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Kwak C, Park C, Ko M, Im CY, Moon H, Park YH, Kim SY, Lee S, Kang MG, Kwon HJ, Hong E, Seo JK, Rhee HW. Identification of proteomic landscape of drug-binding proteins in live cells by proximity-dependent target ID. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1739-1753.e6. [PMID: 36272407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Direct identification of the proteins targeted by small molecules can provide clues for disease diagnosis, prevention, and drug development. Despite concentrated attempts, there are still technical limitations associated with the elucidation of direct interactors. Herein, we report a target-ID system called proximity-based compound-binding protein identification (PROCID), which combines our direct analysis workflow of proximity-labeled proteins (Spot-ID) with the HaloTag system to efficiently identify the dynamic proteomic landscape of drug-binding proteins. We successfully identified well-known dasatinib-binding proteins (ABL1, ABL2) and confirmed the unapproved dasatinib-binding kinases (e.g., BTK and CSK) in a live chronic myeloid leukemia cell line. PROCID also identified the DNA helicase protein SMARCA2 as a dasatinib-binding protein, and the ATPase domain was confirmed to be the binding site of dasatinib using a proximity ligation assay (PLA) and in cellulo biotinylation assay. PROCID thus provides a robust method to identify unknown drug-interacting proteins in live cells that expedites the mode of action of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhwan Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cheolhun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Minjeong Ko
- Chemical Genomics Leader Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chun Young Im
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Heegyum Moon
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Park
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Chemical Genomics Leader Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Eunmi Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea; UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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2
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Piletska E, Thompson D, Jones R, Cruz AG, Poblocka M, Canfarotta F, Norman R, Macip S, Jones DJL, Piletsky S. Snapshot imprinting as a tool for surface mapping and identification of novel biomarkers of senescent cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:5304-5311. [PMID: 36540121 PMCID: PMC9724690 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence has proved to be a strong contributor to ageing and age-related diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Therefore, the protein content of senescent cells is highly relevant to drug discovery, diagnostics and therapeutic applications. However, current technologies for the analysis of proteins are based on a combination of separation techniques and mass spectrometry, which require handling large sample sizes and a large volume of data and are time-consuming. This limits their application in personalised medicine. An easy, quick and inexpensive procedure is needed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins expressed by a cell or tissue. Here, we describe the use of the "snapshot imprinting" approach for the identification of proteins differentially expressed by senescent cells. Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIPs) were formed in the presence of whole cells. Following trypsinolysis, protein epitopes protected by complex with MIPs were eluted from the nanoparticles and analysed by LC-MS/MS. In this work, "snapshot imprinting" was performed parallel to a standard proteomic "shaving approach", showing similar results. The analysis by "snapshot imprinting" identified three senescent-specific proteins: cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase, partitioning defective three homolog B and putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX57, the abundance of which could potentially make them specific markers of senescence. Identifying biomarkers for the future elimination of senescent cells grants the potential for developing therapeutics for age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piletska
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Dana Thompson
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Alvaro Garcia Cruz
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Marta Poblocka
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Francesco Canfarotta
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Rachel Norman
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya 08018 Barcelona Spain
| | - Salvador Macip
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya 08018 Barcelona Spain
| | - Donald J L Jones
- Department of Cancer Studies, RKCSB, University of Leicester Leicester LE2 7LX UK
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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3
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Cellular senescence in the Aging Brain: A promising target for neurodegenerative diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 204:111675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Morsli S, Doherty GJ, Muñoz-Espín D. Activatable senoprobes and senolytics: Novel strategies to detect and target senescent cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 202:111618. [PMID: 34990647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically active compounds that manipulate cellular senescence (senotherapies) have recently shown great promise in multiple pre-clinical disease models, and some of them are now being tested in clinical trials. Despite promising proof-of-principle evidence, there are known on- and off-target toxicities associated with these compounds, and therefore more refined and novel strategies to improve their efficacy and specificity for senescent cells are being developed. Preferential release of drugs and macromolecular formulations within senescent cells has been predominantly achieved by exploiting one of the most widely used biomarkers of senescence, the increase in lysosomal senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, a common feature of most reported senescent cell types. Galacto-conjugation is a versatile therapeutic and detection strategy to facilitate preferential targeting of senescent cells by using a variety of existing formulations, including modular systems, nanocarriers, activatable prodrugs, probes, and small molecules. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these specific senescence targeting tools and how the strategy of galacto-conjugation might be utilised to design more specific and sophisticated next-generation senotherapeutics, as well as theranostic agents. Finally, we discuss some innovative strategies and possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Morsli
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gary J Doherty
- Department of Oncology, Box 193, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Muñoz-Espín
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection Programme, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Targeted clearance of senescent cells using an antibody-drug conjugate against a specific membrane marker. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20358. [PMID: 34645909 PMCID: PMC8514501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of diseases have been shown to be influenced by the accumulation of senescent cells, from fibrosis to diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's and other age-related pathologies. Consistent with this, clearance of senescent cells can prolong healthspan and lifespan in in vivo models. This provided a rationale for developing a new class of drugs, called senolytics, designed to selectively eliminate senescent cells in human tissues. The senolytics tested so far lack specificity and have significant off-target effects, suggesting that a targeted approach could be more clinically relevant. Here, we propose to use an extracellular epitope of B2M, a recently identified membrane marker of senescence, as a target for the specific delivery of toxic drugs into senescent cells. We show that an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) against B2M clears senescent cells by releasing duocarmycin into them, while an isotype control ADC was not toxic for these cells. This effect was dependent on p53 expression and therefore more evident in stress-induced senescence. Non-senescent cells were not affected by either antibody, confirming the specificity of the treatment. Our results provide a proof-of-principle assessment of a novel approach for the specific elimination of senescent cells using a second generation targeted senolytic against proteins of their surfaceome, which could have clinical applications in pathological ageing and associated diseases.
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Rada M, Kapelanski-Lamoureux A, Petrillo S, Tabariès S, Siegel P, Reynolds AR, Lazaris A, Metrakos P. Runt related transcription factor-1 plays a central role in vessel co-option of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Commun Biol 2021; 4:950. [PMID: 34376784 PMCID: PMC8355374 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRCLM) has two major histopathological growth patterns: angiogenic desmoplastic and non-angiogenic replacement. The replacement lesions obtain their blood supply through vessel co-option, wherein the cancer cells hijack pre-existing blood vessels of the surrounding liver tissue. Consequentially, anti-angiogenic therapies are less efficacious in CRCLM patients with replacement lesions. However, the mechanisms which drive vessel co-option in the replacement lesions are unknown. Here, we show that Runt Related Transcription Factor-1 (RUNX1) overexpression in the cancer cells of the replacement lesions drives cancer cell motility via ARP2/3 to achieve vessel co-option. Furthermore, overexpression of RUNX1 in the cancer cells is mediated by Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGFβ1) and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1). Importantly, RUNX1 knockdown impaired the metastatic capability of colorectal cancer cells in vivo and induced the development of angiogenic lesions in liver. Our results confirm that RUNX1 may be a potential target to overcome vessel co-option in CRCLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Rada
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie Petrillo
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Tabariès
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Siegel
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Anthoula Lazaris
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter Metrakos
- Cancer Research Program, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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7
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Park JM, Yang SW, Zhuang W, Bera AK, Liu Y, Gurbani D, von Hoyningen-Huene SJ, Sakurada SM, Gan H, Pruett-Miller SM, Westover KD, Potts MB. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRMS inhibits autophagy and promotes tumor growth by phosphorylating the scaffolding protein FKBP51. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001281. [PMID: 34077419 PMCID: PMC8202955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-responsive protein kinases control the balance between anabolic growth and catabolic processes such as autophagy. Aberrant regulation of these kinases is a major cause of human disease. We report here that the vertebrate nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src-related kinase lacking C-terminal regulatory tyrosine and N-terminal myristylation sites (SRMS) inhibits autophagy and promotes growth in a nutrient-responsive manner. Under nutrient-replete conditions, SRMS phosphorylates the PHLPP scaffold FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), disrupts the FKBP51-PHLPP complex, and promotes FKBP51 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This prevents PHLPP-mediated dephosphorylation of AKT, causing sustained AKT activation that promotes growth and inhibits autophagy. SRMS is amplified and overexpressed in human cancers where it drives unrestrained AKT signaling in a kinase-dependent manner. SRMS kinase inhibition activates autophagy, inhibits cancer growth, and can be accomplished using the FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. This illuminates SRMS as a targetable vulnerability in human cancers and as a new target for pharmacological induction of autophagy in vertebrates. This study describes the discovery and characterization of a nutrient-sensitive signaling pathway that drives growth and inhibits autophagy in mammalian cells. This pathway, which involves the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRMS and the PHLPP scaffold protein FKBP51, promotes tumor growth and is amenable to pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mi Park
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
| | - Seung Wook Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Gurbani
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sergei J. von Hoyningen-Huene
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sadie Miki Sakurada
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Haiyun Gan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shondra M. Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Malia B. Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Falcicchio M, Ward JA, Macip S, Doveston RG. Regulation of p53 by the 14-3-3 protein interaction network: new opportunities for drug discovery in cancer. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:126. [PMID: 33298896 PMCID: PMC7669891 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancers evolve to disable the p53 pathway, a key tumour suppressor mechanism that prevents transformation and malignant cell growth. However, only ~50% exhibit inactivating mutations of p53, while in the rest its activity is suppressed by changes in the proteins that modulate the pathway. Therefore, restoring p53 activity in cells in which it is still wild type is a highly attractive therapeutic strategy that could be effective in many different cancer types. To this end, drugs can be used to stabilise p53 levels by modulating its regulatory pathways. However, despite the emergence of promising strategies, drug development has stalled in clinical trials. The need for alternative approaches has shifted the spotlight to the 14-3-3 family of proteins, which strongly influence p53 stability and transcriptional activity through direct and indirect interactions. Here, we present the first detailed review of how 14-3-3 proteins regulate p53, with special emphasis on the mechanisms involved in their binding to different members of the pathway. This information will be important to design new compounds that can reactivate p53 in cancer cells by influencing protein-protein interactions. The intricate relationship between the 14-3-3 isoforms and the p53 pathway suggests that many potential drug targets for p53 reactivation could be identified and exploited to design novel antineoplastic therapies with a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Falcicchio
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jake A Ward
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Ageing Lab, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Salvador Macip
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Ageing Lab, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Richard G Doveston
- Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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9
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Ekpenyong‐Akiba AE, Poblocka M, Althubiti M, Rada M, Jurk D, Germano S, Kocsis‐Fodor G, Shi Y, Canales JJ, Macip S. Amelioration of age-related brain function decline by Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13079. [PMID: 31736210 PMCID: PMC6974713 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of aging is the progressive accumulation of senescent cells in organisms, which has been proposed to be a contributing factor to age-dependent organ dysfunction. We recently reported that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an upstream component of the p53 responses to DNA damage. BTK binds to and phosphorylates p53 and MDM2, which results in increased p53 activity. Consistent with this, blocking BTK impairs p53-induced senescence. This suggests that sustained BTK inhibition could have an effect on organismal aging by reducing the presence of senescent cells in tissues. Here, we show that ibrutinib, a clinically approved covalent inhibitor of BTK, prolonged the maximum lifespan of a Zmpste24-/- progeroid mice, which also showed a reduction in general age-related fitness loss. Importantly, we found that certain brain functions were preserved, as seen by reduced anxiety-like behaviour and better long-term spatial memory. This was concomitant to a decrease in the expression of specific markers of senescence in the brain, which confirms a lower accumulation of senescent cells after BTK inhibition. Our data show that blocking BTK has a modest increase in lifespan in Zmpste24-/- mice and protects them from a decline in brain performance. This suggests that specific inhibitors could be used in humans to treat progeroid syndromes and prevent the age-related degeneration of organs such as the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akang E. Ekpenyong‐Akiba
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Marta Poblocka
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Mohammad Althubiti
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Umm Al‐Qura University Mecca Saudi Arabia
| | - Miran Rada
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Diana Jurk
- Ageing Research Laboratories Institute for Ageing and Health Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Centre for Integrated Systems Biology of Ageing and Nutrition Institute for Ageing and Health Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Sandra Germano
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Gabriella Kocsis‐Fodor
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Yu Shi
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Juan J. Canales
- Division of Psychology School of Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - Salvador Macip
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of Leicester Leicester UK
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