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Fratty IS, Shachar D, Katsman M, Yaron S. The activity of BcsZ of Salmonella Typhimurium and its role in Salmonella-plants interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:967796. [PMID: 36081768 PMCID: PMC9445439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.967796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the most common human pathogens associated with fresh produce outbreaks. The present study suggests that expression of BcsZ, one of the proteins in the bcs complex, enhances the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on parsley. BcsZ demonstrated glucanase activity with the substrates carboxymethylcellulose and crystalline cellulose, and was responsible for a major part of the S. Typhimurium CMCase activity. Moreover, there was constitutive expression of BcsZ, which was also manifested after exposure to plant polysaccharides and parsley-leaf extract. In an in-planta model, overexpression of BcsZ significantly improved the epiphytic and endophytic survival of S. Typhimurium on/in parsley leaves compared with the wild-type strain and bcsZ null mutant. Interestingly, necrotic lesions appeared on the parsley leaf after infiltration of Salmonella overexpressing BcsZ, while infiltration of the wild-type S. Typhimurium did not cause any visible symptoms. Infiltration of purified BcsZ enzyme, or its degradation products also caused symptoms on parsley leaves. We suggest that the BcsZ degradation products trigger the plant’s defense response, causing local necrotic symptoms. These results indicate that BcsZ plays an important role in the Salmonella-plant interactions, and imply that injured bacteria may take part in these interactions.
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González-González CR, Labo-Popoola O, Delgado-Pando G, Theodoridou K, Doran O, Stratakos AC. The effect of cold atmospheric plasma and linalool nanoemulsions against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on ready-to-eat chicken meat. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Soltan Dallal MM, Abdi M, Khalilian M, Rajabi Z, Bakhtiari R, Sharifi Yazdi MK, Yaslianifard S, Abrishamchian Langroudi SM. Isolation, Identification, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella Isolated from Foodborne Outbreaks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2020.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Foodborne diseases are a major problem worldwide. The epidemiological investigations in many parts of the world have shown an increase in infections caused by Salmonella serovars. Furthermore, the emergence of drug resistance among them has become a major global concern and awareness of the resistance patterns of Salmonella could be very useful in treatment of diseases. Objective: This study aimed to investigate Salmonella serotypes in foodborne outbreaks by sequencing of ITS region of 16S-23SrRNA gene and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: A total of 614 diarrheal stool samples were collected from 173 foodborne outbreaks in different provinces of Iran during one year. Identification of Salmonella was carried out by phenotypic and molecular (16s-23srRNA gene detection) methods and antibiotic susceptibility was performed using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 614 samples, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella of which 16 (88.9%) isolates were Salmonella Enteritidis and 2 (11.1%) isolates as Salmonella Paratyphi A. All isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, and high resistance was seen with nalidixic acid with 14 (77.8%) isolates. Conclusion: Increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella has been a major threat for human health. Therefore, identifying the antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella serovars may help in treatment of the associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Abdi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Khalilian
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rajabi
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Bakhtiari
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Yaslianifard
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Willing BP, Pepin DM, Marcolla CS, Forgie AJ, Diether NE, Bourrie BCT. Bacterial resistance to antibiotic alternatives: a wolf in sheep's clothing? Anim Front 2018; 8:39-47. [PMID: 32002217 PMCID: PMC6951935 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deanna M Pepin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Camila S Marcolla
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Forgie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Natalie E Diether
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin C T Bourrie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg 070885 and Its Linalool-Adapted Mutant. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/41/e01036-17. [PMID: 29025934 PMCID: PMC5637494 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01036-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the genome sequences of both Salmonella Senftenberg 070885, a clinical isolate from the 2007 outbreak linked to basil, and its mutant linalool-adapted S. Senftenberg (LASS). These draft genomes of S. Senftenberg may enable the identification of bacterial genes responsible for resistance to basil oil.
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Kalily E, Hollander A, Korin B, Cymerman I, Yaron S. Adaptation of Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg to Linalool and Its Association with Antibiotic Resistance and Environmental Persistence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e03398-16. [PMID: 28258149 PMCID: PMC5411494 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03398-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical isolate of Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg, isolated from an outbreak linked to the herb Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), has been shown to be resistant to basil oil and to the terpene alcohol linalool. To better understand how human pathogens might develop resistance to linalool and to investigate the association of this resistance with resistance to different antimicrobial agents, selective pressure was applied to the wild-type strain by sequential exposure to increasing concentrations of linalool. The results demonstrated that S Senftenberg adapted to linalool with a MIC increment of at least 8-fold, which also resulted in better resistance to basil oil and better survival on harvested basil leaves. Adaptation to linalool was shown to confer cross protection against the antibiotics trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, piperacillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, increasing their MICs by 2- to 32-fold. The improved resistance was shown to correlate with multiple phenotypes that included changes in membrane fatty acid composition, induced efflux, reduced influx, controlled motility, and the ability to form larger aggregates in the presence of linalool. The adaptation to linalool obtained in vitro did not affect survival on the basil phyllosphere in planta and even diminished survival in soil, suggesting that development of extreme resistance to linalool may be accompanied by a loss of fitness. Altogether, this report notes the concern regarding the ability of human pathogens to develop resistance to commercial essential oils, a resistance that is also associated with cross-resistance to antibiotics and may endanger public health.IMPORTANCE Greater consumer awareness and concern regarding synthetic chemical additives have led producers to control microbial spoilage and hazards by the use of natural preservatives, such as plant essential oils with antimicrobial activity. This report establishes, however, that these compounds may provoke the emergence of resistant human pathogens. Herein, we demonstrate the acquisition of resistance to basil oil by Salmonella Senftenberg. Exposure to linalool, a component of basil oil, resulted in adaptation to the basil oil mixture, as well as cross protection against several antibiotics and better survival on harvested basil leaves. Collectively, this work highlights the hazard to public health while using plant essential oils without sufficient knowledge about their influence on pathogens at subinhibitory concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kalily
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit Hollander
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ben Korin
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Itamar Cymerman
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sima Yaron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Augimeri RV, Varley AJ, Strap JL. Establishing a Role for Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental Interactions: Lessons Learned from Diverse Biofilm-Producing Proteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1282. [PMID: 26635751 PMCID: PMC4646962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) serves as a molecular glue to facilitate intra- and inter-domain interactions in nature. Biosynthesis of BC-containing biofilms occurs in a variety of Proteobacteria that inhabit diverse ecological niches. The enzymatic and regulatory systems responsible for the polymerization, exportation, and regulation of BC are equally as diverse. Though the magnitude and environmental consequences of BC production are species-specific, the common role of BC-containing biofilms is to establish close contact with a preferred host to facilitate efficient host-bacteria interactions. Universally, BC aids in attachment, adherence, and subsequent colonization of a substrate. Bi-directional interactions influence host physiology, bacterial physiology, and regulation of BC biosynthesis, primarily through modulation of intracellular bis-(3'→5')-cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels. Depending on the circumstance, BC producers exhibit a pathogenic or symbiotic relationship with plant, animal, or fungal hosts. Rhizobiaceae species colonize plant roots, Pseudomonadaceae inhabit the phyllosphere, Acetobacteriaceae associate with sugar-loving insects and inhabit the carposphere, Enterobacteriaceae use fresh produce as vehicles to infect animal hosts, and Vibrionaceae, particularly Aliivibrio fischeri, colonize the light organ of squid. This review will highlight the diversity of the biosynthesis and regulation of BC in nature by discussing various examples of Proteobacteria that use BC-containing biofilms to facilitate host-bacteria interactions. Through discussion of current data we will establish new directions for the elucidation of BC biosynthesis, its regulation and its ecophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janice L. Strap
- Molecular Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawa, ON, Canada
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Ceuppens S, Delbeke S, De Coninck D, Boussemaere J, Boon N, Uyttendaele M. Characterization of the Bacterial Community Naturally Present on Commercially Grown Basil Leaves: Evaluation of Sample Preparation Prior to Culture-Independent Techniques. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10171-97. [PMID: 26308033 PMCID: PMC4555336 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120810171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fresh herbs such as basil constitute an important food commodity worldwide. Basil provides considerable culinary and health benefits, but has also been implicated in foodborne illnesses. The naturally occurring bacterial community on basil leaves is currently unknown, so the epiphytic bacterial community was investigated using the culture-independent techniques denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Sample preparation had a major influence on the results from DGGE and NGS: Novosphingobium was the dominant genus for three different basil batches obtained by maceration of basil leaves, while washing of the leaves yielded lower numbers but more variable dominant bacterial genera including Klebsiella, Pantoea, Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium and Pseudomonas. During storage of basil, bacterial growth and shifts in the bacterial community were observed with DGGE and NGS. Spoilage was not associated with specific bacterial groups and presumably caused by physiological tissue deterioration and visual defects, rather than by bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siele Ceuppens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie Delbeke
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Dieter De Coninck
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (LabFBT), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Jolien Boussemaere
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Nico Boon
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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Yaron S, Römling U. Biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:496-516. [PMID: 25351039 PMCID: PMC4265070 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant increase in foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, such as alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, melons, tomatoes and spinach, during the last 30 years stimulated investigation of the mechanisms of persistence of human pathogens on plants. Emerging evidence suggests that Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, which cause the vast majority of fresh produce outbreaks, are able to adhere to and to form biofilms on plants leading to persistence and resistance to disinfection treatments, which subsequently can cause human infections and major outbreaks. In this review, we present the current knowledge about host, bacterial and environmental factors that affect the attachment to plant tissue and the process of biofilm formation by S. enterica and E. coli, and discuss how biofilm formation assists in persistence of pathogens on the plants. Mechanisms used by S. enterica and E. coli to adhere and persist on abiotic surfaces and mammalian cells are partially similar and also used by plant pathogens and symbionts. For example, amyloid curli fimbriae, part of the extracellular matrix of biofilms, frequently contribute to adherence and are upregulated upon adherence and colonization of plant material. Also the major exopolysaccharide of the biofilm matrix, cellulose, is an adherence factor not only of S. enterica and E. coli, but also of plant symbionts and pathogens. Plants, on the other hand, respond to colonization by enteric pathogens with a variety of defence mechanisms, some of which can effectively inhibit biofilm formation. Consequently, plant compounds might be investigated for promising novel antibiofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Yaron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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