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Allen M, Lazor J, Nirmalanathan K, Nowacki A. Women at the top: a qualitative study of women in leadership positions in emergency medicine in Canada. CAN J EMERG MED 2024:10.1007/s43678-024-00751-y. [PMID: 39073699 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-024-00751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For the last two decades, more than half of Canadian medical students have been women, with an increasing number of medical trainees choosing emergency medicine as their careers. Despite a proportional increase of women in full-time faculty positions in emergency medicine, women are still underrepresented in leadership. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of women leaders in emergency medicine to identify common themes that may have contributed to their acquisition of leadership roles. METHODS Participants included women emergency medicine physicians in Canada who currently or previously held a leadership position. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Inductive thematic analysis was performed on the interview transcripts. Transcribed data were coded and categorized into recurrent themes. A narrative summary of the most impactful themes was presented. RESULTS Twenty participants were interviewed. Most participants perceived career opportunities were due to chance, related to personal skill set, or required additional training. Participants highlighted the importance of mentorship and sponsorship. Gender expectations and traditional gender roles were perceived as having a negative impact on career leadership success. Participants acknowledged the need for women in leadership to empower younger generations of women to become leaders. For future emergency medicine leaders, participants suggested applying for leadership positions early, networking, and seeking mentorship. Potential supportive changes to leadership structures included explicit parental leave policies, flexible scheduling, and job sharing to encourage women leaders. CONCLUSION To date, there has been no Canadian specific study exploring the factors contributing to the success of women leaders in emergency medicine. This study examines career advancement of women leaders in emergency medicine and provides useful insight to those aspiring to grow their careers, as well as to mentors and sponsors of women in emergency medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Allen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Janelle Lazor
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anna Nowacki
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Grock A, Fan T, Berger M, Riddell J. FOAM authorship: Who's teaching our learners? AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2024; 8:e10995. [PMID: 38813090 PMCID: PMC11130452 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Background Free open-access medical education (FOAM) is extremely popular among learners and educators despite lacking the traditional peer review process. Despite the potential for inaccurate, low-quality, or biased content, little has been published describing FOAM authors. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 12 months of content from the top 25 blogs in the 2020 Social Media Index from August 2020-2021. We recorded the number of posts per site and descriptive characteristics of authors, including gender affiliation, conflicts of interest (COI) statements, and type of practice (academic, community, or hybrid). Results We identified 2141 posts by 1001 authors. More than half were produced by six websites: EM Docs (266), Life in the Fast Lane (232), EMCrit (188), ALiEM (185), Don't Forget the Bubbles (181), and Rebel EM (174). Most content (1680 posts, 78.5%) lacked a COI statement. Authors were mostly academic (89%), mostly held MD degrees (67.4%), and were mostly men (59.7%). Geographically, most FOAM authors reside in the United States (59.5%), Canada (22.42%), or the United Kingdom (9.4%). Conclusions Of all the posts in the top 25 sites in 2020, more than half came from six sites, and authors were largely North American men in academics with MD degrees. Learners, content creators, and educators should consider the ways in which a more diverse authorship pool might bring value to the FOAM educational experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Grock
- Department of Emergency MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Emergency MedicineGreater Los Angeles VA SystemLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tiffany Fan
- Department of Emergency MedicineHarbor‐UCLA Medical CenterWest CarsonCaliforniaUSA
| | - Max Berger
- Department of Emergency MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeffrey Riddell
- Clinical Emergency MedicineKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaCaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
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Kraft R, Mercuri M, Clayton N, Worster A, Mercier E, Emond M, Varner C, McLeod SL, Eagles D, Stiell I, Barbic D, Morris J, Jeanmonod R, Kagoma YK, Shoamanesh A, Engels PT, Sharma S, Papaioannou A, Parpia S, Buchanan I, Ali M, de Wit K. Emergency physician gender and head computed tomography orders for older adults who have fallen. Acad Emerg Med 2024. [PMID: 38644592 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physicians vary in their computed tomography (CT) scan usage. It remains unclear how physician gender relates to clinical practice or patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the association between physician gender and decision to order head CT scans for older emergency patients who had fallen. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study conducted in 11 hospital emergency departments (EDs) in Canada and the United States. The primary study enrolled patients who were 65 years and older who presented to the ED after a fall. The analysis evaluated treating physician gender adjusted for multiple clinical variables. Primary analysis used a hierarchical logistic regression model to evaluate the association between treating physician gender and the patient receiving a head CT scan. Secondary analysis reported the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for diagnosing intracranial bleeding by physician gender. RESULTS There were 3663 patients and 256 physicians included in the primary analysis. In the adjusted analysis, women physicians were no more likely to order a head CT than men (OR 1.26, 95% confidence interval 0.98-1.61). In the secondary analysis of 2294 patients who received a head CT, physician gender was not associated with finding a clinically important intracranial bleed. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant association between physician gender and ordering head CT scans for older emergency patients who had fallen. For patients where CT scans were ordered, there was no significant relationship between physician gender and the diagnosis of clinically important intracranial bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Kraft
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathew Mercuri
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Clayton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Emergency Department, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Worster
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Mercier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- VITAM-Centre de Recherche en Santé Durable, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcel Emond
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- VITAM-Centre de Recherche en Santé Durable, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Varner
- Schwartz/Reisman Emergency Medicine Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley L McLeod
- Schwartz/Reisman Emergency Medicine Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debra Eagles
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Stiell
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Barbic
- Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judy Morris
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Jeanmonod
- Emergency Medicine, St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoan K Kagoma
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul T Engels
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunjay Sharma
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sameer Parpia
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Clinical Oncology Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariyam Ali
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ulintz AJ, Tyransky A, Archual GM, Kadish CB, Panchal AR. Clinical duties and compensation for U.S. emergency medicine fellows at academic centers: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2024; 8:e10959. [PMID: 38525363 PMCID: PMC10955618 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective Fellowship training is increasingly popular among residency graduates and critical to the advancement of academic emergency medicine (EM). Little is known about the clinical hours worked and financial compensation received by fellows during training. We sought to describe the clinical duties and financial compensation of EM fellows at U.S. academic centers. Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed U.S. academic EM department administrators who were members of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine's Academy of Administrators in Academic Emergency Medicine (AAAEM) regarding their fellowship programs and fellows. We electronically distributed the validated survey instrument to 73 member sites between October 2022 and January 2023. Survey domains included fellow and fellowship demographics, base and total annual clinical hours, and base and total annual compensation. We calculated descriptive statistics and compared fellows by accreditation (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education [ACGME] or non-ACGME) using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum testing. We conducted a secondary analysis of base and total salary by gender and accreditation using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing. Results We received 38 institutional responses (response rate 52%), which represented 217 individual fellows. Nearly three-fourths (n = 158, 72.8%) of fellows enrolled in non-ACGME fellowships, worked 33% more base hours annually than ACGME fellows (median 571 h vs. 768 h, p < 0.001), and received base compensation 20% higher than ACGME fellows ($88,540 vs. $70,777, p < 0.001). Accounting for additional compensation, the median total annual compensation for non-ACGME fellows remained 11% higher than ACGME fellows ($105,000 vs. $93,853, p = 0.004). We observed no significant differences salary when stratified by gender. Conclusions Most EM fellows at U.S. academic institutions enrolled in non-ACGME fellowships with significantly higher base hours and financial compensation than ACGME fellowships. These results represent the first description of the clinical hours and financial compensation of academic EM fellows and should be considered in ongoing benchmarking efforts by AAAEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Ulintz
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Alyssa Tyransky
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Gregory M. Archual
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Chelsea B. Kadish
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
- Division of Emergency MedicineNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ashish R. Panchal
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
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Jagelaviciute G, Bouwsema M, Walker M, Steer M, Dagnone D, Brennan E. "I am the doctor": gender-based bias within the clinical practice of emergency medicine in Canada-a thematic analysis of physician and trainee interview data. CAN J EMERG MED 2024; 26:249-258. [PMID: 38519829 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-024-00672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While women comprise about half of current Canadian medical students and physicians, only 31% of emergency medicine physicians identify as women and women trainees are less likely to express interest in emergency medicine compared to men. Gender-based bias continues to negatively impact the career choice, progress, and well-being of women physicians/trainees. Although instances of gender-based bias are well documented within other medical specialties, there remains a gap in the literature addressing the role of gender specific to the Canadian emergency medicine clinical environment. METHODS Using a qualitative study with a thematic analytical approach, participants were purposively and snowball sampled from a cross-section of centers across Canada and included emergency medicine attending physicians and trainees. A thematic analysis using an inductive and deductive approach was undertaken. All data were double coded to improve study trustworthiness. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population. RESULTS Thirty-four individuals (17 woman-identifying and 17 man-identifying) from 10 different institutions across 4 provinces in Canada participated in the study. Six themes were identified: (1) women experience gender bias in the form of microaggressions; (2) women experience imposter syndrome and question their role in the clinical setting; (3) more women provide patient care to women patients and vulnerable populations; (4) gender-related challenges with family planning and home responsibilities affect work-life balance; (5) allyship and sponsorship are important for the support and development of women physicians and trainees; and (6) women value discussing shared experiences with other women to debrief situations, find mentorship, and share advice. CONCLUSIONS Gender inequity in emergency medicine affects women-identifying providers at all levels of training across Canada. Described experiences support several avenues to implement change against perceived gender bias that is focused on education, policy, and supportive spaces. We encourage institutions to consider these recommendations to achieve gender-equitable conditions in emergency medicine across Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Jagelaviciute
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Melissa Bouwsema
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Walker
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Molly Steer
- Undergraduate Medical Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Damon Dagnone
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Erin Brennan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Russel SM, Carter TM, Wright ST, Hirshfield LE. How Do Academic Medicine Pathways Differ for Underrepresented Trainees and Physicians? A Critical Scoping Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:00001888-990000000-00537. [PMID: 37556817 PMCID: PMC10834859 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Academic medicine faces difficulty recruiting and retaining a diverse workforce. The proportion of medical students who are underrepresented in medicine (URiM) is smaller than the proportion of URiM's in the general population, and these numbers worsen with each step up the academic medicine ladder. Previously known as the "leaky pipeline," this phenomenon may be better understood as disparate "pathways with potholes," which acknowledges the different structural barriers that URiM trainees and faculty face in academic medicine. This critical scoping review analyzed current literature to determine what variables contribute to the inequitable "pathways and potholes" URiM physicians experience in academic medicine. METHOD The authors combined scoping review methodology with a critical lens. The comprehensive search strategy used terms about academic medicine, underrepresented groups, and leaving academic medical careers. One reviewer conducted screening, full text review, and data extraction while in consultation with members of the research team. Data extraction focused on themes related to pathways and potholes, such as attrition, recruitment, and retention in academic medicine. Themes were iteratively merged, and quality of contribution to the field and literature gaps were noted. RESULTS Included papers clustered into attrition, recruitment, and retention. Those pertaining to attrition noted that URiM faculty are less likely to get promoted even when controlling for scholarly output, and a hostile work environment may exacerbate attrition. Recruitment and retention strategies were most effective when multi-pronged approaches changed every step of the recruitment and promotion processes. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide examples of various "potholes" that can affect representation in academic medicine of URiM trainees and faculty. However, only a few studies examined the link between isolating and hostile work environments, the so-called "chilly climate," and attrition from academic medicine. Understanding these concepts is key to producing the most effective interventions to improve diversity in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- S.M. Russel is a third-year resident physician, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-8047
| | - Taylor M Carter
- T.M. Carter is a fourth-year resident physician, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and a surgical education fellow, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah T Wright
- S.T. Wright is a librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura E Hirshfield
- L.E. Hirshfield is The Dr. Georges Bordage Medical Education Faculty Scholar and associate professor of medical education and sociology, Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-2994
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Levine MC, Lin T, Baird J, Constantine E. The Gender Landscape of Academic Pediatric Emergency Medicine: An Observational Study of Leadership Positions as Described by Fellowship Programs' Online Presence. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:418-422. [PMID: 37159344 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many areas of medicine are male dominated, pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) is a female-dominated subspecialty. Despite this, executive leadership within PEM remains male dominated. The aim of this study was to describe the gender landscape of the key positions within academic PEM fellowship programs within the United States, as described by PEM fellowships' online presence. METHODS Using the 2021-2022 Electronic Residency Application Service American Association of Medical Colleges Pediatric Fellowships ( services.aamc.org/eras/erasstats/par/ ) application service, we were able to identify published information from 84 academic PEM fellowship programs in the United States. Each program's Web site was evaluated to determine which individuals held the position of chief or chair, medical director, and fellowship director. These individuals' genders were then cross-referenced with the National Provider Inventory database. RESULTS There were 154 executive leadership roles (division chief or medical director) in total. The executive leadership role was significantly different by gender ( z score: 2.54, P < 0.01), with greater male representation (n = 61; 62.9%) among identified executive leadership roles (n = 97). There were significantly more men for the medical director role ( z score: 2.06, P < 0.05). Female representation was greater than male in the fellowship program director role (n = 53; 67.9%) among listed roles ( z score: -3.17, P < 0.001). This gender landscape among key leadership positions was not influenced by the geographic location of the PEM fellowship program. CONCLUSIONS Although PEM is a female-dominated specialty, executive leadership positions continue to be male dominated. To promote improved gender representation within leadership positions in PEM, PEM fellowship programs must provide consistent and easily accessible executive leadership descriptions within their online storefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla C Levine
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Timmy Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University and Injury Prevention Center, Providence, RI
| | - Janette Baird
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University and Injury Prevention Center, Providence, RI
| | - Erika Constantine
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Barrick L, Bechtel K, Cooper G, Hall JE, Levine DA, Reichard KG, Reed J, White ML, Langhan ML. Building the Foundation: A Call to Action for Baseline Data. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:294-295. [PMID: 36625447 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Reisdorff EJ, Masselink LE, Gallahue FE, Suter RE, Chappell BP, Evans DD, Salsberg E, Marco CA. Factors associated with emergency physician income. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2023; 4:e12949. [PMID: 37064163 PMCID: PMC10090942 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Income fairness is important, but there are limited data that describe income equity among emergency physicians. Understanding the magnitude of and factors associated with income differences may be helpful in eliminating disparities. This study analyzed the associations of demographic factors, training, practice setting, and board certification with emergency physician income. Methods We distributed a survey to professional members of the American College of Emergency Physicians. The survey included questions on annual income, educational background, practice characteristics, gender, age, race, ethnicity, international medical graduate status, type of medical degree (MD vs DO), completion of a subspecialty fellowship, job characteristics, and board certification. Respondents also reported annual income. We used linear regression to determine the respondent characteristics associated with reported annual income. Results From 45,961 members we received 3407 responses (7.4%); 2350 contained complete data for regression analysis. The mean reported annual income was $315,306 (95% confidence interval [CI], $310,649 to $319,964). The mean age of the respondents was 47.4 years, 37.4% were women, 3.2% were races underrepresented in medicine (Black, American Indian, or Alaskan Native), and 4.8% were Hispanic or Latino. On linear regression, female gender was associated with lower reported annual income; difference -$43,565, 95% CI, -$52,217 to -$34,913. Physician age, degree (MD vs DO), underrepresented racial minority status, and underrepresented ethnic minority status were not associated with annual income. Fellowship training was associated with lower income; Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program difference -$30,048; 95% CI, -$48,183 to -$11,912, non-ACGME-program difference -$27,640, 95% CI, -$40,970 to -$14,257. Working at a for-profit institution was associated with higher income; difference $12,290, 95% CI, $3693 to $20,888. Board certification was associated with higher income; difference, $43,267, 95% CI, $30,767 to $55,767. Conclusions This study identified income disparities associated with gender, practice setting, fellowship completion, and American Board of Emergency Medicine or American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine certification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leah E. Masselink
- George Washington University Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce EquityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Fiona E. Gallahue
- Department of Emergency MedicineThe University of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Robert E. Suter
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Texas SouthwesternDallasTexasUSA
- Department of Military MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Brad P. Chappell
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California, Harbor‐UCLA Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dian D. Evans
- Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of NursingAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ed Salsberg
- George Washington University Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce EquityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Catherine A. Marco
- Department of Emergency MedicinePenn State Health, Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
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10
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Lu DW, Shin J, Wan C, Rea TD, Crowe RP, Meischke HW, Counts CR. Burnout and Workplace Incivility Among Emergency Medical Services Practitioners: A Preliminary Report. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2023; 27:413-417. [PMID: 36749661 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2023.2175088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Burnout has detrimental consequences for health care organizations, clinicians, and the quality of care that patients receive. Prior work suggests that workplace incivility (negative interpersonal acts) contributes to burnout. While workplace incivility is linked to EMS practitioner job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and planned attrition, the relationship between workplace incivility and burnout has not been evaluated among EMS practitioners. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and association of burnout and workplace incivility among EMS practitioners. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of EMS personnel in King County, Washington was performed in January to March of 2021 with burnout as the primary outcome and workplace incivility as a secondary outcome. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between outcomes and EMS practitioner factors that included age, sex, race/ethnicity, years of EMS experience, and current job role. RESULTS 835 completed surveys were received (response rate 25%). The prevalence of burnout was 39.2%. Women were more likely to have burnout than men (59.3% vs. 33.7%, aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.7). Workplace incivility was experienced weekly by 32.1% of respondents, with women more likely to experience incivility compared to men (41.9% vs. 27.2%, aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3). Respondents who experienced frequent workplace incivility were more likely to have burnout than those who did not experience frequent incivility (61.9% vs. 38.1%, OR 4.0, 95% CI 3.0-5.5). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of burnout and workplace incivility were concerning among EMS practitioners, with women more likely to experience both compared to men. EMS practitioners who experienced frequent workplace incivility were also more likely to have burnout than those who did not experience frequent incivility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave W Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jenny Shin
- Emergency Medical Services Division, Public Health Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher Wan
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas D Rea
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Hendrika W Meischke
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, Hans Rosling Center for Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine R Counts
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Holladay CL, Cavanaugh KJ, Perkins LD, Woods AL. Inclusivity in Leader Selection: An 8-Step Process to Promote Representation of Women and Racial/Ethnic Minorities in Leadership. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:36-42. [PMID: 36044272 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
At a systemic level, organizations need to take intentional steps to build inclusion, equity, and diversity at all levels. In accordance with this need, organizations have been catalyzed by national conversations surrounding gender and racial/ethnic discrimination to generate sustainable change that addresses the disenfranchisement of women and racial/ethnic minorities. Although progress toward addressing the systemic issues that perpetuate these inequities has been made in recent years, research indicates that underrepresentation at the leadership level persists in academic medicine. Further, those in more senior roles are more likely to select, sponsor, and/or mentor individuals like themselves, thereby depriving minority populations of experiences directly correlated with career development and advancement. Hence, the authors posit a focus on the characteristics and competencies of a leader along with a structured selection process is an effective intervention to reduce bias and support inclusion by recalibrating the representation of leadership within academic medical centers. To this end, the authors developed a sequential 8-step leader selection process informed by their model of leadership characteristics and competencies. This process includes a policy update, selection of interview panels, training of panelists, screening the candidate pool, structured interview guides, final candidate slates, assessments of final candidates, and development of newly selected leaders. By following this process, the authors' organization has seen an increase in the representation of women and racial/ethnic minority leaders, an increase in employees' favorable perceptions specific to representation, and data indicative of developing and maintaining an internal diverse leadership candidate pipeline. Ultimately, inclusion makes stronger and more resilient organizations. By following a standardized process grounded in leadership characteristics and competencies, academic medical centers can see changes in their leadership that mirror the populations they lead and serve. Using such processes can lead to the kind of systemic change needed to create inclusive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Holladay
- C.L. Holladay is associate vice president, Leadership Institute, Human Resources, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Katelyn J Cavanaugh
- K.J. Cavanaugh is senior analyst, Leadership Institute, Human Resources, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Larry D Perkins
- L.D. Perkins was associate vice president of talent and diversity, Human Resources, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, at the time of writing. He is currently retired
| | - Amanda L Woods
- A.L. Woods is associate analyst, Leadership Institute, Human Resources, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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12
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Kayani J, Reed J, Safdar B, Langhan ML. Women in pediatric emergency medicine: Trends in gender from 2000 to 2020. Acad Emerg Med 2022. [PMID: 36545838 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Reed
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Basmah Safdar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa L Langhan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Darby A, Cleveland Manchanda EC, Janeway H, Samra S, Hicks MN, Long R, Gipson KA, Chary AN, Adjei BA, Khanna K, Pierce A, Kaltiso SAO, Spadafore S, Tsai J, Dekker A, Thiessen ME, Foster J, Diaz R, Mizuno M, Schoenfeld E. Race, racism, and antiracism in emergency medicine: A scoping review of the literature and research agenda for the future. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:1383-1398. [PMID: 36200540 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to conduct a scoping review of the literature and develop consensus-derived research priorities for future research inquiry in an effort to (1) identify and summarize existing research related to race, racism, and antiracism in emergency medicine (EM) and adjacent fields and (2) set the agenda for EM research in these topic areas. METHODS A scoping review of the literature using PubMed and EMBASE databases, as well as review of citations from included articles, formed the basis for discussions with community stakeholders, who in turn helped to inform and shape the discussion and recommendations of participants in the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) consensus conference. Through electronic surveys and two virtual meetings held in April 2021, consensus was reached on terminology, language, and priority research questions, which were rated on importance or impact (highest, medium, lower) and feasibility or ease of answering (easiest, moderate, difficult). RESULTS A total of 344 articles were identified through the literature search, of which 187 met inclusion criteria; an additional 34 were identified through citation review. Findings of racial inequities in EM and related fields were grouped in 28 topic areas, from which emerged 44 key research questions. A dearth of evidence for interventions to address manifestations of racism in EM was noted throughout. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of racism in EM emerged in nearly every facet of our literature. Key research priorities identified through consensus processes provide a roadmap for addressing and eliminating racism and other systems of oppression in EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Darby
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Hannah Janeway
- Department of EM, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shamsher Samra
- Department of EM, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marquita Norman Hicks
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ruby Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katrina A Gipson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anita N Chary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Brenda A Adjei
- National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kajal Khanna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ava Pierce
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sheri-Ann O Kaltiso
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sophia Spadafore
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Tsai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Annette Dekker
- Department of EM, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Molly E Thiessen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jordan Foster
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rose Diaz
- Department of EM, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mikaela Mizuno
- University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schoenfeld
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Cleveland Manchanda EC, Ling AY, Bottcher JL, Marsh RH, Brown DFM, Bennett CL, Yiadom MYAB. Three decades of demographic trends among academic emergency physicians. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2022; 3:e12781. [PMID: 35982985 PMCID: PMC9375047 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe trends in emergency medicine faculty demographics, examining changes in the proportion of historically underrepresented groups including female, Black, and Latinx faculty over time. Methods Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges faculty roster (1990-2020) were used to assess the changing demographics of full-time emergency medicine faculty. Descriptive statistics, graphic visualizations, and logistic regression modeling were used to illustrate trends in the proportion of female, Black, and Latinx faculty. Odds ratios (OR) were used to describe the estimated annual rate of change of underrepresented demographic groups. Results The number of full-time emergency medicine faculty increased from 214 in 1990 to 5874 in 2020. Female emergency medicine faculty demonstrated increases in representation overall, from 35 (16.36%) in 1990 to 2247 (38.25%) in 2020, suggesting a 3% estimated annual rate of increase (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.03-1.04) and within each academic rank. A very small positive trend was noted among Latinx faculty (n = 3, 1.40% in 1990 to n = 326, 5.55% in 2020; OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02), whereas an even smaller, statistically insignificant increase was observed among Black emergency medicine faculty during the 31-year study period (N = 9, 4.21% in 1990 and N = 266, 4.53% in 2020; OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.00). Conclusions Although female physicians have progressed toward equitable representation among academic emergency medicine faculty, no meaningful progress has been made toward racial parity. The persistent underrepresentation of Black and Latinx physicians in the academic emergency medicine workforce underscores the need for urgent structural changes to address contemporary manifestations of racism in academic medicine and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Cleveland Manchanda
- Department of Emergency MedicineBoston Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Albee Y. Ling
- Quantitative Sciences UnitStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Regan H. Marsh
- Department of Emergency MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - David F. M. Brown
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Emergency MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christopher L. Bennett
- Department of Emergency MedicineStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maame Yaa A. B. Yiadom
- Department of Emergency MedicineStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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15
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Balanay JAG, Mitchell LD, Richards SL. Racial and Gender Diversity Among Students and Faculty in EHAC-Accredited Environmental Health Sciences Programs: Trend Analysis from 2009 to 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221112917. [PMID: 35899223 PMCID: PMC9309757 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221112917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diversity in the environmental health sciences (EHS) workforce is crucial in providing culturally sensitive services to diverse communities. This may be influenced by academic faculty training a diverse student body in the field of environmental health. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of students and faculty in EHS programs accredited by the National Environmental Health Science and Protection Accreditation Council (EHAC). A retrospective analysis was conducted on secondary data obtained from annual surveys administered to program directors in EHAC-accredited academic programs that included both undergraduate and graduate EHS degrees. The database covered surveys on gender and race that were conducted by EHAC for 12 academic years spanning 2009-2010 to 2020-2021. Results show most students (undergraduate and graduate) were female (54.4% and 52.1%, respectively) and white (61.0% and 50.7%, respectively). Increasing trends were observed over the last 12 years (2009-2021) in female undergraduate (from 53.7% to 59.8%) and graduate (from 47.1% to 60.3%) students and in non-white undergraduate students (from 40.0% to 48.2%). Most faculty (teaching in undergraduate and graduate programs) were male (64.4% and 64.3%, respectively) and white (77.9% and 92.1%, respectively). Increasing trends were observed from 2009 to 2021 in female faculty teaching undergraduate (from 27.7% to 42.2%) and graduate (from 31.3% to 42.1%) students. Native American, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander are consistently the most underrepresented racial groups in both undergraduate and graduate students and faculty. This study provides baseline data on the diversity of students and faculty in EHAC-accredited programs, which is important in informing future research and efforts to increase such diversity. Gender and racial disparity in EHS students and faculty needs to be addressed to provide necessary support to women and non-White constituents by institutional change in culture through active recruitment and by stronger collaboration between professional organizations and minority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Anne G Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program,
Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human
Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Leslie D Mitchell
- National Environmental Health Science
and Protection Accreditation Council (EHAC), Burien, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program,
Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human
Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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16
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Jarman AF, Hobgood CD, Madsen TE. Moving Beyond Gender Disparities: A Call to Action for Gender Parity and Equity. Ann Emerg Med 2022; 80:65-67. [PMID: 35717113 PMCID: PMC10046989 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela F Jarman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California-Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Cherri D Hobgood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tracy E Madsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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17
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Linden JA, Baird J, Madsen TE, Rounds K, Lall MD, Raukar NP, Fang A, Lin M, Sethuraman K, Dobiesz VA. Diversity of leadership in academic emergency medicine: Are we making progress? Am J Emerg Med 2022; 57:6-13. [PMID: 35462120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faculty who identify as women or racial/ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine (URiM) are less likely to occupy senior leadership positions or be promoted. Recent attention has focused on interventions to decrease this gap; thus, we aim to evaluate changes in leadership and academic promotion for these populations over time. METHODS Successive cross-sectional observational study of six years (2015 to 2020) of data from the Academy of Administrators/Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine- Benchmark Survey. Primary analyses focused on gender/URiM differences in leadership roles and academic rank. Secondary analysis focused on disparities during the first 10 years of practice. Statistical modeling was conducted to address the primary aim of assessing differences in gender/URiM representation in EM leadership roles/rank over time. RESULTS 12,967 responses were included (4589 women, 8378 men). Women had less median years as faculty (7 vs 11). Women and URiM were less likely to hold a leadership role and had lower academic rank with no change over the study period. More women were consistently in the early career cohort (within 10 years or less as faculty) : 2015 =-75.0% [95% CI:± 3.8%] v 61.4% [95% CI:± 3.0%]; 2020 =-75.1% [95% CI: ± 2.9%] v 63.3%, [95% CI:: ± 2.5%]. Men were significantly more likely to have any leadership role compared to women in 2015 and 2020 (2015 = 54.3% [95% CI: ± 3.1%] v 44.8%, [95% CI: ± 4.3%]; 2020 = 43.1% [95% CI:± 2.5%] v 34.8 [95% CI:± 3.1%]). Higher academic rank (associate/professor) was significantly more frequent among early career men than women in 2015 (21.1% [95% CI:± 2.58%] v 12.9%; [95% CI:± 3.0%]) and 2020 (23.1% [95% CI:± 2.2%] v 17.4%; [95% CI:± 2.5%]). CONCLUSIONS Disparities in women and URiM faculty leadership and academic rank persist, with no change over a six-year time span. Men early career faculty are more likely to hold leadership positions and be promoted to higher academic rank, suggesting early career inequities must be a target for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Linden
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Janette Baird
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America.
| | - Tracy E Madsen
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, United States of America.
| | - Kirsten Rounds
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, Colorado Animal Specialty & Emergency, United States of America.
| | - Michelle D Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Neha P Raukar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
| | - Andrea Fang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.
| | - Michelle Lin
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Population Health Science & Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Kinjal Sethuraman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Valerie A Dobiesz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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18
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Stavely T, Salhi BA, Lall MD, Zeidan A. "I just assume they don't know that I'm the doctor": Gender bias and professional identity development of women residents. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2022; 6:e10735. [PMID: 35368505 PMCID: PMC8939042 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background The increasing entry of women into medicine, a traditionally male-gendered institution, has revealed much about the gendered politics of medical practice. Women are required to negotiate conflicting gender-normative roles and expectations as they develop their professional identities. Relatively little is known with regard to the study of gender identity and professional development in emergency medicine (EM), with even fewer studies specifically examining women EM residents. Methods This was a qualitative, semistructured interview study conducted at the Emory University Emergency Medicine Residency. Women residents in their first, second, and third years of training were recruited for participation through residency listservs. Interviews were completed using a virtual platform until thematic saturation was reached. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded by two study investigators. The study team met throughout the process to identify codes and themes from the interviews. Results A total of 11 interviews were completed. Participants self-identified as Black (five), White (two), biracial (two). and South Asian (two) and represented all levels of training. Participants identified challenges to providing clinical care and conveying their competency related to their gender and role as physicians in training. Common challenges included role confusion and questioning of their decisions by both patients and colleagues. They identified other aspects of their identity as facilitators for care delivery, specifically race as a facilitator when caring for race-concordant patients. Participants described strategies developed to navigate gender-specific challenges including routinely providing justification for their clinical decisions. Participants also described a need for interventions at the departmental and institutional levels to improve allyship and bystander behaviors. Conclusion Women residents actively negotiate tensions between their gender and role as physicians and develop multifaceted strategies to address challenges in care delivery. Because residency training is a challenging yet formative time in developing one's professional identity, it is important to consider interventions that support women residents and the unique challenges they face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Stavely
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Bisan A. Salhi
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Amy Zeidan
- Department of Emergency MedicineEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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19
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Lu DW, Lee J, Alvarez A, Sakamoto JT, Bird SB, Sundaram V, Lall MD, Nordenholz KE, Manfredi RA, Blomkalns AL. Drivers of professional fulfillment and burnout among emergency medicine faculty: A national wellness survey by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:987-998. [PMID: 35304931 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional fulfillment and the mitigation of burnout can enhance clinician well-being and the resiliency of the health care organization. This study examined the extent to which specific individual and workplace factors are associated with professional fulfillment and burnout among a national sample of academic emergency physicians. METHODS This was a cross-sectional survey of faculty members of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Primary outcomes were professional fulfillment and burnout. The survey also examined individual and workplace factors as well as faculty's thoughts of attrition from academic and clinical medicine. Logistic regression was performed to determine the relationships between each outcome and each factor, respectively. RESULTS A total of 771 of 3130 faculty completed the survey (response rate 24.6%). A total of 38.7% reported professional fulfillment and 39.1% reported burnout. Meaningfulness of work (odds ratio [OR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-2.5), perceived appreciation (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.7-2.1), and the academic work environment (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-1.9) had the highest odds of being associated with professional fulfillment. In contrast, low score responses for meaningfulness of work (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.6), self-compassion (0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.6), and control over schedule (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.6-0.7) were most associated with burnout. Faculty with professional fulfillment were less likely to report plans for attrition from academics (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.1-0.2) and from clinical medicine (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.4). Faculty with burnout were more likely to report plans for attrition from academics (OR 7, 95% CI 4.8-10.4) and clinical medicine (OR 5.7, 95% CI 3.9-8.6). CONCLUSIONS Individual and workplace factors that contributed to professional fulfillment and burnout were identified, with meaningfulness of clinical work demonstrating the strongest association with both occupational phenomena. Knowledge of which factors are most impactful in promoting professional fulfillment and mitigating burnout may be useful in guiding efforts to enhance clinician well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave W. Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington USA
| | - Justin Lee
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Alai Alvarez
- Department of Emergency Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Sakamoto
- Department of Emergency Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Steven B. Bird
- Department of Emergency Medicine UMass Memorial Healthcare and University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Vandana Sundaram
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | | | - Rita A. Manfredi
- Department of Emergency Medicine The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Andra L. Blomkalns
- Department of Emergency Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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20
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Wiler JL, Wendel SK, Rounds K, McGowan B, Baird J. Salary disparities based on gender in academic emergency medicine leadership. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:286-293. [PMID: 34689369 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are significantly fewer women than men in leadership roles in health care. Previous studies have shown that, overall, male physicians earn nearly $20,000 more annually than their female physician colleagues after adjusting for confounding factors. However, there has not been a description of physician leadership compensation in relation to gender. METHODS This was a successive cross-sectional observation study design of 154 emergency departments in the United States from 5 years (2013, 2015-2018) using Association of Academic Chairs in Emergency Medicine and Academy of Administrators in Academic EM survey data. The primary variable of interest, leadership role, was attained by recoding the survey responses to assign primary job duty into four main categories: no leadership role, operations leadership, education leadership, and executive leadership. RESULTS Overall, 8820 responses were included. Across all survey years, the mean (±SD) percentage of women in any leadership role was significantly less than men (44.5% [95% CI: 42.8, 46.2%] vs. 55.3% [95% CI: 54.1, 56.5%]). Women in leadership roles worked more clinical hours than men in the same position (female median = 1008, male median = 960). Women also had significantly lower salaries than men at each of the 5-year time points that data are reported, with unadjusted mean salary differences of -$54,409 per year for executives, -$27,803 for operational leaders, and -$17,803 for education leaders. CONCLUSIONS Female physicians hold fewer leadership roles in academic emergency medicine (EM), and when they do, they work more clinical hours and are paid less than male physicians. As a specialty, EM should continue to investigate and report on gender achievement disparities as work is done to rectify the system inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Wiler
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and UCHealth Denver Colorado USA
| | - Sarah K. Wendel
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | | | - Becky McGowan
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Janette Baird
- Department of Emergency Medicine Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
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21
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Morgenstern J, Challen K, Bond C, Milne WK. Hot Off the Press: Addressing gender inequities: Creation of a multi-institutional consortium of women physicians in academic emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:238-240. [PMID: 35064990 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris Bond
- University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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22
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Larson AR, Englander MJ, Youmans QR, Verduzco-Gutierrez M, Stanford FC, Strong SA, Liu HY, Silver JK. Analysis of Physician Compensation Studies by Gender, Race, and Ethnicity. Health Equity 2022; 6:59-71. [PMID: 36186614 PMCID: PMC9518798 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This report investigated physician compensation studies by gender, race, and ethnicity. Methods: Published U.S. physician compensation studies were assessed. Results: Of the 47 data sets within 46 studies, 36 analyzed compensation by gender and 32 (88.9%) found disparities. Thirteen and eight analyzed for race and ethnicity, with disparities found in four (30.8%) and none, respectively. The sample sizes of the four data sets with differences by race were among the largest in the subset. Conclusion: Most studies demonstrate pay disparities for women, but not for people who identify with underrepresented race/ethnic groups; however, small sample sizes may affect results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Larson
- Department of Dermatology, Georgetown University Medical Center and MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Quentin R. Youmans
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Verduzco-Gutierrez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine at UT San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Fatima Cody Stanford
- Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH Weight Center, Department of Medicine-Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine, Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology, Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard (NORCH), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheritta A. Strong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard Y. Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Julie K. Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Madsen TE, Heron S, Lall MD, Blomkalns A, Arbelaez C, Lopez B, Lin M, Rounds K, Sethuraman KN, Safdar B. Institutional solutions addressing disparities in compensation and advancement of emergency medicine physicians: A critical appraisal of gaps and associated recommendations. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:710-718. [PMID: 35064998 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in salary and advancement of emergency medicine (EM) faculty by race and gender have been consistently demonstrated for over three decades. Prior studies have largely focused on individual-level solutions. To identify systems-based interventions, the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) formed the Research Equity Task Force in 2018 with members from multiple academies (the Academy of Academic Chairs in Emergency Medicine [AACEM], the Academy of Academic Administrators in Emergency Medicine [AAAEM], the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine [AWAEM], and the Academy for Diversity and Inclusion in Emergency Medicine [ADIEM]) and sought recommendations from EM departmental leaders. METHODS The task force conducted interviews containing both open-ended narrative and closed-ended questions in multiple phases. Phase 1 included a convenience sample of chairs of EM departments across the United States, and phase 2 included vice-chairs and other faculty who lead promotion and advancement. The task force identified common themes from the interviews and then developed three-tiered sets of recommendations (minimal, target, and aspirational) based on participant responses. In phase 3, iterative feedback was collected and implemented on these recommendations from study participants and chairs participating in a national AACEM webinar. RESULTS In findings from 53 interviews of chairs, vice-chairs, and faculty leaders from across the United States, we noted heterogeneity in the faculty development and promotion processes across institutions. Four main themes were identified from the interviews: the need for a directed, structured promotion process; provision of structured mentorship; clarity on requirements for promotion within tracks; and transparency in salary structure. Recommendations were developed to address gaps in structured mentorship and equitable promotion and compensation. CONCLUSIONS These recommendations for AEM departments have the potential to increase structured mentorship programs, improve equity in promotion and advancement, and reduce disparities in the AEM workforce. These recommendations have been endorsed by SAEM, AACEM, AWAEM, ADIEM, and AAAEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E. Madsen
- Department of Emergency Medicine Department of Epidemiology Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown University School of Public Health Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Sheryl Heron
- Department of Emergency Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Andra Blomkalns
- Department of Emergency Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA
| | - Christian Arbelaez
- Department of Emergency Medicine Boston Medical Center Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Bernard Lopez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michelle Lin
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Population Health Science & Policy Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA
| | - Kirsten Rounds
- Formerly of Brown Emergency Medicine Providence Rhode Island USA
| | | | - Basmah Safdar
- Department of Emergency Medicine Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
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McIlveen-Brown E, Morris J, Lim R, Johnson K, Byrne A, Bischoff T, Hurley K, Mann M, Menchetti I, Pardhan A, Pham C, Sheppard G, Zia A, Chan TM. Priority strategies to improve gender equity in Canadian emergency medicine: proceedings from the CAEP 2021 Academic Symposium on leadership. CAN J EMERG MED 2022; 24:151-160. [PMID: 35034336 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender inequities are deeply rooted in our society and have significant negative consequences. Female physicians experience numerous gender-related inequities (e.g., microaggressions, harassment, violence). These inequities have far-reaching consequences on health, well-being and career longevity and may result in the devaluing of various strengths that female emergency physicians bring to the table. This, in turn, has an impact on patient healthcare experience and outcomes. During the 2021 Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) Academic Symposium, a national collaborative sought to understand gender inequities in emergency medicine in Canada. METHODS We used a multistep stakeholder-engagement-based approach (harnessing both quantitative and qualitative methods) to identify and prioritize problems with gender equity in emergency medicine in Canada. Based on expert consultation and literature review, we developed recommendations to effect change for the higher priority problems. We then conducted a nationwide consultation with the Canadian emergency medicine community via online engagement and the CAEP Academic Symposium to ensure that these priority problems and solutions were appropriate for the Canadian context. CONCLUSION Via the above process, 15 recommendations were developed to address five unique problem areas. There is a dearth of research in this important area and we hope this preliminary work will serve as a starting point to fuel further research. To facilitate these scholarly endeavors, we have appended additional documents identifying other key problems with gender equity in emergency medicine in Canada as well as proposed next steps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McIlveen-Brown
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Phillip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B3V6, Canada.
| | - Judy Morris
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kirsten Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Taylor Bischoff
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Miriam Mann
- Stratford General Hospital, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella Menchetti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alim Pardhan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chau Pham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gillian Sheppard
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ayesha Zia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Teresa M Chan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Mohd Yusoff MZ, Safrilsyah S, Haji Othman MK, Fajri I, Yusuf SM, Ibrahim I, Mohd Zain WHW. The effect of moral reasoning and values as the mediator towards student’s prosocial behaviour. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2021.2021959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Safrilsyah Safrilsyah
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
| | | | - Iwan Fajri
- Departement of Civic Education, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Departement of Civic Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Ibrahim Ibrahim
- Department of Islamic Education Management, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia
- Department of Biology Education, Serambi Mekkah University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Wan Husna Wan Mohd Zain
- Departement of Moral Education, School of Education,Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia
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26
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Gender disparity in medicine and where are we now in emergency medicine? Am J Emerg Med 2022; 54:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Lee LK, Platz E, Klig J, Samuels‐Kalow ME, Temin ES, Nagurney J, Marsh R, Rouhani S, Huancahuari N, Dubosh NM, Boyle KL, Stack A, Dobiesz VA. Addressing gender inequities: Creation of a multi-institutional consortium of women physicians in academic emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:1358-1367. [PMID: 34331734 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gender inequity is pervasive in medicine, including emergency medicine (EM), and is well documented in workforce representation, leadership, financial compensation, and resource allocation. The reasons for gender inequities in medicine, including academic EM, are multifactorial and include disadvantageous institutional parental, family, and promotion policies; workplace environment and culture; implicit biases; and a paucity of women physician leader role models, mentors, and sponsors. To address some of the challenges of gender inequities and career advancement for women in academic EM, we established an innovative, peer-driven, multi-institutional consortium of women EM faculty employed at four distinct hospitals affiliated with one medical school. The consortium combined financial and faculty resources to execute gender-specific programs not feasible at an individual institution due to limited funding and faculty availability. The programs included leadership skill-building and negotiation seminars for consortium members. The consortium created a collaborative community designed specifically to enrich career development for women in academic EM, with a formal organizational structure to connect faculty from four hospitals under one academic institution. The objective of this report is to describe the creation of this cross-institutional consortium focused on career development, academic productivity, and networking and sharing best practices for work-life integration for academic EM women faculty. This consortium-building model could be used to enhance existing institutional career development structures for women and other physician communities in academic medicine with unique career advancement challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois K. Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Elke Platz
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Cardiovascular Division Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jean Klig
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Margaret E. Samuels‐Kalow
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Temin
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Justine Nagurney
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Regan Marsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Shada Rouhani
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Nadia Huancahuari
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Nicole M. Dubosh
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Katherine L. Boyle
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Anne Stack
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Valerie A. Dobiesz
- Department of Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
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Madsen T, Hobgood C. The role of women's consortia in the advancement of women in academic emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:1480-1482. [PMID: 34329512 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior literature has suggested that there are major barriers to the advancement of women in academic emergency medicine (EM) and that few evidence-based solutions exist to resolve this inequity. In this issue of Academic Emergency Medicine, XX et al. (1) describe the creation of a consortium of women physicians across four departments of EM in the northeastern United States with the aim of addressing persistent gender inequities in the academic EM workforce.1-3 By combining resources, consortium leaders developed programming on various topics, including career advancement skills, leadership and recognition, mentorship and sponsorship, research, peer support, coaching, and work/life strategies. Not only does the accompanying piece include specifics around curriculum development, but the authors provide a pragmatic guide for the development of women's consortia at other institutions. (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Madsen
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence RI USA
| | - Cherri Hobgood
- Department of Emergency Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA
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29
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Dessie A, Alvarez A, Lewiss RE. Standardizing terminology in academic medical journals: understanding sex and gender. Eur J Emerg Med 2021; 28:331-332. [PMID: 34433787 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Almaz Dessie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Al'ai Alvarez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Resa E Lewiss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sethuraman KN, Lin M, Rounds K, Fang A, Lall MD, Parsons M, Linden JA, Gursahani K, Raukar N, Perman SM, Dobiesz VA. Here to chair: Gender differences in the path to leadership. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:993-1000. [PMID: 33511736 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Career paths leading to department chair positions are elusive. Women represent only 11% of academic emergency department (ED) chairs. It is unclear whether the pathway to chair is different for men and women; the characteristics, achievements, and qualifications among those who become ED chairs is unknown. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional analysis of curriculum vitae (CV) of current ED chairs in departments with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited residency programs. Former women chairs were included due to paucity of current women chairs. Statistics were calculated using bivariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Of 163 eligible chairs, 88 CV (54%) were obtained, including six former women chairs. A majority (86.4%) self-identified as White/Caucasian, 21.5% were women, 46% were chief residents, 28.4% completed additional postgraduate degrees, and 21.8% were fellowship trained. At time of chair appointment, 58% were professor rank, 53.5% held ED operations roles, and 32% served as vice chair. Women were more likely to be in educational (53% vs. 22%) versus operational (26% vs. 61%, p = 0.02) roles. Women obtained more advanced degrees (47% vs. 25%, p = 0.02), were awarded more nonfederal grants (median = 7 vs. 3, p = 0.04), and achieved more national committee leadership (median = 4 vs. 1, p = 0.02). There were no gender differences in fellowship training, awards, leadership training programs, publications, federal grants, or national/international lectures after adjusting for years in practice. CONCLUSION While the majority of chairs held prior leadership roles in ED operations, only one in five women chairs did, suggesting gender differences in the path to chair attainment. These differences in paths may contribute to persistent gender disparities in ED chairs and may be influenced by career path choices, implicit bias, and structural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Lin
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Population Health Science & Policy Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA
| | - Kirsten Rounds
- Formerly of Brown Emergency Medicine Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Andrea Fang
- Department of Emergency Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto California USA
| | - Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Melissa Parsons
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine Jacksonville Florida USA
| | - Judith A. Linden
- Department of Emergency Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Kamal Gursahani
- Division of Emergency Medicine Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Neha Raukar
- Department of Emergency Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Sarah M. Perman
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado Denver Colorado USA
| | - Valerie A. Dobiesz
- Department of Emergency Medicine Brigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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Nfonoyim B, Martin A, Ellison A, Wright JL, Johnson TJ. Experiences of underrepresented faculty in pediatric emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:982-992. [PMID: 33289950 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to elucidate the unique challenges faced by pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians from racial/ethnic groups underrepresented in medicine (URiM). METHODS This study is a subanalysis of data from 18 URiM faculty from a sample of 51 semistructured key informant interviews with PEM faculty in the top NIH-funded pediatric departments and highest-volume pediatric EDs in the country. Faculty are from eight hospitals representing a spectrum of geographic locations including the northeastern, midwestern, western, and southern regions of the country. RESULTS Of 18 study participants, the majority were Black (72.2%) and female (83.3%). Three main thematic categories were identified: challenges related to race, support systems, and suggested strategies to improve diversity and inclusion in PEM. A common race-related experience was microaggressions from colleagues and patients. Additionally, when attempting to lead and assert themselves, URiM women in particular were perceived as "angry" and "intimidating" in a way that non-URiM peers were not. As a result of these negative experiences, participants described the need to go above and beyond to prove themselves. Such pressure produced stress and feelings of isolation. Participants combatted these stressors through resilience strategies such as formal mentorship and peer and family support. Participants indicated the need to increase diversity and create more inclusive work environments, which would benefit both URiM physician wellness and the diverse patients they serve. CONCLUSION Those URiM in PEM face subtle racial discrimination at an institutional, peer, and patient level. The stress caused by this discrimination may further contribute to physician burnout in PEM. While URiMs adopt individual resilience strategies, their unique challenges suggest the need for departmental and institutional efforts to promote greater diversity and inclusion for physician wellness, retention, and quality patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Nfonoyim
- Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA
- PolicyLab The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Ashley Martin
- PolicyLab The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Pediatrics The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
- Division of Neonatology The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Angela Ellison
- Department of Pediatrics The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Joseph L. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management University of Maryland School of Public Health College Park MD USA
| | - Tiffani J. Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of California at Davis Sacramento CA USA
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Hobgood C, Fassiotto M. Using the Rank Equity Index to measure emergency medicine faculty rank progression. Acad Emerg Med 2021; 28:966-973. [PMID: 33909327 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faculty diversity is a high-priority goal for academic emergency medicine (EM). Most administrators currently monitor faculty diversity using aggregate data, which may obscure underrepresentation by rank. We apply the Rank Equity Index (REI) to EM faculty data to assess rank progression. METHODS We calculated the REI (% faculty cohort higher rank/% faculty cohort lower rank) for EM faculty. We performed REI analyses by faculty gender (women, men) and race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian). We compared professor/assistant professor, professor/associate professor, and associate professor/assistant professor to establish rank parity for gender and race/ethnicity. Parity is an REI of 1.0. RESULTS REI analysis by gender demonstrates that women faculty did not achieve parity at any rank comparison in any study year. REI analysis by race/ethnicity demonstrates that all faculty of color are below parity at the assistant to associate professor promotion. Latinx faculty are at parity for associate professor to professor, but Asian and Black faculty do not achieve parity in any comparison. Intersecting gender and race/ethnicity in the REI analysis demonstrates that Asian women have the lowest REIs among all faculty ranks and races/ethnicities. Men of all races/ethnicities achieved parity in two of three rank comparisons, except for Black men, who did not achieve parity in any comparison. CONCLUSIONS REI analysis demonstrates EM women faculty and faculty of color are not achieving rank parity and are disadvantaged at the first tier of promotion. A preliminary longitudinal trend analysis suggests little progress. Asian women and Black men experience the most rank inequity. REI analysis identifies a need for focused faculty development to enhance our most vulnerable faculty's rank progression, suggesting that targeted recruitment and retention efforts of women faculty of all races/ethnicities and faculty of color, in particular, will improve diversity at every tier of faculty rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherri Hobgood
- Department of Emergency Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - Magali Fassiotto
- Office of Faculty Development and Diversity Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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Brown C, Daniel R, Addo N, Knight S. The experiences of medical students, residents, fellows, and attendings in the emergency department: Implicit bias to microaggressions. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:S49-S56. [PMID: 34616973 PMCID: PMC8480501 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microaggressions and implicit bias occur frequently in medicine. No previous study, however, has examined the implicit bias and microaggressions that emergency medicine (EM) providers experience. Our primary objective was to understand how often EM providers experience implicit bias and microaggressions. Our secondary objective was to evaluate the types of microaggressions they experience and whether their own identifying characteristics are risk factors. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to EM providers across the United States. Outcome measures of experiencing or witnessing a microaggression, overt discrimination, or implicit bias were described using frequencies, proportions, and logistic regressions. Where a univariate association between outcome measures and demographic characteristics was found, multivariate regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) was performed. Proportional odds logistic regression models were used to evaluate the specific type of microaggressions experienced and if there was an association with demographic variables. RESULTS A total of 277 medical providers (48% trainees-medical students, residents, and fellows-and 52% attending physicians) completed the survey. A total of 181 (65%) respondents reported experiencing a microaggression. Female (OR = 5.9 [95% CI = 3.1 to 11.2]) and non-White respondents (OR = 2.4 [95% CI = 1.2 to 4.5]) were more likely to report experiencing any microaggression. Misidentification, the most common form of microaggression, was more common with trainees compared to attending physicians (proportional OR [POR] = 2.6 [95% CI = 1.7 to 4.0]) and non-White, compared to White, respondents (POR = 2.2 [95% CI = 1.3 to 3.6]). Misidentification as nonclinician staff was associated with gender (POR = 53 [95% CI = 24 to 116]) and 52% of female respondents reported being mistaken for nonclinician staff almost daily. Seventy-six percent of respondents reported being called a vulgar term by a patient and 21% by a staff member. CONCLUSIONS EM providers, particularly women and non-Whites, who responded to our survey experienced and witnessed bias and microaggressions, most commonly misidentification, in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortlyn Brown
- Department of Emergency MedicineAtrium Health CarolinasCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rosny Daniel
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Newton Addo
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Starr Knight
- Division of General Internal MedicineDepartment of MedicineZuckerberg San Francisco General HospitalUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Lall MD, Bilimoria KY, Lu DW, Zhan T, Barton MA, Hu YY, Beeson MS, Adams JG, Nelson LS, Baren JM. Prevalence of Discrimination, Abuse, and Harassment in Emergency Medicine Residency Training in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2121706. [PMID: 34410392 PMCID: PMC8377562 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of workplace mistreatment and its association with the well-being of emergency medicine (EM) residents is unclear. More information about the sources of mistreatment might encourage residency leadership to develop and implement more effective strategies to improve professional well-being not only during residency but also throughout the physician's career. OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence, types, and sources of perceived workplace mistreatment during training among EM residents in the US and the association between mistreatment and suicidal ideation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this survey study conducted from February 25 to 29, 2020, all residents enrolled in EM residencies accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) who participated in the 2020 American Board of Emergency Medicine computer-based In-training Examination were invited to participate. A multiple-choice, 35-item survey was administered after the examination asking residents to self-report the frequency, sources, and types of mistreatment experienced during residency training and whether they had suicidal thoughts. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The types and frequency of workplace mistreatment and the sources of the mistreatment were identified, and rates of self-reported suicidality were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine resident and program characteristics associated with suicidal thoughts. RESULTS Of 8162 eligible EM residents, 7680 (94.1%) responded to at least 1 question on the survey; 6503 (79.7%) completed the survey in its entirety. A total of 243 ACGME-accredited residency programs participated, and 1 did not. The study cohort included 4768 male residents (62.1%), 2698 female residents (35.1%), 4919 non-Hispanic White residents (64.0%), 2620 residents from other racial/ethnic groups (Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian or Pacific Islander, African American, Mexican American, Native Hawaiian, Puerto Rican, other Hispanic, or mixed or other race) (34.1%), 483 residents who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or other (LGBTQ+) (6.3%), and 5951 residents who were married or in a relationship (77.5%). Of the total participants, 3463 (45.1%) reported exposure to some type of workplace mistreatment (eg, discrimination, abuse, or harassment) during the most recent academic year. A frequent source of mistreatment was identified as patients and/or patients' families; 1234 respondents (58.7%) reported gender discrimination, 867 (67.5%) racial discrimination, 282 (85.2%) physical abuse, and 723 (69.1%) sexual harassment from patients and/or family members. Suicidal thoughts occurring during the past year were reported by 178 residents (2.5%), with similar prevalence by gender (108 men [2.4%]; 59 women [2.4%]) and race/ethnicity (113 non-Hispanic White residents [2.4%]; 65 residents from other racial/ethnic groups [2.7%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this survey study, EM residents reported that workplace mistreatment occurred frequently. The findings suggest common sources of mistreatment for which educational interventions may be developed to help ensure resident wellness and career satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Lall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Dave W. Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tiannan Zhan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Yue-Yung Hu
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - James G. Adams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lewis S. Nelson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jill M. Baren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Regan L, Gisondi MA, Branzetti J, Mitchell M, Romeo M, Kayko C, Hopson LR. Geographic mobility in the emergency medicine residency match and the influence of gender. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:e10706. [PMID: 34859171 PMCID: PMC8616174 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women are underrepresented in emergency medicine (EM) leadership. Some evidence suggests that geographic mobility improves career advancement. We compared movement between medical school and residency by gender. Our hypothesis was that women move a shorter distance than men. METHODS We collected National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) lists of ranked applicants from eight EM residency programs from the 2020 Main Residency Match. We added the gender expressed in interviews and left the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) number as the unique identifier. Applicant data for matched osteopathic and allopathic seniors in the continental United States was included. We obtained street addresses for medical schools from an AAMC database and residency program addresses from the ACGME website. We performed geospatial analysis using ArcGIS Pro and compared results by gender. NRMP approved the data use and our institutional review board granted exempt status. RESULTS A total of 881 of 944 unique applicants met inclusion criteria and included 48.5% (830/1,713) of matched allopaths and 37% of all matched seniors; 48% (420) were female. There was no significant difference between genders for distance moved (p = 0.31). Women moved a mean (±SD) 619 (±698) miles (median = 341 miles, range = 0-2,679 miles); and men, a mean (±SD) 641 (±717) miles (median = 315 miles, range = 0-2,671 miles). Further analysis of applicants traveling less than 50 miles (49 women, 51 men) and by census division showed no significant frequency differences. CONCLUSION Women and men travel similar distances for EM residency with the majority staying within geographic proximity to their medical school. This suggests that professional mobility at this stage is not a constraint. Our study findings are limited because we do not know which personal and professional factors inform relocation decisions. Gender is not associated with a difference in distance moved by students for residency. This finding may have implications for resident selection and career development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Regan
- Department of Emergency MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael A. Gisondi
- Department of Emergency MedicinePrecision Education and Assessment Research LabStanford School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jeremy Branzetti
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency MedicineNYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Meghan Mitchell
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Michelle Romeo
- Department of Emergency MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Laura R. Hopson
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Webb J, Cambron J, Xu KT, Simmons M, Richman P. First and last authorship by gender in emergency medicine publications- a comparison of 2008 vs. 2018. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 46:445-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are becoming doctors in greater numbers. Despite this, there is evidence of female doctors' continued differential treatment compared to their male counterparts. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to review systematically the extant literature on the gender-based pay gap in medicine across time, different medical specialties, and different countries of clinical practice. METHODS Systematic search of three databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies needed to be empirical and contain either an unadjusted or adjusted gender-based finding related to pay. RESULTS A total of 46 articles published since 2000 contained a gender-based finding related to physician pay. Thirty-two of these 46 articles presented either adjusted or unadjusted means comparisons (or both) comparing pay between male and female physicians. Eighteen of the 46 articles controlled for one or more variables in examining pay between the two groups. Across almost all studies, female doctors earn significantly less than men, often tens of thousands of dollars less annually, despite similar demographic and work-related profiles. This earnings gap is persistent across time, medical specialty, and country of practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The gender-based pay gap is an ongoing crisis within medicine that must be addressed. From a practice perspective, women physicians may benefit from greater organizational awareness of potential workplace bias and the implementation of more supportive policies aimed at better equalizing compensation through greater support and transparency related to salary negotiations, promotional opportunities, and pay scales across various job titles.
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Sheppard G, Pham C, Nowacki A, Bischoff T, Snider C. Towards gender equity in emergency medicine: a position statement from the CAEP Women in Emergency Medicine committee. CAN J EMERG MED 2021; 23:455-459. [PMID: 33709250 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As of January 2019, over half of all doctors working in Canada under the age of 40 were women. Despite equal representation in the profession of medicine, women still experience harassment, discrimination, and pay inequity when compared to their male colleagues. Gender discrimination is present at all levels of medical training and negatively impacts women who want to become emergency physicians. The right to gender equity is part of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The World Health Organization states that "gender inequities are socially generated and, therefore, can be changed." CAEP recognizes that gender equity is important to its members and that it intersects with inequities experienced by other minority groups. This position statement from the committee for Women in Emergency Medicine (EM) is intended to support women and those who identify as women who have chosen EM as their career. Furthermore, it is meant to inform and support policy makers as they consider the unique challenges that women face in their pursuit of excellence in EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Sheppard
- Discipline of Emergency Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Chau Pham
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Anna Nowacki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Bischoff
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carolyn Snider
- Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Disparity in Gender Representation of Speakers at National Emergency Medical Services Conferences: A Current Assessment and Proposed Path Forward. Prehosp Disaster Med 2021; 36:445-449. [PMID: 34190038 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x21000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gender disparities between Emergency Medicine physicians with regards to salary, promotion, and scholarly recognition as national conference speakers have been well-documented. However, little is known if similar gender disparities impact their out-of-hospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) colleagues. Although there have been improvements in the ratio of women entering the EMS workforce, gender representation has improved at a slower rate for paramedics compared to emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Since recruitment, retention, and advancement of females within a specialty have been associated with the visibility of prominent, respected female leaders, gender disparity of these leaders as national conference speakers may contribute to the "leaky pipeline effect" seen within the EMS profession. Gender representation of these speakers has yet to be described objectively. STUDY OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to determine if disparity exists in gender representation of speakers at well-known national EMS conferences and trade shows in the United States (US) from 2016-2020. The secondary objective was to determine if males were more likely than females to return to a conference as a speaker in subsequent years. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of programs from well-known national conferences, specifically for EMS providers, which were held in the US from 2016-2020 was performed. Programs were abstracted for type of conference session (pre-conference, keynote, main conference) and speakers' names. Speaker gender (male, female) was confirmed via internet search. RESULTS Seventeen conference programs were obtained with 1,709 conference sessions that had a total of 2,731 listed speaker names, of whom 537 (20%) were female. A total of 30 keynote addresses had 39 listed speaker names of whom six (15%) were female. No significant difference was observed in the number of years males returned to present at the same conference as compared to females. CONCLUSION Gender representation of speakers at national EMS conferences in the US is not reflective of the current best estimate of the US EMS workforce. This disparity exists not only in the overall percent of female names listed as speakers, but also in the percent of individual female speakers, and is most pronounced within keynote speakers. Online lecture platforms, as an unintentional consequent of the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with intentional speaker development and mentorship initiatives, may reduce barriers to facilitating a new pipeline for more females to become speakers at national EMS conferences.
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Huang CC, Lapen K, Shah K, Kantor J, Tsai CJ, Knoll MA, Duma N, Gillespie EF, Chino F. Evaluating Bias in Speaker Introductions at the American Society for Radiation Oncology Annual Meeting. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:303-311. [PMID: 33373658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Introducing a physician without a professional title may reinforce bias in medicine by influencing perceived credibility. We evaluated differences in the use of professional titles in introductions of speakers at recent American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Annual Meetings. METHODS AND MATERIALS We reviewed recordings from the 2017 to 2019 ASTRO Annual Meetings and included complete introductions of speakers with a doctoral degree. Professional introduction was defined as "Doctor" or "Professor" followed by the speaker's full or last name. We collected use of professional introduction, introducer gender, speaker gender, and speaker professional and demographic variables. Identified speakers were sent surveys to collect self-reported demographic data. Analysis was performed using χ2 tests and multivariable logistic regression (MVA). RESULTS Of 3267 presentations reviewed, 1226 (38%) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 805 (66%) speakers and 710 (58%) introducers were men. Professional introductions were used in 74% (2017), 71% (2018), and 69% (2019) of the presentations. There was no difference in the use of professional introductions for male and female speakers (71% vs 73%; P = .550). On MVA, male introducers were associated with decreased use of professional address (odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.49; P < .001). At the 2019 conference, professional introduction was less likely to be used (2019 vs 2017: OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49-0.96; P = 0.026). Those who self-identified as Asian/Pacific Islander were twice as likely to receive a professional introduction compared with those who identified as white (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.07-3.64; P = .033). CONCLUSION Male introducers were significantly less likely to introduce any speaker, regardless of gender, by their professional title, and overall use of professional introductions decreased from 2017 to 2019. Furthermore, no difference in professional introduction use by speaker gender was identified at the recent ASTRO meetings. Implementing speaker guidelines could increase the use of professional introductions and raise awareness of unconscious bias at future ASTRO meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn Lapen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kanan Shah
- Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Jolie Kantor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chiaojung Jillian Tsai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miriam A Knoll
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Nyack Hospital, Nyack, New York
| | - Narjust Duma
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erin F Gillespie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fumiko Chino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Lindner G, Rupp A, Exadaktylos AK, Ravioli S. Gender distribution in board memberships of emergency medicine societies. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 47:176-179. [PMID: 33892332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender gaps have been described regarding the chairpersons in academic emergency departments, the composition of editorial boards and publications in emergency medicine. The objective of this study was to determine the gender distribution of chairpersons and board members of emergency medicine societies worldwide. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, websites of national emergency medicine societies worldwide were screened for the composition of executive boards and the respective chairpersons. The gender of the board members and chairpersons was obtained either by the profile on the respective web site and/or by internet search and gender identification software. Descriptive statistics were performed and results for national societies were stratified by continent. RESULTS A total of 61 boards of national emergency medicine societies were analyzed. Detailed information on the board composition was available for 50 societies, of which 27 were from Europe, 10 from Asia, five from Africa, four from North America, three from South America and one from Australasia. A total of 603 persons were included in the analysis. 45 (82%) of the listed societies' presidents were male, while 10 (18%) were female. 385 (70%) of the non-president board members were male. The highest proportion of female board members was seen in Australia/New Zealand with five out of eight persons (62%) followed by South America with 13 out of 29 (45%). CONCLUSIONS A marked gender disparity was found for emergency medicine societies worldwide in terms of chair functions as well as board composition. Wide regional differences were found between world regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Lindner
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Buergerspital Solothurn, Switzerland.
| | - Adrienne Rupp
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Buergerspital Solothurn, Switzerland
| | | | - Svenja Ravioli
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Buergerspital Solothurn, Switzerland
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Bennett CL, Espinola JA, Sullivan AF, Clay CE, Samuels-Kalow ME, Camargo CA. Female emergency physician workforce in the United States, 2020. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 52:255-259. [PMID: 33863559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Bennett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States of America.
| | - Janice A Espinola
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Ashley F Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Carson E Clay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Margaret E Samuels-Kalow
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
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Hutchinson D, Das P, Lall MD, Hill J, Fares S, Khosa F. Emergency Medicine Journal Editorial Boards: Analysis of Gender, H-Index, Publications, Academic Rank, and Leadership Roles. West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:353-359. [PMID: 33856323 PMCID: PMC7972362 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.11.49122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our goal in this study was to determine female representation on editorial boards of high-ranking emergency medicine (EM) journals. In addition, we examined factors associated with gender disparity, including board members' academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. METHODS In this retrospective study, we examined EM editorial boards with an impact factor of 1 or greater according to the Clarivate Journal Citations Report for a total of 16 journals. All board members with a doctor of medicine or doctor of osteopathic medicine degree, or international equivalent were included, resulting in 781 included board members. We analyzed board members' gender, academic rank, departmental leadership position, h-index, total publications, total citations, and total publishing years. RESULTS Gender disparity was clearly notable, with men holding 87.3% (682/781) of physician editorial board positions and women holding 12.7% (99/781) of positions. Only 6.6% (1/15) of included editorial board chiefs were women. Male editorial board members possessed higher h-indices, total citations, and more publishing years than their female counterparts. Male board members held a greater number of departmental leadership positions, as well as higher academic ranks. CONCLUSION Significant gender disparity exists on EM editorial boards. Substantial inequalities between men and women board members exist in both the academic and departmental realms. Addressing these inequalities will likely be an integral part of achieving gender parity on editorial boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Hutchinson
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Priya Das
- Universirty of Kerala, Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Kerala, India
| | - Michelle D Lall
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jesse Hill
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Zayed Military Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Vancouver General Hospital/University of British Columbia, Department of Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Equity for women in medicine-neonatologists identify issues. J Perinatol 2021; 41:435-444. [PMID: 33303937 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inequity between genders with regards to leadership achievement, compensation, scholarly productivity, and grant funding exist among physicians. This study explores whether similar inequities exist among board certified neonatologists within the USA. STUDY DESIGN A voluntary anonymous survey was distributed to 3575 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine with 560 respondents (15.7% response rate). The survey contained questions assessing clinician characteristics, work environment, compensation, professional productivity, and social factors. Statistical analysis was done using JMP Pro 15.0.0 by SAS. RESULTS Female neonatologists, compared to male peers, were less likely to hold leadership positions (OR 0.36, p = 0.005), received lower compensation by an average of $34,916 or 12.47% (p < 0.001), and had 6.71 fewer primary authored publications (p = 0.025) after adjusting for several confounding factors. CONCLUSION Gender remains a significant independent factor influencing leadership attainment, compensation, and academic productivity in this cohort of neonatologists.
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Cleveland Manchanda EC, Marsh RH, Osuagwu C, Decopain Michel J, Dugas JN, Wilson M, Morse M, Lewis E, Wispelwey BP. Heart Failure Admission Service Triage (H-FAST) Study: Racialized Differences in Perceived Patient Self-Advocacy as a Driver of Admission Inequities. Cureus 2021; 13:e13381. [PMID: 33628703 PMCID: PMC7891794 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Racial inequities in mortality and readmission for heart failure (HF) are well documented. Inequitable access to specialized cardiology care during admissions may contribute to inequity, and the drivers of this inequity are poorly understood. Methodology This prospective observational study explored proposed drivers of racial inequities in cardiology admissions among Black, Latinx, and white adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of HF. Surveys of ED providers examined perceptions of patient self-advocacy, outreach to other clinicians (e.g., outpatient cardiologist), diagnostic uncertainty, and other active co-morbid conditions. Service census, bed availability, prior admission service, and other structural factors were explored through the electronic medical record. Results Complete data were available for 61/135 patients admitted with HF during the study period, which halted early due to coronavirus disease 2019. No significant differences emerged in admission to cardiology versus medicine based on age, sex, insurance status, education level, or perceived race/ethnicity. White patients were perceived as advocating for admission to cardiology more frequently (18.9 vs. 5.6%) and more strenuously than Black patients (p = 0.097). ED clinicians more often reported having spoken with the patient’s outpatient cardiologist for whites than for Black or Latinx patients (24.3 vs. 16.7%, p = 0.069). Conclusions Theorized drivers of racial inequities in admission service did not reach statistical significance, possibly due to underpowering, the Hawthorne effect, or clinician behavior change based on knowledge of previously identified inequities. The observed trend towards racial differences in coordination of care between ED and outpatient providers, as well as in either actual or perceived self-advocacy by patients, may be as-yet undemonstrated components of structural racism driving HF care inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Cleveland Manchanda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Regan H Marsh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Chidinma Osuagwu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Julianne N Dugas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Michelle Morse
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Eldrin Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Bram P Wispelwey
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Maqsood H, Naveed S, Mohyud Din Chaudhary A, Khan MT, Khosa F. Gender and racial trends among neurology residents: an overview. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:572-574. [PMID: 33452146 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diversification of academic medicine improves healthcare standards and patient outcomes. Gender and racial inequalities are major challenges faced by the healthcare system. This article reviews the trends of gender and racial disparity among residents of neurology. This retrospective analysis of the annual Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Books encompassed all residents at US neurology residency training programmes from the year 2007 to 2018. The representation of women steadily increased, with an absolute increase of 3% from the year 2007 to 2018. Although the absolute change (%) increased for the White race, Asian/Pacific Islander, Black/African Americans, there was a decrease seen in the Hispanic representation in neurology residents from the year 2011 to 2018. There was no change seen for the Native Americans/Alaskans. Our study concluded that gender and racial disparity persists in the recruitment of residents in neurology. This study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address gender and racial disparity among residents of neurology. Further studies are needed to explore etiological factors to address gender and racial disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Maqsood
- Medicine, Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Psychiatry, Hartford Hospital Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Taimoor Khan
- Vascular Neurology, Charleston Area Medical Center Health System Inc, Charleston, West Virginia, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Radiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Das D, Lall MD, Walker L, Dobiesz V, Lema P, Agrawal P. The Multifaceted Impact of COVID-19 on the Female Academic Emergency Physician: A National Conversation. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2021; 5:91-98. [PMID: 33553984 PMCID: PMC7849338 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has impacted all health care professionals in every aspect of life. Female academic emergency physicians have been uniquely affected and continue to face challenges related to clinical workloads, work-life integration, academic productivity, leadership and visibility within departments, and mental health. This white paper, prepared on behalf of the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine (AWAEM), describes the differential impact of COVID-19 on female academic emergency physicians explored during a virtual panel discussion at the 2020 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting. AWAEM convened a virtual panel of women to begin a discussion to share experiences and challenges and formulate consensus guidelines regarding best practices and mitigation strategies. The authors describe the unique ways in which female academic physicians have been affected, identify ongoing and intensified gender gaps, and delineate strategies to address the identified problems. Specific recommendations include individual, as well as, institutional and systems-level approaches to combat the inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devjani Das
- From theColumbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Valerie Dobiesz
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Penelope Lema
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Pooja Agrawal
- and theDepartment of Emergency MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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National Study of the Emergency Physician Workforce, 2020. Ann Emerg Med 2020; 76:695-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arredondo A, Ogedegbe C, Hoffman JR, Goldfrank LR, Wall SP, Smith TY. Emergency Medicine's Role in the Crossroads of Social Revolution and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acad Emerg Med 2020; 27:1350-1352. [PMID: 33170530 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Arredondo
- From the Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Chinwe Ogedegbe
- the Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine Nutley NJ USA
- the Department of Emergency Medicine Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack NJ USA
| | - Jerome R. Hoffman
- the Department of Emergency Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Lewis R. Goldfrank
- From the Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Stephen P. Wall
- From the Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- and the Department of Population Health NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Teresa Y. Smith
- and the Department of Emergency Medicine SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University Brooklyn NY USA
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Saleem S, Naveed S, Mohyud Din Chaudhary A, Zeshan M, Hafeez D, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Racial and gender disparities in neurology. Postgrad Med J 2020; 97:716-722. [PMID: 33184133 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The USA is a diverse society with representation from different ethnic and racial backgrounds, resulting in under-represented minorities (URMs) in various specialties of medicine. Our objective was to find the statistical ratio of URMs in the academic faculty of neurology. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of the American Association of Medical College database. The database covered neurology faculty members from 2006 to 2017. RESULTS This study shows a significant change in racial representation in faculty ranks over the last 12 years. At chairperson rank, white people decreased from 86.4% to 79.8% whereas Asian, Hispanic and multiple races (non-Hispanic) simultaneously increased from 6.4% to 9.3%, 0.9% to 3.1% and 1.8% to 4.7%, respectively. At the professor rank, white people decreased from 87.4% to 81.6%, while Asians and Hispanics increased from 7.1% to 10.5% and from 0.7% to 2.1%, respectively. At the rank of associate professor, white people decreased from 81.1% to 68.3% whereas Asians, Hispanics and unknown races increased from 10.3% to 19.0%, 1.6% to 3.1% and from 2.1% to 3.5%, respectively. For the rank of assistant professor, white people decreased from 64.7% to 56.9% and Asians increased from 20.5% to 25.9%. Gender differences (men vs women) for the ranks of chairperson, professor, associate professor, assistant professor and instructors were 90.3% and 9.7%, 83.1% and 16.9%, 67.1% and 32.9%, 56.8% and 43.2%, and 48.1% and 51.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION Over a period of 12 years the racial proportion in academic neurology has changed, but it is not proportionate to their respective increase in the population of the USA. Moreover, the portion of female faculty increased, but they are still under-represented in leadership roles. This racial and gender disparity can be addressed by well-planned interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Saleem
- Neurology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Child and Adolescent Inpatient Units, Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Javed Siddiqi
- Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- University of British Columbia Animal Care and Use Program, Vancouver, Canada
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