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Riddick EW, Walker RC, Rojas MG, Morales-Ramos JA. Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens as Food for Pink-Spotted Lady Beetle Coleomegilla maculata. INSECTS 2023; 14:902. [PMID: 38132576 PMCID: PMC10744256 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new and improved factitious and artificial diets is necessary for cost-effective rearing of predatory arthropods. This study evaluated Hermetia illucens black soldier fly (BSF) as a suitable alternative food source for rearing the predatory coccinellid Coleomegilla maculata (Cmac). The hypothesis that BSF larval powder was suitable food to support the growth, development, and reproduction of Cmac was tested in the laboratory. When compared to a standard in-house diet containing brine shrimp egg powder plus Chlorella vulgaris green algae and myristic acid (BSE+CM), the BSF and BSF+CM diets reduced immature growth and development. Immatures successfully reared to teneral adults were smaller when fed BSF or BSF+CM rather than BSE+CM. Combining BSF with a powdered artificial diet (AD), i.e., BSF+AD, did not improve predator growth or development, compared to Cmac reared on BSE+CM. Cmac oviposition responses, i.e., egg clutch production, to BSF vs. BSE+CM or BSF+AD vs. BSE+CM did not differ significantly. In conclusion, BSF has the potential to be food that supports Cmac oviposition behavior. Future research is necessary to discover an ideal mixture of BSF, BSE+CM, or AD that supports Cmac growth, development, and reproduction over multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Riddick
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA; (R.C.W.); (M.G.R.); (J.A.M.-R.)
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Riddick EW, Wu Z, Chen J. Differential Susceptibility of Coleomegilla maculata and Scymnus creperus Larvae to Aggression by Solenopsis invicta Workers. INSECTS 2023; 14:318. [PMID: 37103133 PMCID: PMC10144948 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The biological control of aphids by aphidophagous coccinellids is often hampered by aphid-tending ants or aggressive, invasive ants foraging for food. Aggressive species such as the imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren may attack and kill coccinellid larvae. This study tested the hypothesis that wax-secreting Scymnus creperus Mulsant larvae are less susceptible than non-wax-secreting Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) larvae to S. invicta aggression. Laboratory experiments were set up using bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) nymphs and adults (as prey for coccinellids) on barley leaves in arenas with either coccinellid species and with or without S. invicta workers. The presence of S. invicta reduced aphid predation by C. maculata but not Sc. creperus. The frequency of S. invicta attack was greater for C. maculata than Sc. creperus; mortality was significantly greater for C. maculata than Sc. creperus. The wax covering on Sc. creperus reduced S. invicta aggression. Unexpectedly, Sc. creperus larvae with the wax cover removed did not suffer more S. invicta attacks or increased mortality. In conclusion, the wax cover and, perhaps, the volatile or non-volatile compounds in the wax and on the integument of Sc. creperus larvae reduce S. invicta aggression. Further research could identify the wax compounds and determine their functionality as semiochemicals against S. invicta.
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Sarkar SC, Milroy SP, Xu W. Potential of variegated lady beetle Hippodamia variegata in management of invasive tomato potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:821-832. [PMID: 36264500 PMCID: PMC10100160 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tomato potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) is a new invasive pest in Western Australia, which may disperse across the whole of Australia within a few years and cause significant economic losses. Chemical control is the most widely used approach to manage B. cockerelli, but insect resistance, chemical residue and effects on non-target species have become an increasing concerned. Therefore, in this study, the biocontrol potential of variegated lady beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) was investigated. The impact of utilizing B. cockerelli as a food source on the predator's development and reproduction was assessed by formulating age-stage, two sex life tables. The predatory potential of H. variegata on B. cockerelli nymphs was assessed in a closed arena and the effects of releasing H. variegata for the control of B. cockerelli were then evaluated. RESULTS H. variegata could successfully develop and oviposit when feeding on B. cockerelli. However, both survival and the rate of development were higher for H. variegata feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) than B. cockerelli or a mixed population of B. cockerelli and M. persicae. A type II functional response was observed for H. variegata. In the greenhouse, the releases of H. variegata larvae reduced the number of B. cockerelli nymphs by up to 66% and adults by up to 59%, which positively influenced the plant chlorophyll content and biomass. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the potential of the resident generalist predator, H. variegata as a biocontrol agent for the invasive pest, B. cockerelli, which may help improving current management strategies. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Xu
- Food Futures InstituteMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Iftikhar A, Hafeez F, Hafeez M, Farooq M, Asif Aziz M, Sohaib M, Naeem A, Lu Y. Sublethal effects of a juvenile hormone analog, Pyriproxyfen on demographic parameters of non-target predator, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1017-1028. [PMID: 31955283 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect predators, in general, play an important role in regulating pest populations in agricultural systems, but may be negatively affected by pesticides used in pest management. Convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known as an important biological control agent of soft-bodied insect pests. The development of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program against insect pests requires an assessment of the side effect of insecticides on biological control agents. In the present work, we assessed the sublethal effects of an insect growth regulator, Pyriproxyfen (juvenile hormone mimic) on a common aphidophagous beetle, H. convergens by computing its demographic parameters through age-stage, two-sex life table theory. Present results showed that sublethal (LC10 and LC30) concentrations of tested insecticide prolonged the pre-adult developmental duration while adult longevity, fecundity and fertility were reduced following treatment compared with control. However, total pre-ovipositional period (TPOP) was declined with the increasing trend of insecticide concentration. In additions, population growth parameters such as intrinsic rate of increase r, finite rate of increase λ and net reproductive rate R0 were dramatically reduced in H. convergens population when they treated with sublethal concentrations pyriproxyfen. Therefore, the results obtained through this study reflected that pyriproxyfen impairs the population growth parameters and could reduce the biological services provided by H. convergens. Thus, more attention should be paid to the use of this insecticide in IPM program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Iftikhar
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Faisal Hafeez
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- School of Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Muhammad Asif Aziz
- Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohaib
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Afifa Naeem
- Entomological Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Hangzhou, 310021, PR China
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Rasheed MA, Khan MM, Hafeez M, Zhao J, Islam Y, Ali S, Ur-Rehman S, e-Hani U, Zhou X. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Biological Traits and Feeding of the Aphidophagous Predator Harmonia axyridis. INSECTS 2020; 11:E491. [PMID: 32752271 PMCID: PMC7469172 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Except of pest control, insecticides have shown adverse effects on natural enemies as well. Thus, risk assessment of pesticides for biological control agents is critical for effective use in integrated pest management (IPM) schemes. In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos, a commonly used insecticide that may negatively affect biological control agents, were evaluated on a non-target predator, the Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis. Previous studies have reported on lethal concentrations, but the effects of sublethal concentrations remain unclear. Lethal and sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos were applied to third instar larvae of H. axyridis, and different growth and developmental parameters were measured. Treatment with LC10 (4.62 mg a.i. L-1) significantly shortened the developmental period of third instar larvae, whereas it significantly prolonged those of fourth instar larvae and pupa. Treatment with LC30 (9.59 mg a.i. L-1) significantly increased the larval and pupal developmental period compared with that of the control, whereas feeding potential, female fecundity, and adult longevity significantly decreased after LC10 and LC30 treatment. The pre-oviposition period significantly increased compared with that of the control. Population growth parameters, the finite (λ) and intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the net reproductive rate (R0), decreased following exposure to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. According to the results, the use of chlorpyrifos in IPM schemes requires further research because even sublethal concentrations of this insecticide were harmful to H. axyridis population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Rasheed
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.R.); (J.Z.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (S.U.-R.)
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Jing Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.R.); (J.Z.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (S.U.-R.)
| | - Yasir Islam
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.R.); (J.Z.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (S.U.-R.)
| | - Shahzaib Ali
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.R.); (J.Z.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (S.U.-R.)
| | - Shakeel Ur-Rehman
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.R.); (J.Z.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (S.U.-R.)
| | - Um e-Hani
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Sustainable Pests, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xingmiao Zhou
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.A.R.); (J.Z.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (S.U.-R.)
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Skouras PJ, Brokaki M, Stathas GJ, Demopoulos V, Louloudakis G, Margaritopoulos JT. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of imidacloprid on the aphidophagous coccinellid hippodamia variegata. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:392-400. [PMID: 31082706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hippodamia variegata is one of the most abundant ladybird species in Greece, preying on several aphid species and other arthropods, of which many are pests of cultivated plants. Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is commonly used for controlling sucking insects; at the same time, however, it can cause various sub-lethal effects on non-target organisms. The development of IPM programs against pests requires an evaluation of the side effects of insecticides on natural enemies. We evaluated the sub-lethal effects of imidacloprid on H. variegata. Our results demonstrate that imidacloprid at a LC10 (3.92 mg (a.i.) L-1 and LC30 (8.69 mg (a.i.) L-1) decreased adult longevity and survival rate. In addition, demographic parameters, such as the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0), were reduced when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of imidacloprid. These results demonstrate a negative influence of imidacloprid at sub-lethal concentrations on H. variegata which could reduce biological control services provided by this predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis J Skouras
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, 24 100, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece.
| | - Marina Brokaki
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, 24 100, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
| | - George J Stathas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, 24 100, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Vasilios Demopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Protection Products, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, 24 100, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
| | - Giannis Louloudakis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, 24 100, Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece
| | - John T Margaritopoulos
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Fodder Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization "DEMETER", NAGREF, Volos, Greece
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Riddick EW, Wu Z, Eller FJ, Berhow MA. Do Bioflavonoids in Juniperus virginiana Heartwood Stimulate Oviposition in the Ladybird Coleomegilla maculata? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 10:1179543318758409. [PMID: 29531477 PMCID: PMC5843096 DOI: 10.1177/1179543318758409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the reproductive potential of ladybird beetles fed factitious foods or artificial diets, in lieu of natural prey, is a major challenge to cost-effective mass rearing for augmentative biological control. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that compounds in redcedar, Juniperus virginiana, stimulate oviposition in the ladybird Coleomegilla maculata. We also tested the prediction that several bioflavonoids, identified in heartwood fractions, elicited this behavioral response. Phenolic compounds were extracted from J. virginiana heartwood sawdust, separated into several fractions, then presented to adult beetles, in a powdered, pure form, in the laboratory. Females preferentially oviposited within 1 to 2 cm of fractions B, C, D, and E, but not A or the unfractionated extract, at the base of test cages. Chemical analysis identified bioflavonoids in heartwood fractions and subsequent bioassays using several identified in fractions C, D, and E confirmed that quercetin, taxifolin, and naringenin (to a lesser extent) stimulated oviposition. All tested fractions and bioflavonoids readily adhered to the chorion of freshly laid eggs but did not reduce egg hatch. This study demonstrates that several bioflavonoids stimulate oviposition by C. maculata and could be useful for mass rearing programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Riddick
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Zhixin Wu
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS, USA
| | - Fred J Eller
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Mark A Berhow
- Functional Foods Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, USA
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Riddick EW, Wu Z. Effects of Rearing Density on Survival, Growth, and Development of the Ladybird Coleomegilla maculata in Culture. INSECTS 2015; 6:858-68. [PMID: 26466904 PMCID: PMC4693175 DOI: 10.3390/insects6040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our research focuses on developing techniques to rear ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We evaluated the effects of rearing density on survival, growth, and development of Coleomegilla maculata. The hypothesis that a low to moderate rearing density has limited or no effects on survival and development was tested. C. maculata first instars were reared to pupae at a density of 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 individuals per arena (2.5 cm high, 9.0 cm diameter, and 159 cm3 volume) and fed powdered brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) eggs. More larvae survived at the 1 and 5 densities, but no differences were detected between the 10, 15, or 20 densities. Median survival rate was at least 90% for larvae and 100% for pupae at the 10, 15, and 20 densities. Development time, body weight, and sex ratio were unaffected by rearing density. Overall, this study suggests that C. maculata larvae can be reared successfully at a density of 20 larvae/159 cm3 (≈ 0.126 larvae/cm3) in containers provisioned with powdered A. franciscana eggs. Scaling-up the size of containers, and C. maculata density in these containers, should be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Riddick
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center, ARS-USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Zhixin Wu
- National Biological Control Laboratory, Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center, ARS-USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Does a Change from Whole to Powdered Food (Artemia franciscana eggs) Increase Oviposition in the Ladybird Coleomegilla maculata? INSECTS 2015; 6:815-26. [PMID: 26466902 PMCID: PMC4693172 DOI: 10.3390/insects6040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The limited availability of alternative foods to replace natural prey hinders cost-effective mass production of ladybird beetles for augmentative biological control. We compared the effects of powdered vs. whole Artemia franciscana (A. franciscana) (brine shrimp) eggs with or without a dietary supplement on development and reproduction of Coleomegilla maculata (C. maculata) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). We tested the hypotheses that (1) powdered A. franciscana eggs are more suitable than whole eggs; and (2) palmitic acid, a common fatty acid in natural prey, i.e., aphids, is an effective dietary supplement. Development time, pre-imaginal survival, sex ratio, and body weight of adults did not differ significantly amongst individuals fed powdered vs. whole eggs, with or without 5% palmitic acid. Significantly more oviposition occurred when females were fed powdered eggs than whole eggs and powdered eggs with 5% palmitic acid than whole eggs with or without 5% palmitic acid. A weak functional relationship was found between pre-oviposition time and total oviposition by females fed powdered eggs with 5% palmitic acid; pre-oviposition time decreased as oviposition increased. Food treatments had no significant differential effect on progeny (egg) hatch rate. In conclusion, a simple change in A. franciscana egg texture and particle size (i.e., blending whole eggs into a dust-like powder) increases oviposition in C. maculata. Supplementing powdered eggs with 5% palmitic acid might accelerate oogenesis (egg maturation) in some females.
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Allen ML. Characterization of Adult Transcriptomes from the Omnivorous Lady Beetle Coleomegilla maculata Fed Pollen or Insect Egg Diet. J Genomics 2015; 3:20-8. [PMID: 25628762 PMCID: PMC4303598 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet, nutrition, and obesity are important topics of current research. While many insect genome and/or transcriptome models are based on dietary specialists, the lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata, a common New World species, is highly omnivorous. C. maculata feeds on plants, fungi, insects and other arthropods; its diet frequently includes conspecific cannibalism. This study reports and discusses the first nutritionally based C. maculata transcriptomes. These transcriptomes were prepared from highly inbred specimens provided limited diets, after adult eclosion, of either pollen only or eggs of a soft bodied hemipteran insect only. Selected sequences from the transcriptomes were compared to verify basic genetic similarity of the sampled individuals. Differentially expressed genes associated with these diets were identified to aid with studies of omnivore diet and nutrition. Selected transcriptome sequences described herein are filed with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), GenBank Bioproject PRJNA236444.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Louise Allen
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Pests Research Unit, USA
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