Genetic polymorphisms of ATG16L1 and IRGM genes in Malaysian patients with Crohn's disease

Association between ATG16L1 rs2241880(T300A) and rs4663421 and ANCA‑associated vasculitis in the Guangxi population of China: Propensity score matching analysis

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare autoimmune disease with an unclear pathogenesis. The present study investigated the associations between autophagy-related protein 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) rs2241880(T300A) and rs4663421 and AAV. A total of 177 patients with AAV and 216 healthy controls were included. Propensity score matching was used to match the two groups of subjects in terms of sex, age and ethnicity. Analyses of the relationships between these genetic polymorphisms and AAV susceptibility, including comparisons of allele and genotype frequency distribution, linkage disequilibrium analysis and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions between two loci were performed. The association between the loci and laboratory test results and renal pathology were also analysed. A total of 154 pairs of patients with AAV and healthy controls was successfully matched. Neither polymorphism was associated with AAV susceptibility. However, SNP interaction in the model constructed with the two loci was statistically significant (P=0.018), and the combination of the AA genotype of rs2241880(T300A) and GG genotype of rs4663421 was associated the highest disease risk. The differences in the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and 24-h urine protein level between patients with the rs2241880(T300A) AA + AG genotypes and the GG genotype were statistically significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, significant differences in the severity of glomerulosclerosis and global sclerosis were detected between individuals with the AA + AG genotype and those with the GG genotype at the rs2241880(T300A) locus (P<0.05). Similarly, there were statistically significant differences in degree of segmental sclerosis between individuals with CC + CG genotypes and those with GG genotypes at the rs2243421 locus (P<0.05). In summary, the single gene polymorphisms of these loci were not associated with genetic susceptibility to AAV. However, SNP interactions may serve a role in the risk of AAV. The rs2241880(T300A) polymorphism may be associated with BVAS, CRP levels and 24-h urine protein level in AAV. These SNPs may be associated with glomerulosclerosis and segmental sclerosis.

Exploring the Connections: Autophagy, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, represents a complex and growing global health issue with a multifaceted origin. This review delves into the intricate relationship between gut microbiota, autophagy, and the development of IBD. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms, plays a vital role in maintaining gut health, while imbalances in this microbial community, known as dysbiosis, are linked to IBD. Autophagy, a process by which cells recycle their components, is essential for gut homeostasis and the regulation of immune responses. When autophagy is impaired and dysbiosis occurs, they individually contribute to IBD, with their combined impact intensifying inflammation. The interconnectedness of gut microbiota, autophagy, and the host's immune system is central to the onset of IBD. The review also examines how diet influences gut microbiota and its subsequent effects on IBD. It highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the microbiota and modulating autophagic pathways as treatment strategies for IBD. Understanding these interactions could lead to personalized therapies within the rapidly advancing fields of microbiome research and immunology.

The Role of Host Genetics and Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolome as a New Insight into IBD Pathogenesis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incurable, chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract whose incidence increases every year. Scientific research constantly delivers new information about the disease and its multivariate, complex etiology. Nevertheless, full discovery and understanding of the complete mechanism of IBD pathogenesis still pose a significant challenge to today's science. Recent studies have unanimously confirmed the association of gut microbial dysbiosis with IBD and its contribution to the regulation of the inflammatory process. It transpires that the altered composition of pathogenic and commensal bacteria is not only characteristic of disturbed intestinal homeostasis in IBD, but also of viruses, parasites, and fungi, which are active in the intestine. The crucial function of the microbial metabolome in the human body is altered, which causes a wide range of effects on the host, thus providing a basis for the disease. On the other hand, human genomic and functional research has revealed more loci that play an essential role in gut homeostasis regulation, the immune response, and intestinal epithelial function. This review aims to organize and summarize the currently available knowledge concerning the role and interaction of crucial factors associated with IBD pathogenesis, notably, host genetic composition, intestinal microbiota and metabolome, and immune regulation.

A Systematic Review on the Increasing Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Southeast Asia: Looking Beyond the Urbanization Phenomenon

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been increasing in Southeast Asia (SEA) in tandem with its economic growth and urbanization over the past 2 decades. Specific characteristics of IBD in SEA are similar to East Asia and the West, such as the declining ratio of ulcerative colitis to Crohn's disease. However, exceptionally low familial aggregation is seen. Smoking is also not a common risk factor in patients with Crohn's disease. The incidence of perianal disease is higher in SEA than in Australia and is comparable to the West. In a multiracial population, such as Singapore and Malaysia, Indians have the highest incidence and prevalence rates, which are likely to be due to important putative mutations. For instance, a higher frequency of the NOD2 predisposing mutation SNP5 and IBD risk allele IGR2198a and IGR2092a were found in Indians. Although differences in the genetic constitution play an important role in the epidemiology and prognosis of IBD in SEA, the emergence of this disease offers a unique opportunity to identify potential exposomes that contribute to its pathogenesis.

Inflammasome-Related Genetic Polymorphisms as Severity Biomarkers of COVID-19

The most critical forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are associated with excessive activation of the inflammasome. Despite the COVID-19 impact on public health, we still do not fully understand the mechanisms by which the inflammatory response influences disease prognosis. Accordingly, we aimed to elucidate the role of polymorphisms in the key genes of the formation and signaling of the inflammasome as biomarkers of COVID-19 severity. For this purpose, a large and well-defined cohort of 377 COVID-19 patients with mild (n = 72), moderate (n = 84), severe (n = 100), and critical (n = 121) infections were included. A total of 24 polymorphisms located in inflammasome-related genes (NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP1, CARD8, CASP1, IL1B, IL18, NFKB1, ATG16L1, and MIF) were genotyped in all of the patients and in the 192 healthy controls (HCs) (who were without COVID-19 at the time of and before the study) by RT-qPCR. Our results showed that patients with mild, moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 presented similar allelic and genotypic distribution in all the variants studied. No statistically significant differences in the haplotypic distribution of NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP1, CARD8, CASP1, IL1B, and ATG16L1 were observed between COVID-19 patients, who were stratified by disease severity. Each stratified group of patients presented a similar genetic distribution to the HCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that the inflammasome polymorphisms studied are not associated with the worsening of COVID-19.

Transcriptome-wide association studies associated with Crohn's disease: challenges and perspectives

Crohn's disease (CD) is regarded as a lifelong progressive disease affecting all segments of the intestinal tract and multiple organs. Based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene expression data, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) can help identify susceptibility genes associated with pathogenesis and disease behavior. In this review, we overview seven reported TWASs of CD, summarize their study designs, and discuss the key methods and steps used in TWAS, which affect the prioritization of susceptibility genes. This article summarized the screening of tissue-specific susceptibility genes for CD, and discussed the reported potential pathological mechanisms of overlapping susceptibility genes related to CD in a certain tissue type. We observed that ileal lipid-related metabolism and colonic extracellular vesicles may be involved in the pathogenesis of CD by performing GO pathway enrichment analysis for susceptibility genes. We further pointed the low reproducibility of TWAS associated with CD and discussed the reasons for these issues, strategies for solving them. In the future, more TWAS are needed to be designed into large-scale, unified cohorts, unified analysis pipelines, and fully classified databases of expression trait loci.

Association between Taxonomic Composition of Gut Microbiota and Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Crohn's Disease Patients from Russia

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Genetic predisposition and dysbiotic gut microbiota are important factors in the pathogenesis of CD. In this study, we analyzed the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota and genotypes of 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with the risk of CD. The studied cohorts included 96 CD patients and 24 healthy volunteers from Russia. Statistically significant differences were found in the allele frequencies for 8 SNPs and taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota in CD patients compared with controls. In addition, two types of gut microbiota communities were identified in CD patients. The main distinguishing driver of bacterial families for the first community type are Bacteroidaceae and unclassified members of the Clostridiales order, and the second type is characterized by increased abundance of Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Differences in the allele frequencies of the rs9858542 (BSN), rs3816769 (STAT3), and rs1793004 (NELL1) were also found between groups of CD patients with different types of microbiota communities. These findings confirm the complex multifactorial nature of CD.

Autophagopathies: from autophagy gene polymorphisms to precision medicine for human diseases

At a time when complex diseases affect globally 280 million people and claim 14 million lives every year, there is an urgent need to rapidly increase our knowledge into their underlying etiologies. Though critical in identifying the people at risk, the causal environmental factors (microbiome and/or pollutants) and the affected pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Herein, we consider the variations of autophagy-related (ATG) genes at the heart of mechanisms of increased susceptibility to environmental stress. A comprehensive autophagy genomic resource is presented with 263 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 69 autophagy-related genes associated with 117 autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and endocrine diseases. We thus propose the term 'autophagopathies' to group together a class of complex human diseases the etiology of which lies in a genetic defect of the autophagy machinery, whether directly related or not to an abnormal flux in autophagy, LC3-associated phagocytosis, or any associated trafficking. The future of precision medicine for common diseases will lie in our ability to exploit these ATG SNP x environment relationships to develop new polygenetic risk scores, new management guidelines, and optimal therapies for afflicted patients.Abbreviations: ATG, autophagy-related; ALS-FTD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia; ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; CD, Crohn disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eQTL, expression quantitative trait loci; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; GTEx, genotype-tissue expression; GWAS, genome-wide association studies; LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis; LC3-II, phosphatidylethanolamine conjugated form of LC3; LD, linkage disequilibrium; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; MAF, minor allele frequency; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OS, overall survival; PtdIns3K CIII, class III phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; mQTL, methylation quantitative trait loci; ULK, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UTRs, untranslated regions; WHO, World Health Organization.

The first association study of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2 (PTPN2) gene polymorphisms in Malaysian patients with Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease (CD) is one of the sub-entities of Inflammatory Bowel Disease which causes chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The development of CD has shown to have a strong genetic association. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in a susceptible locus of CD, the protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) gene and the development of CD in Malaysian patients. A total of 137 CD patients and 274 matched healthy controls were recruited in the present study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the venous blood of participants and five targeted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PTPN2 gene were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. Associations between the SNPs and CD were determined using Fisher's exact test and odds ratio. Findings showed that all five selected SNPs were not significantly associated with the development of CD in Malaysian patients, which was in contrast to studies among the European populations. Malaysian Chinese with rs487273 heterozygous G/T genotype was found to have a lower occurrence of CD (P-value = 0.0253; OR = 0.4396). Patients with rs2542152 homozygous T genotype were associated with stricturing behaviour (P-value = 0.0302, OR = 2.9944). The rs16939895 A/G genotype was associated with inflammation at the ileum site (P-value = 0.0387, OR = 2.2105)while homozygous G genotype was associated with colonic CD (P-value = 0.0164, OR = 2.3917). Functional studies of these SNPs are needed to evaluate their potential use as a biomarker for disease phenotypes among Asian patients.

Associations between ATG16L1 gene polymorphism and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis in the Chinese Guangxi population: A case–control study

Background

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune disease often accompanied by rapidly progressive renal failure, and the genetic background is still unknown. Our study was performed to test whether autophagy‐related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) rs4663402 and rs4663396 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with AAV in the Chinese Guangxi population.

Methods

One hundred seventy seven unrelated AAV patients and 216 healthy controls were included in this case–control study. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction combined with high‐throughput sequencing was used for typing, and SNPStats and SHEsis were used for association analysis, pairwise linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analysis.

Results

rs4663402 and rs4663396 were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in AAV and control groups. The frequencies of rs4663402 AA, AT, and TT genotypes were 82.5%, 16.9%, and 0.6%, respectively, in patients with AAV, and 83.5%, 16.2%, and 0.5%, respectively, in controls. The frequencies of rs4663396 CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 63.8%, 33.9%, and 2.3%, respectively, in patients with AAV, and 69.2%, 26.6%, and 4.2%, respectively, in controls. Haplotype analysis revealed two SNPs in a single haplotype block (D′ = 1.0). Our logistic regression adjusted for sex and age showed no association between rs4663402 and rs4663396 and the risk for AAV in genetic models (p > 0.05). However, ATG16L1 rs4663396 CC and CT + TT genotypes exhibited statistically significant differences in the incidence of arthralgia (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Our results indicated that ATG16L1 rs4663402 and rs4663396 polymorphisms were not associated with AAV in the Chinese Guangxi population. ATG16L1 rs4663396 CT + TT genotype may be associated with arthralgia.

Immunity-related GTPase IRGM at the intersection of autophagy, inflammation, and tumorigenesis

The human immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM) is a GTP-binding protein that regulates selective autophagy including xenophagy and mitophagy. IRGM impacts autophagy by (1) affecting mitochondrial fusion and fission, (2) promoting the co-assembly of ULK1 and Beclin 1, (3) enhancing Beclin 1 interacting partners (AMBRA1, ATG14L1, and UVRAG), (4) interacting with other key proteins (ATG16L1, p62, NOD2, cGAS, TLR3, and RIG-I), and (5) regulating lysosomal biogenesis. IRGM also negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome formation and therefore, maturation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, impacting inflammation and pyroptosis. Ultimately, this affords protection against chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, ten IRGM polymorphisms (rs4859843, rs4859846, rs4958842, rs4958847, rs1000113, rs10051924, rs10065172, rs11747270, rs13361189, and rs72553867) have been associated with human inflammatory disorders including cancer, which suggests that these genetic variants are functionally relevant to the autophagic and inflammatory responses. The current review contextualizes IRGM, its modulation of autophagy, and inflammation, and emphasizes the role of IRGM as a cross point of immunity and tumorigenesis.

Genetic variants involved in innate immunity modulate the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in an understudied Malaysian population

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions comprising two major subtypes: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The incidence of IBD is increasing in Asian countries including Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine whether 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with IBD from genome-wide association studies, performed mainly in Caucasian populations, are associated with IBD in a Malaysian population, correlating these findings with local and systemic inflammation.

METHODS

Selected SNPs were investigated in a Malaysian cohort comprising 36 IBD patients and 75 controls using customized matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight genotyping. Local mRNA and/or systemic protein levels of IL-10, IL-12, IL-22, IL-23, and TNF-α were measured in these same subjects.

RESULTS

ATG16L2 rs11235667 and LINC00824 rs6651252 was significantly associated with increased CD risk while IL12B rs56167332 was a significant protective factor. Three SNPs (SBNO2 rs2024092, CARD9 rs10781499, and rs17085007 between GPR12-USP12) were significantly associated with increased UC risk while NKX2-3 rs4409764 was a significant protective factor. After adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity, SBNO2 rs2024092, ATG16L2 rs11235667, CARD9 rs10781499, and LINC00824 rs6651252 remained associated with IBD. Interestingly, the risk alleles of IL10 rs3024505, CARD9 rs1078149, and IL12 rs6556412 were associated with higher levels of IL-10, IL-22, and IL-23 in these same subjects, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified eight SNPs associated with IBD and/or its subtypes in the Malaysia population, significantly advancing our understanding of the genetic contribution to IBD in this understudied population. Three of these SNPs modulated relevant cytokine levels and thus, may directly contribute to IBD pathogenesis.

The Role of Autophagy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic intestinal inflammatory disease, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The abnormality of inflammatory and immune responses in the intestine contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of IBD. Autophagy is a vital catabolic process in cells. Recent studies report that autophagy is highly involved in various kinds of diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases, such as IBD. In this review, the biological characteristics of autophagy and its role in IBD will be described and discussed based on recent literature. In addition, several therapies for IBD through modulating the inflammasome and intestinal microbiota taking advantage of autophagy regulation will be introduced. We aim to bring new insight in the exploration of mechanisms for IBD and development of novel therapeutic strategies against IBD.

The NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Critical Actor in the Inflammaging Process

As a consequence of the considerable increase in the human lifespan over the last century, we are experiencing the appearance and impact of new age-related diseases. The causal relationships between aging and an enhanced susceptibility of suffering from a broad spectrum of diseases need to be better understood. However, one specific shared feature seems to be of capital relevance for most of these conditions: the low-grade chronic inflammatory state inherently associated with aging, i.e., inflammaging. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms that link aging and inflammaging, focusing on the role of the innate immunity and more concretely on the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, as well as how the chronic activation of this inflammasome has a detrimental effect on different age-related disorders.