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Feng SS, Wang SJ, Guo L, Ma PP, Ye XL, Pan ML, Hang B, Mao JH, Snijders AM, Lu YB, Ding DF. Serum bile acid and unsaturated fatty acid profiles of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetic patients. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:898-913. [PMID: 38766436 PMCID: PMC11099371 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of bile acid (BA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) profiles, as well as their dysregulation, remains elusive in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) coexisting with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Investigating these metabolites could offer valuable insights into the pathophy-siology of NAFLD in T2DM. AIM To identify potential metabolite biomarkers capable of distinguishing between NAFLD and T2DM. METHODS A training model was developed involving 399 participants, comprising 113 healthy controls (HCs), 134 individuals with T2DM without NAFLD, and 152 individuals with T2DM and NAFLD. External validation encompassed 172 participants. NAFLD patients were divided based on liver fibrosis scores. The analytical approach employed univariate testing, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and decision curve analysis to pinpoint and assess the diagnostic value of serum biomarkers. RESULTS Compared to HCs, both T2DM and NAFLD groups exhibited diminished levels of specific BAs. In UFAs, particular acids exhibited a positive correlation with NAFLD risk in T2DM, while the ω-6:ω-3 UFA ratio demonstrated a negative correlation. Levels of α-linolenic acid and γ-linolenic acid were linked to significant liver fibrosis in NAFLD. The validation cohort substantiated the predictive efficacy of these biomarkers for assessing NAFLD risk in T2DM patients. CONCLUSION This study underscores the connection between altered BA and UFA profiles and the presence of NAFLD in individuals with T2DM, proposing their potential as biomarkers in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Su Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Jing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Lin Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Yi-Bing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da-Fa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, Jiangsu Province, China
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Feng S, Guo L, Wang S, Chen L, Chang H, Hang B, Mao J, Snijders AM, Lu Y, Ding D. Association of Serum Bile Acid and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles with the Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:2117-2128. [PMID: 37465650 PMCID: PMC10351529 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s411522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to identify the ability of serum bile acids (BAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) profiles to predict the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods We first used univariate and multivariate analysis to compare 15 serum BA and 11 UFA levels in healthy control (HC) group (n = 82), T2DM patients with DR (n = 58) and T2DM patients without DR (n = 60). Forty T2DM patients were considered for validation. Then, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and decision curve analysis were used to assess the diagnostic value and clinical benefit of serum biomarkers alone, clinical variables alone or in combination, and the area under the curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were used to further assess whether the addition of biomarkers significantly improved the predictive ability of the model. Results Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of serum BAs and UFAs separated the three cohorts including HC, T2DM patients with or without DR. The difference in serum BA and UFA profiles of T2DM patients with or without DR was mainly manifested in the three metabolites of taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and arachidonic acid (AA). Together, they had an AUC of 0.785 (0.918 for validation cohort) for predicting DR in T2DM patients. After adjusting for numerous confounding factors, TLCA, TUDCA, and AA were independent predictors that differentiated T2DM with or without DR. The results of AUC, IDI, and NRI demonstrated that adding these three biomarkers to a model with clinical variables statistically increased their predictive value and were replicated in our independent validation cohort. Conclusion These findings highlight the association of three metabolites, TLCA, TUDCA and AA, with DR and may indicate their potential value in the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Chang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Biomaterials, Berkeley-Nanjing Research Center, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dafa Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Ma Z, Huang Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Zhang J, Shu H, Ma Y, Liu Z, Feng Y, Chen X, Kuang S, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Hepatic Acat2 overexpression promotes systemic cholesterol metabolism and adipose lipid metabolism in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:390-405. [PMID: 36378328 PMCID: PMC9665029 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (ACAT), also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, catalyses the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and forms part of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Thus, ACAT plays a central role in cholesterol metabolism in a variety of cells. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of hepatic Acat2 overexpression on cholesterol metabolism and systemic energy metabolism. METHODS We generated liver-targeted adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) to achieve hepatic Acat2 overexpression in mice. Mice were injected with AAV9 through the tail vein and subjected to morphological, physiological (body composition, indirect calorimetry, treadmill, GTT, blood biochemistry, cardiac ultrasonography and ECG), histochemical, gene expression and metabolomic analysis under normal diet or feeding with high-fat diet to investigate the role of ACAT2 in the liver. RESULTS Hepatic Acat2 overexpression reduced body weight and total fat mass, elevated the metabolic rate, improved glucose tolerance and lowered the serum cholesterol level of mice. In addition, the overexpression of Acat2 inhibited fatty acid, glucose and ketone metabolic pathways but promoted cholesterol metabolism and changed the bile acid pool and composition of the liver. Hepatic Acat2 overexpression also decreased the size of white adipocytes and promoted lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, hepatic Acat2 overexpression protected mice from high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and metabolic defects CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our study identifies an essential role for ACAT2 in cholesterol metabolism and systemic energy expenditure and provides key insights into the metabolic benefits of hepatic Acat2 overexpression. Thus, adenoviral Acat2 overexpression in the liver may be a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of obesity and hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ma
- Endocrinology Department, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Huang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Shu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Chen B, Bai Y, Tong F, Yan J, Zhang R, Zhong Y, Tan H, Ma X. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid regulates bile acids level and alters gut microbiota and glycolipid metabolism to attenuate diabetes. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2192155. [PMID: 36967529 PMCID: PMC10054359 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2192155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the bile acid regulates type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through gut microbiota-host interactions. However, the mechanisms underlying such interactions have been unclear. Here, we found that glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) positively regulates gut microbiota by altering bile acid metabolism. GUDCA in mice resulted in higher taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) level and Bacteroides vulgatus abundance. Together, these changes resulted in the activation of the adipose G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, GPBAR1 (TGR5) and upregulated expression of uncoupling protein UCP-1, resulting in elevation of white adipose tissue thermogenesis. The anti-T2DM effects of GUDCA are linked with the regulation of the bile acid and gut microbiota composition. This study suggests that altering bile acid metabolism, modifying the gut microbiota may be of value for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingting Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Nanshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Bai
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Fenglian Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junlin Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yewei Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huiwen Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Jiang Z, Zhuo LB, He Y, Fu Y, Shen L, Xu F, Gou W, Miao Z, Shuai M, Liang Y, Xiao C, Liang X, Tian Y, Wang J, Tang J, Deng K, Zhou H, Chen YM, Zheng JS. The gut microbiota-bile acid axis links the positive association between chronic insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3002. [PMID: 35637254 PMCID: PMC9151781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human cohorts indicates that chronic insomnia is associated with higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD), yet whether gut microbiota plays a role is unclear. Here, in a longitudinal cohort (n = 1809), we find that the gut microbiota-bile acid axis may link the positive association between chronic insomnia and CMD. Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-003 are the main genera mediating the positive association between chronic insomnia and CMD. These results are also observed in an independent cross-sectional cohort (n = 6122). The inverse associations between those gut microbial biomarkers and CMD are mediated by certain bile acids (isolithocholic acid, muro cholic acid and nor cholic acid). Habitual tea consumption is prospectively associated with the identified gut microbiota and bile acids in an opposite direction compared with chronic insomnia. Our work suggests that microbiota-bile acid axis may be a potential intervention target for reducing the impact of chronic insomnia on cardiometabolic health. Chronic insomnia is associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Here, in two clinical cohorts (n = 7,931), authors show that gut microbiota-bile acid axis may be an intervention target to attenuate the impact of chronic insomnia on cardiometabolic health.
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Gao Y, Chen H, Li J, Ren S, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Xuan R. Alterations of gut microbiota‐derived metabolites in gestational diabetes mellitus and clinical significance. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24333. [PMID: 35285096 PMCID: PMC8993618 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The change in the characteristics of the gut microbiota is linked to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, whether and how the gut microbiota‐derived metabolites change in GDM is uncertain. Here, we aimed to determine associations between the gut microbiota‐derived metabolites and GDM. Methods Using targeted metabolomics approaches, 7 types of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 38 types of bile acids (BAs), and 5 types of trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO), and its derivatives of serum samples were obtained from pregnant women with GDM (n = 24), and healthy pregnant controls (HC, n = 28) were detected to identify the metabolic signature of GDM to investigate the potential biomarkers. Moreover, we assessed the associations between gut microbiota‐derived metabolites and clinical parameters. Results In our study, the gut microbiota‐derived metabolites signatures were significantly different between GDM and HC. Quantitative results showed the levels of isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, GUDCA, THDCA + TUDCA, and LCA‐3S were significantly higher in GDM, but the level of TMAO and its derivatives did not change significantly. Some altered gut microbiota‐derived metabolites were significantly correlated with glucose and lipid levels. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of generalized linear models showed that gut microbiota‐derived metabolites may be potential biomarkers of GDM. Conclusion This study highlights gut microbiota‐derived metabolites alterations in GDM and correlation of the clinical indicators, which provides a new direction for future studies aiming to novel serum biomarker for early detection or target of drug therapy of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Jialin Li
- School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Shuaijun Ren
- School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | | | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University Ningbo China
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Wang D, Liu J, Zhou L, Zhang Q, Li M, Xiao X. Effects of Oral Glucose-Lowering Agents on Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:905171. [PMID: 35909556 PMCID: PMC9326154 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.905171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research and existing facts indicate that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis and disturbed microbial metabolites. Oral glucose-lowering drugs are reported with pleiotropic beneficial effects, including not only a decrease in glucose level but also weight loss, antihypertension, anti-inflammation, and cardiovascular protection, but the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. Evidence can be found showing that oral glucose-lowering drugs might modify the gut microbiome and thereby alter gastrointestinal metabolites to improve host health. Although the connections among gut microbial communities, microbial metabolites, and T2DM are complex, figuring out how antidiabetic agents shape the gut microbiome is vital for optimizing the treatment, meaningful for the instruction for probiotic therapy and gut microbiota transplantation in T2DM. In this review, we focused on the literatures in gut microbiota and its metabolite profile alterations beneficial from oral antidiabetic drugs, trying to provide implications for future study in the developing field of these drugs, such as combination therapies, pre- and probiotics intervention in T2DM, and subjects with pregestational diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jieying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Xiao,
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Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Circulating Bile Acid Profiles: A Need for Further Examination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3093-3112. [PMID: 34279029 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bile acids (BAs) are increasingly recognized as metabolic and chronobiologic integrators that synchronize the systemic metabolic response to nutrient availability. Alterations in the concentration and/or composition of circulating BAs are associated with a number of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This review summarizes recent evidence that links abnormal circulating BA profiles to multiple metabolic disorders, and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the connections to determine the role of BA profiling as a novel biomarker for these abnormalities. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The review is based on a collection of primary and review literature gathered from a PubMed search of BAs, T2DM, IR, and MAFLD, among other keywords. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Obese and IR subjects appear to have elevated fasting circulating BAs but lower postprandial increase when compared with controls. The possible underlying mechanisms are disruption in the synchronization between the feeding/fasting cycle and the properties of BA-regulated metabolic pathways. Whether BA alterations are associated per se with MAFLD remains inconclusive. However, increased fasting circulating BAs level was associated with higher risk of advanced fibrosis stage. Thus, for patients with MAFLD, dynamically monitoring the circulating BA profiles may be a promising tool for the stratification of MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the concentration, composition, and rhythm of circulating BAs are associated with adverse events in systemic metabolism. Subsequent investigations regarding these aspects of circulating BA kinetics may help predict future metabolic disorders and guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Gao Y, Wu Y, Liu Z, Fu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Liu S, Song F, Liu Z. Based on urine metabolomics to study the mechanism of Qi-deficiency affecting type 2 diabetes rats using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122850. [PMID: 34364297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Qi-deficiency also called energy deficiency, which approximates to the term of sub-health in contemporary medical theory. Diabetes is similar to the symptoms of "xiaoke" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) which is linked with Qi-deficiency. However, the mechanism of Qi-deficiency on type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been completely elucidated. In this study, a model on Qi-deficiency T2D rat was established by using diet with high fat and high sugar and small-dose STZ induction combined with exhaustive swimming, and the model was evaluated by pathological section, hematological index and serum biochemical parameters. Applying urine metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of Qi-deficiency on T2D and 32 urinary metabolites were identified as prospective biomarkers for Qi-deficiency T2D rats. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, butanoate metabolism and TCA cycle, etc., were closely related to potential mechanisms of Qi-deficiency on T2D. The metabolomics results can provide reliable data support for complex TCM syndrome diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiajie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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10
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Huang K, Liu C, Peng M, Su Q, Liu R, Guo Z, Chen S, Li Z, Chang G. Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates Atherosclerosis and Alters Gut Microbiota in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019820. [PMID: 33787322 PMCID: PMC8174342 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Although glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) has been associated with the improvement of metabolic disorders, its effect on atherosclerosis remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of GUDCA in the development of atherosclerosis and its potential mechanisms. Methods and Results Human THP‐1 macrophages were used to investigate the effect of GUDCA on oxidized low‐density lipoprotein–induced foam cell formation in vitro. We found that GUDCA downregulated scavenger receptor A1 mRNA expression, reduced oxidized low‐density lipoprotein uptake, and inhibited macrophage foam cell formation. In an in vivo study, apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were fed a Western diet for 10 weeks to induce atherosclerosis, and then were gavaged once daily with or without GUDCA for 18 weeks. Parameters of systemic metabolism and atherosclerosis were detected. We found that GUDCA improved cholesterol homeostasis and protected against atherosclerosis progression as evidenced by reduced plaque area along with lipid deposition, ameliorated local chronic inflammation, and elevated plaque stability. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing showed that GUDCA administration partially normalized the Western diet–associated gut microbiota dysbiosis. Interestingly, the changes of bacterial genera (Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Turicibacter, and Alistipes) modulated by GUDCA were correlated with the plaque area in mice aortas. Conclusions Our study for the first time indicates that GUDCA attenuates the development of atherosclerosis, probably attributable to the inhibition of foam cell formation, maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis, and modulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Meixiu Peng
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiao Su
- Animal Center First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zeling Guo
- Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Medical Research Center Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital Guangzhou China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Guangqi Chang
- Division of Vascular Surgery First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China.,National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
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11
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Dietary fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: results from two large human cohort studies. BMC Med 2020; 18:371. [PMID: 33267887 PMCID: PMC7712977 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the inter-relationship among fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota and metabolites, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in human prospective cohort study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prospective association of fruit and vegetable intake with human gut microbiota and to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable-related gut microbiota and their related metabolites with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. METHODS This study included 1879 middle-age elderly Chinese adults from Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS). Baseline dietary information was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (2008-2013). Fecal samples were collected at follow-up (2015-2019) and analyzed for 16S rRNA sequencing and targeted fecal metabolomics. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin. We used multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models to investigate the prospective associations of fruit and vegetable intake with gut microbiota and the association of the identified gut microbiota (fruit/vegetable-microbiota index) and their related fecal metabolites with T2D risk, respectively. Replications were performed in an independent cohort involving 6626 participants. RESULTS In the GNHS, dietary fruit intake, but not vegetable, was prospectively associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition. The fruit-microbiota index (FMI, created from 31 identified microbial features) was positively associated with fruit intake (p < 0.001) and inversely associated with T2D risk (odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95%CI 0.71-0.97). The FMI-fruit association (p = 0.003) and the FMI-T2D association (OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.84-0.97) were both successfully replicated in the independent cohort. The FMI-positive associated metabolite sebacic acid was inversely associated with T2D risk (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.51-0.86). The FMI-negative associated metabolites cholic acid (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.13-1.62), 3-dehydrocholic acid (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.09-1.54), oleylcarnitine (OR 1.77, 95%CI 1.45-2.20), linoleylcarnitine (OR 1.66, 95%CI 1.37-2.05), palmitoylcarnitine (OR 1.62, 95%CI 1.33-2.02), and 2-hydroglutaric acid (OR 1.47, 95%CI 1.25-1.72) were positively associated with T2D risk. CONCLUSIONS Higher fruit intake-associated gut microbiota and metabolic alteration were associated with a lower risk of T2D, supporting the public dietary recommendation of adopting high fruit intake for the T2D prevention.
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Zhu W, Wang S, Dai H, Xuan L, Deng C, Wang T, Zhao Z, Li M, Lu J, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wang W, Bi Y, Xu M, Ning G. Serum total bile acids associate with risk of incident type 2 diabetes and longitudinal changes in glucose-related metabolic traits. J Diabetes 2020; 12:616-625. [PMID: 32220107 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids have been found to be related to changes in gut microbiota and multiple metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to prospectively investigate associations of serum total bile acids (TBAs) with risk of incident T2D and longitudinal changes in glycemic traits. METHODS A community-based study was conducted at baseline in 2010, including 4968 nondiabetic participants aged ≥40 years followed up for an average of 4.3 years. Incident T2D was defined by using the 1999 WHO criteria based on 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association of serum TBAs with incident T2D. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postload plasma glucose (2-h PPG), and fasting serum insulin (FSI) were measured at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS During 21 653.7 person-years of follow-up, 605 cases of incident diabetes were identified (incidence rate 2.8%). Comparing to quartile 1 of serum TBAs, quartile 2, 3, and 4 were significantly associated with a 14.2%, 15.0%, and 31.4% higher risk of incident T2D (P = .029). Each one unit of log-TBAs was associated with an increase of 0.034 mmol/L in FPG, 0.111 mmol/L in 2-h PPG, 0.023 in log-FSI, and 0.012 in log-HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) (all P ≤ .024). The association was attenuated after further adjustment for HOMA-IR. Mediation analysis showed that insulin resistance indicated by HOMA-IR might mediate 28.5% of indirect effect on the association of TBAs with T2D (P = .0004). CONCLUSIONS Baseline serum TBAs were significantly associated with incident T2D and longitudinal changes in glycemic traits. Insulin resistance might partially mediate the association of TBAs and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dosedělová V, Itterheimová P, Kubáň P. Analysis of bile acids in human biological samples by microcolumn separation techniques: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:68-85. [PMID: 32645223 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are a group of compounds essential for lipid digestion and absorption with a steroid skeleton and a carboxylate side chain usually conjugated to glycine or taurine. Bile acids are regulatory molecules for a number of metabolic processes and can be used as biomarkers of various disorders. Since the middle of the twentieth century, the detection of bile acids has evolved from simple qualitative analysis to accurate quantification in complicated mixtures. Advanced methods are required to characterize and quantify individual bile acids in these mixtures. This article overviews the literature from the last two decades (2000-2020) and focuses on bile acid analysis in various human biological samples. The methods for sample preparation, including the sample treatment of conventional (blood plasma, blood serum, and urine) and unconventional samples (bile, saliva, duodenal/gastric juice, feces, etc.) are shortly discussed. Eventually, the focus is on novel analytical approaches and methods for each particular biological sample, providing an overview of the microcolumn separation techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis, used in their analysis. This is followed by a discussion on selected clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Věra Dosedělová
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Itterheimová
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Mooranian A, Zamani N, Takechi R, Luna G, Mikov M, Goločorbin-Kon S, Kovacevic B, Arfuso F, Al-Salami H. Modulatory Nano/Micro Effects of Diabetes Development on Pharmacology of Primary and Secondary Bile Acids Concentrations. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:900-909. [PMID: 32013849 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200204115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that hyperglycaemia influences the bile acid profile and concentrations of secondary bile acids in the gut. INTRODUCTION This study aimed to measure changes in the bile acid profile in the gut, tissues, and faeces in type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). METHODS T1D and T2D were established in a mouse model. Twenty-one seven-weeks old balb/c mice were randomly divided into three equal groups, healthy, T1D and T2D. Blood, tissue, urine and faeces samples were collected for bile acid measurements. RESULTS Compared with healthy mice, T1D and T2D mice showed lower levels of the primary bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, in the plasma, intestine, and brain, and higher levels of the secondary bile acid, lithocholic acid, in the plasma and pancreas. Levels of the bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid were undetected in healthy mice but were found to be elevated in T1D and T2D mice. CONCLUSION Bile acid profiles in other organs were variably influenced by T1D and T2D development, which suggests similarity in effects of T1D and T2D on the bile acid profile, but these effects were not always consistent among all organs, possibly since feedback mechanisms controlling enterohepatic recirculation and bile acid profiles and biotransformation are different in T1D and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nassim Zamani
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Bozica Kovacevic
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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