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Furuta K, Byrne J, Luat K, Cheung C, Carter DO, Tipton L, Perrault Uptmor KA. Volatile organic compounds produced during postmortem processes can be linked via chromatographic profiles to individual postmortem bacterial species. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1728:465017. [PMID: 38797136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Decomposition odor is produced during postmortem mammalian tissue breakdown by bacteria, insects, and intrinsic chemical processes. Past research has not thoroughly investigated which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be linked directly to individual bacterial species on decomposing remains. The purpose of this study was to profile the VOCs produced over time by individual species of bacteria using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) to expand our foundational knowledge of what each bacterial species contributes to decomposition odor. Five different species of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Ignatzschineria indica, Ignatzschineria ureiclastica, Curtobacterium luteum, and Vagococcus lutrae) were cultured on standard nutrient agar individually and monitored daily using solid phase microextraction arrow (SPME Arrow) and GC×GC in combination with quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) and flame ionization detection (FID). The GC×GC-qMS/FID approach was used to generate rich VOC profiles that represented the bacterial species' metabolic VOC production longitudinally. The data obtained from the chromatographic output was used to compare with a prior study using one-dimensional GC-qMS, and also between each of the five species to investigate the extent of overlap between species. No single VOC could be found in all five bacterial species investigated, and there was little overlap in the profile between species. To further visualize these differences, chromatographic peak data was investigated using two different ordination strategies, principal component analysis (PCA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The two ordination strategies were compared with each other using a Procrustes analysis. This was performed to understand differences in ordination strategies between the separation science community and chemical ecological community. Overall, ordination strategies were found to produce similar results, as evidenced by the correlation of PCA and PCoA in the Procrustes analysis. All analysis strategies yielded distinct VOC profiles for each species. Further study of additional species will support understanding of the holistic view of decomposition odor from a chemical ecology perspective, and further support our understanding of the production of decomposition odor that culminates from such a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Furuta
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Julianne Byrne
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Kawailani Luat
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Cynthia Cheung
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - David O Carter
- Laboratory of Forensic Taphonomy, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States
| | - Laura Tipton
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States; Departments of Biology and Mathematics & Statistics, James Madison University, United States
| | - Katelynn A Perrault Uptmor
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, United States; Nontargeted Separations Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, United States.
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2
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Lyu Q, Feng Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Xu L, Tian X, Yan Z, Ji G. Analysis of latrine fecal odor release pattern and the deodorization with composited microbial agent. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:371-384. [PMID: 38432182 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
As an important source of malodor, the odor gases emitted from public toilet significantly interfered the air quality of living surroundings, resulting in environmental problem which received little attention before. Thus, this paper explored the odor release pattern of latrine feces and deodorization effect with composited microbial agent in Chengdu, China. The odor release rules were investigated in sealed installations with a working volume of 9 L for 20 days. The odor units (OU), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were selected to assess the release of malodorous gases under different temperature and humidity, while the highest malodor release was observed under 45℃, with OU and TVOC concentration was 643.91 ± 2.49 and 7767.33 ± 33.50 mg/m3, respectively. Microbes with deodorization ability were screened and mixed into an agent, which composited of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecalis and Pichia fermentans. The addition of microbial deodorant could significantly suppress the release of malodor gas during a 20-day trial, and the removal efficiency of NH3, H2S, TVOC and OU was 81.50 %, 38.31 %, 64.38 %, and 76.86 %, respectively. The analysis of microbial community structure showed that temperature was the main environmental factor driving the microbial variations in latrine feces, while Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the main bacteria phyla involved in the formation and emission of malodorous gases. However, after adding the deodorant, the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were decreased, while the abundance of Firmicutes was increased. Furthermore, P. fermentans successfully colonized in fecal substrates and became the dominant fungus after deodorization. These results expanded the understanding of the odor release from latrine feces, and the composited microbial deodorant provided a valuable basis to the management of odor pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhaozhuo Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jialing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lishan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueping Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiying Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gaosheng Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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3
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Cieśla J, Skrobisz J, Niciński B, Kloc M, Mazur K, Pałasz A, Javan GT, Tomsia M. The smell of death. State-of-the-art and future research directions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1260869. [PMID: 37779703 PMCID: PMC10538644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The decomposition of a body is inseparably associated with the release of several types of odors. This phenomenon has been used in the training of sniffer dogs for decades. The odor profile associated with decomposition consists of a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemical composition of which varies over time, temperature, environmental conditions, and the type of microorganisms, and insects colonizing the carcass. Mercaptans are responsible for the bad smell associated with corpses; however, there are no unified recommendations for conducting forensic analysis based on the detectable odor of revealed corpses and previous research on VOCs shows differing results. The aim of this review is to systematize the current knowledge on the type of volatile organic compounds related to the decomposition process, depending on a few variables. This knowledge will improve the methods of VOCs detection and analysis to be used in modern forensic diagnostics and improve the methods of training dogs for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cieśla
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Skrobisz
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Niciński
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kloc
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mazur
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gulnaz T. Javan
- Department of Physical and Forensic Science Programs, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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4
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Review of contemporary chemometric strategies applied on preparing GC–MS data in forensic analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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von Hoermann C, Weithmann S, Sikorski J, Nevo O, Szpila K, Grzywacz A, Grunwald JE, Reckel F, Overmann J, Steiger S, Ayasse M. Linking bacteria, volatiles and insects on carrion: the role of temporal and spatial factors regulating inter-kingdom communication via volatiles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220555. [PMID: 36061525 PMCID: PMC9428529 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-kingdom community complexity and the chemically mediated dynamics between bacteria and insects have recently received increased attention in carrion research. However, the strength of these inter-kingdom interactions and the factors that regulate them are poorly studied. We used 75 piglet cadavers across three forest regions to survey the relationship between three actors (epinecrotic bacteria, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flies) during the first 4 days of decomposition and the factors that regulate this interdependence. The results showed a dynamic bacterial change during decomposition (temperature-time index) and across the forest management gradient, but not between regions. Similarly, VOC emission was dynamic across a temperature-time index and the forest management gradient but did not differ between regions. However, fly occurrence was dynamic across both space and time. The strong interdependence between the three actors was mainly regulated by the temperature-time index and the study regions, thereby revealing regulation at temporal and spatial scales. Additionally, the actor interdependence was stable across a gradient of forest management intensity. By combining different actors of decomposition, we have expanded our knowledge of the holistic mechanisms regulating carrion community dynamics and inter-kingdom interactions, an important precondition for better describing food web dynamics and entire ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Hoermann
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Sandra Weithmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szpila
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzywacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Jan-Eric Grunwald
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, SG 204, Microtraces/Biology, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Reckel
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, SG 204, Microtraces/Biology, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Steiger
- Department of Evolutionary Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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High-Performance COD Detection of Organic Compound Pollutants using Sulfurized-TiO2/Ti Nanotube Array Photoelectrocatalyst. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Lee LC, Jemain AA. On overview of PCA application strategy in processing high dimensionality forensic data. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Paiva AC, Crucello J, de Aguiar Porto N, Hantao LW. Fundamentals of and recent advances in sorbent-based headspace extractions. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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9
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ABDIKADYR B, KILIÇ A, ALEV O, BÜYÜKKÖSE S, ÖZTÜRK ZZ. Enhanced ethanol sensing properties of WO 3 modified TiO 2 nanorods. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:295-306. [PMID: 34104045 PMCID: PMC8164206 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2008-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pristine and WO3 decorated TiO2 nanorods (NRs) were synthesised to investigate n-n-type heterojunction gas sensing properties. TiO2 NRs were fabricated via hydrothermal method on fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass (FTO) substrates. Then, tungsten was sputtered on the TiO2 NRs and thermally oxidised to obtain WO3 nanoparticles. The heterostructure was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Fabricated sensor devices were exposed to VOCs such as toluene, xylene, acetone and ethanol, and humidity at different operation temperatures. Experimental results demonstrated that the heterostructure has better sensor response toward ethanol at 200 °C. Enhanced sensing properties are attributed to the heterojunction formation by decorating TiO2 NRs with WO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekzat ABDIKADYR
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
| | - Alp KILIÇ
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
| | - Onur ALEV
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
| | - Serkan BÜYÜKKÖSE
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
| | - Zafer Ziya ÖZTÜRK
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, KocaeliTurkey
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10
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Trumbo ST, Philbrick PKB, Stökl J, Steiger S. Burying Beetle Parents Adaptively Manipulate Information Broadcast from a Microbial Community. Am Nat 2021; 197:366-378. [PMID: 33625971 DOI: 10.1086/712602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMicrobial volatiles provide essential information for animals, which compete to detect, respond to, and perhaps control this information. Burying beetle parents have the opportunity to influence microbially derived semiochemicals, because they monopolize a small carcass for their family, repairing feeding holes and applying exudates that alter the microbial community. To study adaptive manipulation of microbial cues, we integrated mechanistic and functional approaches. We contrasted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) volatile profiles from carcasses that were or were not prepared by a resident pair of Nicrophorus orbicollis. Methyl thiocyanate (MeSCN), the primary attractant for burying beetles seeking a fresh carcass, was reduced 20-fold by carcass preparation, while dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), which deters breeding beetles, was increased 20-fold. These results suggest that parental care serves to make previously public information more private (crypsis, MeSCN) and to disinform rivals with a deterrent (DMTS). Functional tests in the field demonstrated that carcass preparation reduced discovery and use by congeners (threefold) as well as by dipteran rivals. Because microbes and their chemicals influence nearly every aspect of animal ecology, animal manipulation of microbial cues may be as widespread as manipulation of their own signals.
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Jose PA, Ben-Yosef M, Lahuatte P, Causton CE, Heimpel GE, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Shifting microbiomes complement life stage transitions and diet of the bird parasite Philornis downsi from the Galapagos Islands. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5014-5029. [PMID: 33587780 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Domestication disconnects an animal from its natural environment and diet, imposing changes in the attendant microbial community. We examine these changes in Philornis downsi (Muscidae), an invasive parasitic fly of land birds in the Galapagos Islands. Using a 16S rDNA profiling approach we studied the microbiome of larvae and adults of wild and laboratory-reared populations. These populations diverged in their microbiomes, significantly more so in larval than in adult flies. In field-collected second-instar larvae, Klebsiella (70.3%) was the most abundant taxon, while in the laboratory Ignatzschineria and Providencia made up 89.2% of the community. In adults, Gilliamella and Dysgonomonas were key members of the core microbiome of field-derived females and males but had no or very low representation in the laboratory. Adult flies harbour sex-specific microbial consortia in their gut, as male core microbiomes were significantly dominated by Klebsiella. Thus, P. downsi microbiomes are dynamic and shift correspondingly with life cycle and diet. Sex-specific foraging behaviour of adult flies and nest conditions, which are absent in the laboratory, may contribute to shaping distinct larval, and adult male and female microbiomes. We discuss these findings in the context of microbe-host co-evolution and the implications for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polpass Arul Jose
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
| | - Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Center, M. P. Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Paola Lahuatte
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, 200350, Ecuador
| | - Charlotte E Causton
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, 200350, Ecuador
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
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12
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Kaziur-Cegla W, Salemi A, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. Optimization and validation of automated solid-phase microextraction arrow technique for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461349. [PMID: 32797829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a very sensitive and fully automated direct immersion PAL SPME Arrow procedure, coupled with GC-MS, has been developed and validated for determination of nine phosphorus flame retardants in different types of water samples (river, drinking and rainwater). PDMS/DVB was selected among three commercially available SPME Arrows (PDMS/DVB, DVB/PDMS/CWR and PDMS/CWR), since it resulted in the best sensitivity. The important experimental parameters were optimized via a central composite design response surface methodology and as result, extraction time of 65 min, extraction temperature of 80 °C and added salt concentration of 19% (w/v), were selected as the optimum values. The optimized method showed linear response over the calibration range (2 - 500 ng L-1), with R2-values higher than 0.9937. The precision (RSD%) measured by replicate analyses (n = 7) was estimated at 2 and 100 ng L-1 and was less than 29% and 21%, respectively. The LOQ of PAL SPME Arrow, calculated as S/N = 10, was between 0.2 and 1.2 ng L-1 (for triphenyl phosphate and tris-(1‑chloro‑2-propyl) phosphate, respectively) with extraction efficiencies between 5.9 and 31% (for tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tri-n‑butyl phosphate, respectively). To assess the performance of the developed technique for real samples, two river water samples, tap water from two regions and a rainwater sample were analyzed. Most of the target analytes were observed in the river samples with concentrations of 1.0 - 250 ng L-1 and the obtained recoveries at 50 ng L-1 ranged between 60 and 107%. Considering the figures of merit of the optimized method, PAL SPME Arrow-GC-MS showed to be the most sensitive analytical approach for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water, with satisfying precision and accuracy, compared with conventional SPME-NPD, LLE-GC-MS and SPE-LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kaziur-Cegla
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Amir Salemi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Zip Code 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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13
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The Attraction of the Dung Beetle Anoplotrupes stercorosus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Volatiles from Vertebrate Cadavers. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080476. [PMID: 32727148 PMCID: PMC7469141 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During decomposition, vertebrate carrion emits volatile organic compounds to which insects and other scavengers are attracted. We have previously found that the dung beetle, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, is the most common dung beetle found on vertebrate cadavers. Our aim in this study was to identify volatile key compounds emitted from carrion and used by A. stercorosus to locate this nutritive resource. By collecting cadaveric volatiles and performing electroantennographic detection, we tested which compounds A. stercorosus perceived in the post-bloating decomposition stage. Receptors in the antennae of A. stercorosus responded to 24 volatiles in odor bouquets from post-bloating decay. Subsequently, we produced a synthetic cadaver odor bouquet consisting of six compounds (benzaldehyde, DMTS, 3-octanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, nonanal, dodecane) perceived by the beetles and used various blends to attract A. stercorosus in German forests. In field assays, these beetles were attracted to a blend of DMTS, 3-octanone, and benzaldehyde. Generalist feeding behavior might lead to the super-dominant occurrence of A. stercorosus in temperate European forests and have a potentially large impact on the exploitation and rapid turnover of temporally limited resources such as vertebrate cadavers.
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14
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Martin C, Diederich C, Verheggen F. Cadaver Dogs and the Deathly Hallows-A Survey and Literature Review on Selection and Training Procedure. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1219. [PMID: 32709097 PMCID: PMC7401519 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human remains detection dogs (HRDDs) are powerful police assets to locate a corpse. However, the methods used to select and train them are as diverse as the number of countries with such a canine brigade. First, a survey sent to human remains searching brigades (Ncountries = 10; NBrigades = 16; NHandlers = 50; Nquestions = 9), to collect their working habits confirmed the lack of optimized selection and training procedures. Second, a literature review was performed in order to outline the strengths and shortcomings of HRDDs training. A comparison between the scientific knowledge and the common practices used by HRDDs brigade was then conducted focusing on HRDDs selection and training procedures. We highlighted that HRDD handlers select their dogs by focusing on behavioral traits while neglecting anatomical features, which have been shown to be important. Most HRDD handlers reported to use a reward-based training, which is in accordance with training literature for dogs. Training aids should be representative of the odor target to allow a dog to reach optimal performances. The survey highlighted the wide diversity of homemade training aids, and the need to optimize their composition. In the present document, key research topics to improve HRDD works are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Martin
- TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté 2B, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Claire Diederich
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - François Verheggen
- TERRA, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Avenue de la Faculté 2B, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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15
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Dubois LM, Aczon S, Focant JF, Perrault KA. Translation of a One-Dimensional to a Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Method with Dual-Channel Detection for Volatile Organic Compound Measurement in Forensic Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10091-10098. [PMID: 32551508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After its introduction in the early 1990s, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has evolved from a separation science research tool to the central component of many industries. Despite the maturity of the technique, some fields remain reluctant to its use in routine applications. In the case of forensic science, some constraints are the strict requirements enforced in forensic laboratories and the time and effort that must be invested for intralaboratory method validation. Concerns may also arise about whether information could be lost when transitioning to a new technique. This study reports on a method translation from conventional one-dimensional (1D) GC to GC×GC, ensuring the integrity of data as conversion is made. The GC was retrofitted with a reverse fill/flush (RFF) flow modulator and equipped with dual-channel detection using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (qMS) and a flame ionization detector (FID). The parallel use of two detectors, where qMS was applied for qualitative identification and FID for quantification, allowed higher flows and slightly wider peaks to be exploited for the analysis of a volatile organic compound (VOC) reference mixture relevant to forensic VOC profiling. Peak quality assessment and calibration curves using GC-qMS and GC×GC-qMS/FID document the transfer and adaptation of the original method without a loss in data quality. Furthermore, the preprocessing and the data analysis processing steps, including calibration and peak quality assessment for each of the three data sets, are explained in detail. This information provides benchmark data for routine laboratories that want to implement a GC×GC approach into routine workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Dubois
- Molecular Systems, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Aczon
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, United States
| | - Jean-François Focant
- Molecular Systems, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, 11 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Katelynn A Perrault
- Laboratory of Forensic and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Forensic Sciences Unit, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96815, United States
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Trumbo ST, Steiger S. Finding a fresh carcass: bacterially derived volatiles and burying beetle search success. CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Martin C, Minchilli D, Francis F, Verheggen F. Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses of the Fringed Larder Beetle Dermestes frischii to the Smell of a Cadaver at Different Decomposition Stages. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040238. [PMID: 32290328 PMCID: PMC7240428 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A cadaver is colonized by a wide diversity of necrophagous insects. It is well documented that Dipterans are attracted by the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by a corpse during the first minutes following death. Coleopterans are known to be attracted by highly decomposed cadavers, but have received less attention regarding the olfaction-based mechanisms underlying these interactions. In the present study, we impregnated gauzes with VOCs collected from each decomposition stage of dead rats: fresh, bloated, active, and advanced decay. We collected the VOCs released by the gauze and confirmed what was previously know from the literature: the decomposition stages are associated with contrasting chemical profiles. We exposed Dermestes frischii Kugelann (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) male and female antennae to the same gauzes and found that stronger electrical responses were recorded when using the smell of the advanced decay stage. Finally, we performed two choices behavioral assays. Females showed no preference for the four decomposition stages, while males were attracted by the smell associated with active and advanced decay stages. These results suggest that specific VOCs released by a decaying body guide necrophagous coleopterans to their feeding site. Whether D. frischii males release pheromones to attract females remains to be tested.
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Abstract
Thirty years since the invention and public disclosure of solid phase microextraction (SPME), the technology continues evolving and inspiring several other green extraction technologies amenable for the collection of small molecules present in complex matrices. In this manuscript, we review the fundamental and operational aspects of a novel SPME geometry that can be used to “hunt” target molecules in complex matrices: the SPME Arrow. In addition, a series of applications in environmental, food, cannabis and forensic analysis are succinctly covered. Finally, special emphasis is placed on novel interfaces to analytical instrumentation, as well as recent developments in coating materials for the SPME Arrow.
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