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Nam G, An G, Na J, Jung J. Control of Microcystis aeruginosa by Daphnia: Experimental evidence and identification of involved infochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124144. [PMID: 38735459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Infochemicals refer to chemicals responsible for information exchange between organisms. We evaluated the effects of Daphnia magna and Daphnia galeata infochemicals on Microcystis aeruginosa for 15d. The Daphnia infochemicals were obtained from spent medium after culturing Daphnia in Elendt M4 medium for 48 h. Both Daphnia infochemicals significantly increased (p <0.05) the intracellular reactive oxygen species level and microcystin-LR concentration in M. aeruginosa. This cellular effect increased colony formation of M. aeruginosa, thereby inhibiting the growth of M. aeruginosa. D. galeata infochemicals provoked significantly greater (p <0.05) adverse effects on M. aeruginosa than those of D. magna infochemicals, which were further exaggerated by pre-exposure of Daphnia to M. aeruginosa. This result seems to be related to the different compositions and concentrations of Daphnia infochemicals. Several Daphnia infochemicals, such as methyl ferulate, cyclohexanone, 3, 5-dimethyl, hexanedioic acid, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, showed a high correlation with M. aeruginosa cell concentration (| r | >0.6), suggesting that they may play a key role in controlling harmful cyanobacteria. Additionally, pre-exposure of D. magna and D. galeata to M. aeruginosa produced oleic acid, methyl ester, and n-hexadecanoic acid, with a highly correlation with M. aeruginosa cell concentration (| r | >0.6). p-tolyl acetate and linoleic acid were detected only in the pre-exposed D. galeata infochemicals. These findings suggest that some of Daphnia infochemicals identified in this study can be a promising tool to control M. aeruginosa growth. However, further studies are required to verify the specific actions of these infochemicals against cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwiwoong Nam
- OJeong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gersan An
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joorim Na
- OJeong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Tazart Z, Manganelli M, Scardala S, Buratti FM, Nigro Di Gregorio F, Douma M, Mouhri K, Testai E, Loudiki M. Remediation Strategies to Control Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms: Effects of Macrophyte Aqueous Extracts on Microcystis aeruginosa (Growth, Toxin Production and Oxidative Stress Response) and on Bacterial Ectoenzymatic Activities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081782. [PMID: 34442861 PMCID: PMC8400474 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing toxic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater demand environmentally friendly solutions to control their growth and toxicity, especially in arid countries, where most drinking water is produced from surface reservoirs. We tested the effects of macrophyte allelochemicals on Microcystis aeruginosa and on the fundamental role of bacteria in nutrient recycling. The effects of Ranunculus aquatilis aqueous extract, the most bioactive of four Moroccan macrophyte extracts, were tested in batch systems on M. aeruginosa growth, toxin production and oxidative stress response and on the ectoenzymatic activity associated with the bacterial community. M. aeruginosa density was reduced by 82.18%, and a significant increase in oxidative stress markers was evidenced in cyanobacterial cells. Microcystin concentration significantly decreased, and they were detected only intracellularly, an important aspect in managing toxic blooms. R. aquatilis extract had no negative effects on associated bacteria. These results confirm a promising use of macrophyte extracts, but they cannot be generalized. The use of the extract on other toxic strains, such as Planktothrix rubescens, Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Chrysosporum ovalisporum, caused a reduction in growth rate but not in cyanotoxin content, increasing toxicity. The need to assess species-specific cyanobacteria responses to verify the efficacy and safety of the extracts for human health and the environment is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Tazart
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (Z.T.); (S.S.); (F.M.B.); (F.N.D.G.); (E.T.)
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (K.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Maura Manganelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (Z.T.); (S.S.); (F.M.B.); (F.N.D.G.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simona Scardala
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (Z.T.); (S.S.); (F.M.B.); (F.N.D.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Franca Maria Buratti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (Z.T.); (S.S.); (F.M.B.); (F.N.D.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Federica Nigro Di Gregorio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (Z.T.); (S.S.); (F.M.B.); (F.N.D.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Mountasser Douma
- Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Research Unit, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco;
| | - Khadija Mouhri
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (K.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (Z.T.); (S.S.); (F.M.B.); (F.N.D.G.); (E.T.)
| | - Mohammed Loudiki
- Water, Biodiversity and Climate Change Laboratory, Phycology, Biotechnology and Environmental Toxicology Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (K.M.); (M.L.)
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3
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Walter JM, Coutinho FH, Leomil L, Hargreaves PI, Campeão ME, Vieira VV, Silva BS, Fistarol GO, Salomon PS, Sawabe T, Mino S, Hosokawa M, Miyashita H, Maruyama F, van Verk MC, Dutilh BE, Thompson CC, Thompson FL. Ecogenomics of the Marine Benthic Filamentous Cyanobacterium Adonisia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:249-265. [PMID: 32060621 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Turfs are among the major benthic components of reef systems worldwide. The nearly complete genome sequences, basic physiological characteristics, and phylogenomic reconstruction of two phycobiliprotein-rich filamentous cyanobacteria strains isolated from turf assemblages from the Abrolhos Bank (Brazil) are investigated. Both Adonisia turfae CCMR0081T (= CBAS 745T) and CCMR0082 contain approximately 8 Mbp in genome size and experiments identified that both strains exhibit chromatic acclimation. Whereas CCMR0081T exhibits chromatic acclimation type 3 (CA3) regulating both phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrin (PE), CCMR0082 strain exhibits chromatic acclimation type 2 (CA2), in correspondence with genes encoding specific photosensors and regulators for PC and PE. Furthermore, a high number and diversity of secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters were identified in both genomes, and they were able to grow at high temperatures (28 °C, with scant growth at 30 °C). These characteristics provide insights into their widespread distribution in reef systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juline M Walter
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe H Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luciana Leomil
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo I Hargreaves
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana E Campeão
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz S Silva
- Marine Phytoplankton Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giovana O Fistarol
- Marine Phytoplankton Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Salomon
- Marine Phytoplankton Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tomoo Sawabe
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mino
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Masashi Hosokawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Hideaki Miyashita
- Office of Academic Research and Industry-Government Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 739-8530, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Office of Academic Research and Industry-Government Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 739-8530, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marcel C van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Center of Technology-CT2, SAGE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-IB-Biomar, Lab. de Microbiologia, Bloco A3, (Anexo), sl. 102, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-599, Brazil.
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Weiss G, Kovalerchick D, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Murik O, De Philippis R, Carmeli S, Sukenik A, Kaplan A. Increased algicidal activity of Aeromonas veronii in response to Microcystis aeruginosa: interspecies crosstalk and secondary metabolites synergism. Environ Microbiol 2020; 21:1140-1150. [PMID: 30761715 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxic Microcystis spp. blooms constitute a serious threat to water quality worldwide. Aeromonas veronii was isolated from Microcystis sp. colonies collected in Lake Kinneret. Spent Aeromonas media inhibits the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa MGK isolated from Lake Kinneret. The inhibition was much stronger when Aeromonas growth medium contained spent media from MGK suggesting that Aeromonas recognized its presence and produced secondary metabolites that inhibit Microcystis growth. Fractionations of the crude extract and analyses of the active fractions identified several secondary metabolites including lumichrome in Aeromonas media. Application of lumichrome at concentrations as low as 4 nM severely inhibited Microcystis growth. Inactivation of aviH in the lumichrome biosynthetic pathway altered the lumichrome level in Aeromonas and the extent of MGK growth inhibition. Conversely, the initial lag in Aeromonas growth was significantly longer when provided with Microcystis spent media but Aeromonas was able to resume normal growth. The longer was pre-exposure to Microcystis spent media the shorter was the lag phase in Aeromonas growth indicating the presence of, and acclimation to, secondary MGK metabolite(s) the nature of which was not revealed. Our study may help to control toxic Microcystis blooms taking advantage of chemical languages used in the interspecies communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Weiss
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Dimitry Kovalerchick
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Plants and Environmental Sciences, Metabomed Ltd, Yavne, 81220, Israel
| | - Judy Lieman-Hurwitz
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Omer Murik
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Roberto De Philippis
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Sciences and Technologies (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Shmuel Carmeli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, Israel
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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5
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Ninio S, Lupu A, Viner-Mozzini Y, Zohary T, Sukenik A. Multiannual variations in Microcystis bloom episodes - Temperature drives shift in species composition. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101710. [PMID: 32113609 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are notorious for producing water blooms and for toxin formation. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms present an ever-increasing serious threat to both the quality of drinking water and recreational uses and severely disrupt aquatic ecosystems, worldwide. In many cases, such blooms are dominated by toxic Microcystis sp. that produce a family of structurally similar hepatotoxins, known as microcystins (MCs). Here we present a retrospective analysis of Microcystis seasonal blooms from Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, Israel) indicating that the population is composed of at least 25 different genotypes and two different chemo-types, whose relative abundance changes over decades. Based on a long-term record of biotic and abiotic parameters and laboratory experiments we propose that minor increase in water temperature, but not in salinity, may affect Microcystis community structure by changing the relative abundance of species/strains from toxic to less or non-toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Ninio
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Achsa Lupu
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Yehudit Viner-Mozzini
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Tamar Zohary
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel.
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6
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Daniel E, Weiss G, Murik O, Sukenik A, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Kaplan A. The response of Microcystis aeruginosa strain MGK to a single or two consecutive H 2 O 2 applications. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:621-629. [PMID: 31390482 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various approaches have been proposed to control/eliminate toxic Microcystis sp. blooms including H2 O2 treatments. Earlier studies showed that pre-exposure of various algae to oxidative stress induced massive cell death when cultures were exposed to an additional H2 O2 treatment. We examined the vulnerability of exponential and stationary-phase Microcystis sp. strain MGK cultures to single and double H2 O2 applications. Stationary cultures show a much higher ability to decompose H2 O2 than younger cultures. Nevertheless, they are more sensitive to an additional H2 O2 dose given 1-6 h after the first one. Transcript analyses following H2 O2 application showed a fast rise in glutathione peroxidase abundance (227-fold within an hour) followed by a steep decline thereafter. Other genes potentially engaged in oxidative stress were far less affected. Metabolic-related genes were downregulated after H2 O2 treatments. Among those examined, the transcript level of prk (encoding phosphoribulose kinase) was the slowest to recover in agreement with the decline in photosynthetic rate revealed by fluorescence measurements. Our findings shed light on the response of Microcystis MGK to oxidative stress suggesting that two consecutive H2 O2 applications of low concentrations are far more effective in controlling Microcystis sp. population than a single dose of a higher concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Daniel
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Gad Weiss
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Omer Murik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, Israel
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, Israel
| | - Judy Lieman-Hurwitz
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Plants and Environmental Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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7
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Briand E, Reubrecht S, Mondeguer F, Sibat M, Hess P, Amzil Z, Bormans M. Chemically mediated interactions between Microcystis and Planktothrix: impact on their growth, morphology and metabolic profiles. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1552-1566. [PMID: 30485643 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria are known for their ability to produce bioactive compounds, some of which have been described as allelochemicals. Using a combined approach of co-cultures and analyses of metabolic profiles, we investigated chemically mediated interactions between two cyanobacterial strains, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Planktothrix agardhii PCC 7805. More precisely, we evaluated changes in growth, morphology and metabolite production and release by both interacting species. Co-culture of Microcystis with Planktothrix resulted in a reduction of the growth of Planktothrix together with a decrease of its trichome size and alterations in the morphology of its cells. The production of intracellular compounds by Planktothrix showed a slight decrease between monoculture and co-culture conditions. Concerning Microcystis, the number of intracellular compounds was higher under co-culture condition than under monoculture. Overall, Microcystis produced a lower number of intracellular compounds under monoculture than Planktothrix, and a higher number of intracellular compounds than Planktothrix under co-culture condition. Our investigation did not allow us to identify specifically the compounds causing the observed physiological and morphological changes of Planktothrix cells. However, altogether, these results suggest that co-culture induces specific compounds as a response by Microcystis to the presence of Planktothrix. Further studies should be undertaken for identification of such potential allelochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Briand
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France.,UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes 1 University, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Myriam Bormans
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Rennes 1 University, F-35042 Rennes, France
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Scherer PI, Absmeier C, Urban M, Raeder U, Geist J, Zwirglmaier K. Influence of cyanobacteria, mixotrophic flagellates, and virioplankton size fraction on transcription of microcystin synthesis genes in the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00538. [PMID: 28944994 PMCID: PMC5822348 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa are a worldwide concern in freshwater reservoirs. Problems associated with their mass occurrence are predicted to increase in the future due to global warming. The hepatotoxic secondary metabolite microcystin is of particular concern in this context. This study aimed to determine whether co-occurring microorganisms influence the expression of microcystin biosynthesis genes. To this end, we performed cocultivation experiments and measured mcyB and mcyD transcripts in M. aeruginosa using RT-qPCR. We utilized representatives from three different plankton groups: the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, the unicellular flagellate grazer Ochromonas danica, and virioplankton from two different lakes. The presence of S. elongatus significantly increased mcyB and mcyD transcription in M. aeruginosa. Cocultivation with the mixotrophic chrysophyte O. danica did not increase the transcription of mcyB and mcyD; in fact, mcyD transcripts decreased significantly. The virioplankton size fraction of environmental water samples induced a significant increase in mcyB and mcyD transcription when obtained from lakes with cyanobacterial blooms. Our results show that co-occurring microorganisms influence the expression of microcystin biosynthesis genes in M. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia I. Scherer
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitDepartment of Life Sciences WeihenstephanLimnological Research Station IffeldorfTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Carolin Absmeier
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitDepartment of Life Sciences WeihenstephanLimnological Research Station IffeldorfTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Maria Urban
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitDepartment of Life Sciences WeihenstephanLimnological Research Station IffeldorfTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Bundeswehr Institute of MicrobiologyMunichGermany
| | - Uta Raeder
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitDepartment of Life Sciences WeihenstephanLimnological Research Station IffeldorfTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Juergen Geist
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitDepartment of Life Sciences WeihenstephanLimnological Research Station IffeldorfTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Katrin Zwirglmaier
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitDepartment of Life Sciences WeihenstephanLimnological Research Station IffeldorfTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Bundeswehr Institute of MicrobiologyMunichGermany
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