different abilities to concentrate metals in their leaves. In line with other studies along metal gradients, variation of short-term interactions appeared to follow the Stress Gradient Hypothesis for plants less adapted to metal pollution (p = 0.030), with positive interactions dominating in most severe areas. Regarding long-term effects, the species with highest leaf metal-accumulation showed no negative effect contrary to the Elemental allelopathy Hypothesis. Long-term effects of the species with lower leaf-metal accumulation could not be determined because of the occurrence of an unexpected difference in micro-habitat conditions (soil depth and humidity) for this species along the metal pollution gradient. Increasing short-term facilitation along metal pollution gradients, which confirmed previous studies, is promising for improving conditions and restoring the most polluted environments. However, long-term results stressed the difficulty to quantify these effects given that these areas are highly fragmented and heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Randé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Richard Michalet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - David Nemer
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Florian Delerue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France.
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Consumer pressure and supplemental pollination mediate shrub facilitation of a native annual desert plant. Oecologia 2023; 201:489-498. [PMID: 36607452 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Shrubs are important factors in the assembly of desert plant and animal communities. By providing shelter and resources to other plants and animals, shrubs can change plant-animal interactions including those with consumers and pollinators. Here, we test the hypothesis that shrubs facilitate the reproduction of other desert plants by influencing pollination and compensation for consumer pressure. We used the known benefactor Larrea tridentata as our focal shrub species and the flowering annual Malacothrix glabrata as a potential protege in the Mojave Desert. We tested the effects of facilitation (shrub microsite), consumer pressure (both artificial folivory and florivory), and pollination (ambient or supplemented) on flower and seed production of the annual M. glabrata. We found that floral production and seed mass were similar between microsites but that pollen was limited under shrubs in the absence of any other manipulation. Plants under shrubs produced more flowers and seeds than in the open when folivory and florivory treatments were applied. Malacothrix glabrata experienced a cost to association with L. tridentata in terms of pollen limitation but plants were better able to compensate for consumer pressure under shrubs through increased flower and seed production when damaged. Therefore, association with shrubs involves a reproductive trade-off between costs to pollination and benefits to compensation for consumer pressure.
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Delerue F, Michalet R. Effect and response traits in severe environments in the context of positive plant-plant interactions. A commentary on: 'Interspecific interactions alter plant functional strategies in a revegetated shrub-dominated community in the Mu Us Desert'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:i-iii. [PMID: 35727089 PMCID: PMC9445590 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Chun Miao, Yuxuan Bai, Yuqing Zhang, Weiwei She, Liang Liu, Yangui Qiao and Shugao Qin, Interspecific interactions alter plant functional strategies in a revegetated shrub-dominated community in the Mu Us Desert, China, Annals of Botany, Volume 130, Issue 2, 1 August 2022, Pages 149–159 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcac039
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Delerue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Richard Michalet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
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de Jonge MMJ, Benítez‐López A, Hennekens S, Santini L, Huijbregts MAJ, Schipper AM. Conditional love? Co-occurrence patterns of drought-sensitive species in European grasslands are consistent with the stress-gradient hypothesis. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2021; 30:1609-1620. [PMID: 34413705 PMCID: PMC8362124 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM The stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) postulates that species interactions shift from negative to positive with increasing abiotic stress. Interactions between species are increasingly being recognized as important drivers of species distributions, but it is still unclear whether stress-induced changes in interactions affect continental-to-global scale species distributions. Here, we tested whether associations of vascular plant species in dry grasslands in Europe follow the SGH along a climatic water deficit (CWD) gradient across the continent. LOCATION Dry grasslands in Europe. TIME PERIOD Present. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Vascular plants. METHODS We built a context-dependent joint species distribution model (JSDM) to estimate the residual associations (i.e., associations that are not explained by the abiotic environment) of 161 plant species as a function of the CWD based on community data from 8,660 vegetation plots. We evaluated changes in residual associations between species for pairs and on the community level, and we compared responses for groups of species with different drought tolerances. RESULTS We found contrasting shifts in associations for drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant species. For drought-sensitive species, 21% of the pairwise associations became more positive with increasing CWD, whereas 17% became more negative. In contrast, only 17% of the pairwise associations involving drought-tolerant species became more positive, whereas 27% became more negative in areas with a high CWD. Additionally, the incidence of positive associations increased with drought for drought-sensitive species and decreased for drought-tolerant species. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We found that associations of drought-sensitive plant species became more positive with drought, in line with the SGH. In contrast, associations of drought-tolerant species became more negative. Additionally, changes in associations of single species pairs were highly variable. Our results indicate that stress-modulated species associations might influence the distribution of species over large geographical extents, thus leading to unexpected responses under climate change through shifts in species associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda M. J. de Jonge
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ana Benítez‐López
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Integrative Ecology GroupEstación Biológica de DoñanaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD‐CSIC)SevillaSpain
| | - Stephan Hennekens
- Alterra – Vegetation, Forest and Landscape EcologyAlterra Wageningen URWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Luca Santini
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial EcosystemsNational Research CouncilMonterotondo (Rome)Italy
| | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- PBL – Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
| | - Aafke M. Schipper
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland ResearchRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- PBL – Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyThe HagueThe Netherlands
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Spake R, Soga M, Catford JA, Eigenbrod F. Applying the stress‐gradient hypothesis to curb the spread of invasive bamboo. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spake
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Masashi Soga
- Department of Ecosystem Studies Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Felix Eigenbrod
- School of Geography and Environmental Science University of Southampton Southampton UK
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Lynn JS, Miller TEX, Rudgers JA. Mammalian herbivores restrict the altitudinal range limits of alpine plants. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1930-1942. [PMID: 34174002 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although rarely experimentally tested, biotic interactions have long been hypothesised to limit low-elevation range boundaries of species. We tested the effects of herbivory on three alpine-restricted plant species by transplanting plants below (novel), at the edge (limit), or in the centre (core) of their current elevational range and factorially fencing-out above- and belowground mammals. Herbivore damage was greater in range limit and novel habitats than in range cores. Exclosures increased plant biomass and reproduction more in novel habitats than in range cores, suggesting demographic costs of novel interactions with herbivores. We then used demographic models to project population growth rates, which increased 5-20% more under herbivore exclosure at range limit and novel sites than in core habitats. Our results identify mammalian herbivores as key drivers of the low-elevation range limits of alpine plants and indicate that upward encroachment of herbivores could trigger local extinctions by depressing plant population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Lynn
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences & Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom E X Miller
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
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Pinus massoniana population dynamics: Driving species diversity during the pioneer stage of ecological restoration. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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