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Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Ferracane A, Zachariadis GA, Koundouras S, Samanidou VF, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L, Rosenberg E. A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction arrow method employing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometric tools for the investigation of wine aging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342555. [PMID: 38637039 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omics is used as an analytical tool to investigate wine authenticity issues. Aging authentication ensures that the wine has undergone the necessary maturation and developed its desired organoleptic characteristics. Considering that aged wines constitute valuable commodities, the development of advanced omics techniques that guarantee aging authenticity and prevent fraud is essential. RESULTS Α solid phase microextraction Arrow method combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed to identify volatiles in red wines and investigate how aging affects their volatile fingerprint. The method was optimized by examining the critical parameters that affect the solid phase microextraction Arrow extraction (stirring rate, extraction time) process. Under optimized conditions, extraction took place within 45 min under stirring at 1000 rpm. In all, 24 monovarietal red wine samples belonging to the Xinomavro variety from Naoussa (Imathia regional unit of Macedonia, Greece) produced during four different vintage years (1998, 2005, 2008 and 2015) were analyzed. Overall, 237 volatile compounds were tentatively identified and were treated with chemometric tools. Four major groups, one for each vintage year were revealed using the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. The first two Principal Components of Principal Component Analysis explained 86.1% of the total variance, showing appropriate grouping of the wine samples produced in the same crop year. A two-way orthogonal partial least square - discriminant analysis model was developed and successfully classified all the samples to the proper class according to the vintage age, establishing 17 volatile markers as the most important features responsible for the classification, with an explained total variance of 88.5%. The developed prediction model was validated and the analyzed samples were classified with 100% accuracy according to the vintage age, based on their volatile fingerprint. SIGNIFICANCE The developed methodology in combination with chemometric techniques allows to trace back and confirm the vintage year, and is proposed as a novel authenticity tool which opens completely new and hitherto unexplored possibilities for wine authenticity testing and confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Ferracane
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria; Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy.
| | - George A Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Koundouras
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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Pusfitasari ED, Ruiz-Jimenez J, Samuelsson J, Besel V, Fornstedt T, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Assessment of physicochemical properties of sorbent materials in passive and active sampling systems towards gaseous nitrogen-containing compounds. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1703:464119. [PMID: 37271082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and desorption behavior of volatile nitrogen-containing compounds in vapor phase by solid-phase microextraction Arrow (SPME-Arrow) and in-tube extraction (ITEX) sampling systems, were investigated experimentally using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three different SPME-Arrow coating materials, DVB/PDMS, MCM-41, and MCM-41-TP and two ITEX adsorbents, TENAX-GR and MCM-41-TP were compared to clarify the selectivity of the sorbents towards nitrogen-containing compounds. In addition, saturated vapor pressures for these compounds were estimated, both experimentally and theoretically. In this study, the adsorption of nitrogen-containing compounds on various adsorbents followed the Elovich model well, while a pseudo-first-order kinetics model best described the desorption kinetics. Pore volume and pore sizes of the coating sorbents were essential parameters for the determination of the adsorption performance for the SPME-Arrow sampling system. MCM-41-TP coating with the smallest pore size gave the slowest adsorption rate compared to that of DVB/PDMS and MCM-41 in the SPME-Arrow sampling system. Both adsorbent and adsorbate properties, such as hydrophobicity and basicity, affected the adsorption and desorption kinetics in SPME-Arrow system. The adsorption and desorption rates of studied C6H15N isomers in the MCM-41 and MCM-41-TP sorbent materials of SPME-Arrow system were higher for dipropylamine and triethylamine (branched amines) than for hexylamine (linear chain amines). DVB/PDMS-SPME-Arrow gave fast adsorption rates for the aromatic-ringed pyridine and o-toluidine. All studied nitrogen-containing compounds demonstrated high desorption rates with DVB/PDMS-SPME-Arrow. Chemisorption and physisorption were the sorption mechanisms in MCM-41- and MCM-41-TP- SPME-Arrow, but additional experiments are needed to confirm this. An active sampling technique ITEX gave comparable adsorption and desorption rates on the selective MCM-41-TP and universal TENAX-GR sorbent materials for all the compounds studied. Vapor pressures of nitrogen-containing compounds were experimentally estimated by using retention index approach and these values were compared with the theoretical ones, calculated using the COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvent (COSMO-RS) model. Both values agreed well with those found in the literature proving that these methods can be successfully used in predicting VOC's vapor pressures, e.g. for the formation of secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eka Dian Pusfitasari
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Chemistry, Faculty of science, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose Ruiz-Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Chemistry, Faculty of science, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Vitus Besel
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Physics, Faculty of science, PO Box 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Kari Hartonen
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Chemistry, Faculty of science, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Chemistry, Faculty of science, PO Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kaziur-Cegla W, Salemi A, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. Optimization and validation of automated solid-phase microextraction arrow technique for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461349. [PMID: 32797829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a very sensitive and fully automated direct immersion PAL SPME Arrow procedure, coupled with GC-MS, has been developed and validated for determination of nine phosphorus flame retardants in different types of water samples (river, drinking and rainwater). PDMS/DVB was selected among three commercially available SPME Arrows (PDMS/DVB, DVB/PDMS/CWR and PDMS/CWR), since it resulted in the best sensitivity. The important experimental parameters were optimized via a central composite design response surface methodology and as result, extraction time of 65 min, extraction temperature of 80 °C and added salt concentration of 19% (w/v), were selected as the optimum values. The optimized method showed linear response over the calibration range (2 - 500 ng L-1), with R2-values higher than 0.9937. The precision (RSD%) measured by replicate analyses (n = 7) was estimated at 2 and 100 ng L-1 and was less than 29% and 21%, respectively. The LOQ of PAL SPME Arrow, calculated as S/N = 10, was between 0.2 and 1.2 ng L-1 (for triphenyl phosphate and tris-(1‑chloro‑2-propyl) phosphate, respectively) with extraction efficiencies between 5.9 and 31% (for tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tri-n‑butyl phosphate, respectively). To assess the performance of the developed technique for real samples, two river water samples, tap water from two regions and a rainwater sample were analyzed. Most of the target analytes were observed in the river samples with concentrations of 1.0 - 250 ng L-1 and the obtained recoveries at 50 ng L-1 ranged between 60 and 107%. Considering the figures of merit of the optimized method, PAL SPME Arrow-GC-MS showed to be the most sensitive analytical approach for determination of phosphorus flame retardants in water, with satisfying precision and accuracy, compared with conventional SPME-NPD, LLE-GC-MS and SPE-LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kaziur-Cegla
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Amir Salemi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Zip Code 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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