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Harmony in Conservation. CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/conservation2040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many authors have noted the role that anthropocentrism has played in creating humanity’s dysfunctional relationship with the natural world. As human hubris (excessive pride or self-confidence) is an ailment that contributes to the anthropogenic sixth mass extinction of Earth’s biodiversity, we argue instead for ‘harmony with nature’. In recent decades, even the conservation discourse has become increasingly anthropocentric. Indeed, justification for nature conservation has in part shifted from nature’s intrinsic value to ‘ecosystem services’ for the benefit of people. Here we call for a transformation to a more harmonious human-nature relationship that is grounded in mutual respect and principled responsibility, instead of utilitarianism and enlightened self-interest. Far from what Tennyson called ‘red in tooth and claw’, we argue nature is a mixture of cooperation as well as competition. We argue that the UN’s ‘Harmony with Nature’ program is an innovative and refreshing path for change. If we are to achieve harmony with nature, modern industrial society will need to abandon its anthropocentric ‘human supremacy’ mindset and adopt an ecocentric worldview and ecological ethics. We conclude it is thus both appropriate (and essential) for conservationists to champion harmony with nature.
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Kaltenborn BP, Linnell JDC. The Coexistence Potential of Different Wildlife Conservation Frameworks in a Historical Perspective. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.711480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife management in contemporary society means balancing multiple demands in shared landscapes. Perhaps the greatest question facing today's policy makers and wildlife professionals is how to develop frameworks for coexistence between wildlife and the plethora of other land use interests. As a profession, the roots of wildlife management and conservation can be traced back to the 1600's, but most of the relevant frameworks that have shaped the management of wildlife over time have emerged after the mid-1800's and particularly since the 1960's. Here we examine the historical development of the main traits and concepts of a number of management and conservation frameworks that have all contributed to the multifaceted field of contemporary wildlife management and conservation in Europe and North America. We outline a chronology of concepts and ideologies with their underlying key ideas, values, and operational indicators, and make an assessment of the potential of each paradigm as a coexistence framework for dealing with wildlife. We tie this to a discussion of ethics and argue that the lack of unity in approaches is deeply embedded in the differences between rule-based (deontological) vs. results-based (consequentialist) or context dependent (particularist) ethics. We suggest that some of the conflicts between ideologies, value sets and frameworks can be resolved as an issue of scale and possibly zonation in shared landscapes. We also argue that approaches built on anthropocentrism, value pluralism and environmental pragmatism are most likely to succeed in complex socio-political landscapes. However, we caution against moral relativism and the belief that all types of cultural values are equally valid as a basis for contemporary wildlife management.
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Abstract
Anthropocentrism in Western (modern industrial) society is dominant, goes back hundreds of years, and can rightly be called ‘hubris’. It removes almost all moral standing from the nonhuman world, seeing it purely as a resource. Here, we discuss the troubling components of anthropocentrism: worldview and ethics; dualisms, valuation and values; a psychology of fear and denial; and the idea of philosophical ‘ownership’. We also question whether it is a truly practical (or ethical) approach. We then discuss three troubling examples of anthropocentrism in conservation: ‘new’ conservation; ecosystem services; and the IPBES values assessment. We conclude that anthropocentrism is fuelling the environmental crisis and accelerating extinction, and urge academia to speak out instead for ecocentrism.
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Sardeshpande M, Shackleton C. Urban foraging: Land management policy, perspectives, and potential. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230693. [PMID: 32255778 PMCID: PMC7138303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gathering of uncultivated food from green spaces, also known as foraging, is observed in urban areas across the world, but the literature focuses predominantly on the global north. Our study examines the existing urban land management structure and its approach to urban foraging in the eastern coastal region of South Africa. Through interviews with municipal officials in nine cities, we identified different stakeholders and their roles in urban green space management. We then used network analysis to represent interactions and influence of these stakeholders, and environmental worldviews to determine organisational and perceptual barriers to and enablers of foraging in urban green spaces. The policy on urban green space management, as well as land managers themselves are amenable to the concept of foraging in public spaces. Lack of knowledge on wild indigenous species and sustainable offtake, ambiguous, coarse, or lacking policy, and normative views of pristine nature may hinder foraging. We recommend pathways for policy and stakeholder partnerships to incorporate sustainable foraging in their biodiversity conservation and land stewardship strategies.
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The Science (and Ethics) of Conservation: Ecological Perspectives. CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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6
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“Contending with New Conservationism”. CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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7
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Conservation and Justice the Anthropocene: Definitions and Debates. CONSERVATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13905-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- James E M Watson
- The University of Queensland, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Julia P G Jones
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
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Palmer A, Malone N. Extending Ethnoprimatology: Human-Alloprimate Relationships in Managed Settings. INT J PRIMATOL 2018; 39:831-851. [PMID: 30573939 PMCID: PMC6267655 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies in ethnoprimatology focus on areas of sympatry where humans and nonhuman primates (hereafter, primates) naturally coexist. We argue that much can be gained by extending the field’s scope to incorporate settings where humans manage most aspects of primates’ lives, such as zoos, laboratories, sanctuaries, and rehabilitation centers (hereafter, managed settings). We suggest that the mixed-methods approach of ethnoprimatology, which facilitates examination of both humans’ and primates’ responses to one another, can reveal not only how humans’ ideas about primates shape management strategies, but also how those management strategies affect primates’ lives. Furthermore, we note that a greater focus on managed settings will strengthen links between ethnoprimatology and primate rights/welfare approaches, and will introduce new questions into discussions of ethics in primatology. For example, managed settings raise questions about when it might be justifiable to restrict primates’ freedom for a “greater good,” and the desirability of making primates’ lives more “natural” even if this would decrease their well-being. Finally, we propose that because ethnoprimatology is premised on challenging false dichotomies between categories of field site—specifically, between “natural” and “unnatural” free-ranging populations—it makes sense for ethnoprimatologists to examine settings in which humans exert considerable control over primates’ lives, given that the distinction between “wild” and “captive” is similarly unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Palmer
- UCL Anthropology, University College London, WC1H 0BW, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Malone
- Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
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Nagaoka L, Rick T, Wolverton S. The overkill model and its impact on environmental research. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9683-9696. [PMID: 30386567 PMCID: PMC6202698 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on human-environment interactions that informs ecological practices and guides conservation and restoration has become increasingly interdisciplinary over the last few decades. Fueled in part by the debate over defining a start date for the Anthropocene, historical disciplines like archeology, paleontology, geology, and history are playing an important role in understanding long-term anthropogenic impacts on the planet. Pleistocene overkill, the notion that humans overhunted megafauna near the end of the Pleistocene in the Americas, Australia, and beyond, is used as prime example of the impact that humans can have on the planet. However, the importance of the overkill model for explaining human-environment interactions and anthropogenic impacts appears to differ across disciplines. There is still considerable debate, particularly within archeology, about the extent to which people may have been the cause of these extinctions. To evaluate how different disciplines interpret and use the overkill model, we conducted a citation analysis of selected works of the main proponent of the overkill model, Paul Martin. We examined the ideas and arguments for which Martin's overkill publications were cited and how they differed between archeologists and ecologists. Archeologists cite overkill as one in a combination of causal mechanisms for the extinctions. In contrast, ecologists are more likely to accept that humans caused the extinctions. Aspects of the overkill argument are also treated as established ecological processes. For some ecologists, overkill provides an analog for modern-day human impacts and supports the argument that humans have "always" been somewhat selfish overconsumers. The Pleistocene rewilding and de-extinction movements are built upon these perspectives. The use of overkill in ecological publications suggests that despite increasing interdisciplinarity, communication with disciplines outside of ecology is not always reciprocal or even.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nagaoka
- Department of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of North TexasDentonTexas
| | - Torben Rick
- Department of AnthropologySmithsonian InstitutionNational Museum of Natural HistoryWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Steve Wolverton
- Department of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of North TexasDentonTexas
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Abstract
As humans increasingly alter the surface geomorphology of the Earth, a multitude of artificial aquatic systems have appeared, both deliberately and accidentally. Human modifications to the hydroscape range from alteration of existing waterbodies to construction of new ones. The extent of these systems makes them important and dynamic components of modern landscapes, but their condition and provisioning of ecosystem services by these systems are underexplored, and likely underestimated. Instead of accepting that artificial ecosystems have intrinsically low values, environmental scientists should determine what combination of factors, including setting, planning and construction, subsequent management and policy, and time, impact the condition of these systems. Scientists, social scientists, and policymakers should more thoroughly evaluate whether current study and management of artificial aquatic systems is based on the actual ecological condition of these systems, or judged differently, due to artificiality, and consider resultant possible changes in goals for these systems. The emerging recognition and study of artificial aquatic systems presents an exciting and important opportunity for science and society.
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Xiao H, Dee LE, Chadès I, Peyrard N, Sabbadin R, Stringer M, McDonald-Madden E. Win-wins for biodiversity and ecosystem service conservation depend on the trophic levels of the species providing services. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
- CSIRO; EcoSciences Precinct; Dutton Park Qld Australia
| | - Laura E. Dee
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
- Institute on the Environment; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - Iadine Chadès
- CSIRO; EcoSciences Precinct; Dutton Park Qld Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Environmental Decisions; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
| | | | | | - Martin Stringer
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Eve McDonald-Madden
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Environmental Decisions; University of Queensland; St Lucia Qld Australia
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13
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Effective Biodiversity Conservation Requires Dynamic, Pluralistic, Partnership-Based Approaches. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10061846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Environmental Education: Reflecting on Application of Environmental Attitudes Measuring Scale in Higher Education Students. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Holmes G, Sandbrook C, Fisher JA. Understanding conservationists' perspectives on the new-conservation debate. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:353-363. [PMID: 27558699 PMCID: PMC6849763 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A vibrant debate about the future direction of biodiversity conservation centers on the merits of the so-called new conservation. Proponents of the new conservation advocate a series of positions on key conservation ideas, such as the importance of human-dominated landscapes and conservation's engagement with capitalism. These have been fiercely contested in a debate dominated by a few high-profile individuals, and so far there has been no empirical exploration of existing perspectives on these issues among a wider community of conservationists. We used Q methodology to examine empirically perspectives on the new conservation held by attendees at the 2015 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB). Although we identified a consensus on several key issues, 3 distinct positions emerged: in favor of conservation to benefit people but opposed to links with capitalism and corporations, in favor of biocentric approaches but with less emphasis on wilderness protection than prominent opponents of new conservation, and in favor of the published new conservation perspective but with less emphasis on increasing human well-being as a goal of conservation. Our results revealed differences between the debate on the new conservation in the literature and views held within a wider, but still limited, conservation community and demonstrated the existence of at least one viewpoint (in favor of conservation to benefit people but opposed to links with capitalism and corporations) that is almost absent from the published debate. We hope the fuller understanding we present of the variety of views that exist but have not yet been heard, will improve the quality and tone of debates on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Holmes
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse Lane, LeedsLS2 9JTU.K.
| | - Chris Sandbrook
- UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre219 Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB3 0DLU.K.
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CambridgeDowning PlaceCambridgeCB2 3ENU.K.
| | - Janet A. Fisher
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghDrummond StreetEdinburghEH8 9XPU.K.
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Scarano FR. Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: concept, scalability and a role for conservation science. Perspect Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pecon.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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17
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Jones TA. Ecosystem restoration: recent advances in theory and practice. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/rj17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of damaged ecosystems is receiving increasing attention worldwide as awareness increases that humanity must sustain ecosystem structure, functioning, and diversity for its own wellbeing. Restoration will become increasingly important because our planet will sustain an increasingly heavy human footprint as human populations continue to increase. Restoration efforts can improve desirable ecological functioning, even when restoration to a historic standard is not feasible with current practice. Debate as to whether restoration is feasible is coupled to long-standing disputes regarding the definition of restoration, whether more-damaged lands are worthy of restoration efforts given limited financial resources, and ongoing conflicts as to whether the novel ecosystem concept is a help or a hindrance to restoration efforts. A willingness to consider restoration options that have promise, yet would have previously been regarded as ‘taboo’ based on the precautionary principle, is increasing. Functional restoration is becoming more prominent in the scientific literature, as evidenced by an increased emphasis on functional traits, as opposed to a simple inventory of vascular plant species. Biodiversity continues to be important, but an increasingly expansive array of provenance options that are less stringent than the traditional ‘local is best’ is now being considered. Increased appreciation for soil health, plant–soil feedbacks, biological crusts, and water quality is evident. In the United States, restoration projects are becoming increasingly motivated by or tied to remediation of major environmental problems or recovery of fauna that are either charismatic, for example, the monarch butterfly, or deliver key ecosystem services, for example, hymenopteran pollinators.
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Historical and Current Niche Construction in an Anthropogenic Biome: Old Cultural Landscapes in Southern Scandinavia. LAND 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/land5040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Wilson GR, Hayward MW, Wilson C. Market‐Based Incentives and Private Ownership of Wildlife to Remedy Shortfalls in Government Funding for Conservation. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Wilson
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyAustralian National University Canberra 2600 ACT Australia
- Australian Wildlife Services Canberra 2600 ACT Australia
| | - Matt W. Hayward
- Centre for African Conservation EcologyNelson Mandela Metropolitan University Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
- Schools of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography & Biological SciencesBangor University Bangor Gwynedd LL572UW UK
| | - Charlie Wilson
- Australian Wildlife Services Canberra 2600 ACT Australia
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Baker S, Eckerberg K. Ecological restoration success: a policy analysis understanding. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Baker
- Cardiff School of the Social Sciences; Cardiff University; Glamorgan Building Cardiff CF10 3WA U.K
- Sustainable Places Research Institute; Cardiff University; 33 Park Place Cardiff Wales U.K
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Mathevet R, Thompson JD, Folke C. Protected areas and their surrounding territory: socioecological systems in the context of ecological solidarity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:5-16. [PMID: 27039505 DOI: 10.1890/14-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of ecological solidarity (ES) is a major feature of the 2006 law reforming national park policy in France. In the context of biodiversity conservation, the objectives of this study are to outline the historical development of ES, provide a working definition, and present a method for its implementation that combines environmental pragmatism and adaptive management. First, we highlight how ES provides a focus on the interdependencies among humans and nonhuman components of the socioecological system. In doing so, we identify ES within a framework that distinguishes ecological, socioecological, and sociopolitical interdependencies. In making such interdependencies apparent to humans who are not aware of their existence, the concept of ES promotes collective action as an alternative or complementary approach to state- or market-based approaches. By focusing on the awareness, feelings, and acknowledgement of interdependencies between actors and between humans and nonhumans, we present and discuss a learning-based approach (participatory modeling) that allows stakeholders to work together to construct cultural landscapes for present and future generations. Using two case studies, we show how an ES analysis goes beyond the ecosystem management approach to take into account how human interactions with the environment embody cultural, social, and economic values and endorse an ethically integrated science of care and responsibility. ES recognizes the diversity of these values as a practical foundation for socially engaged and accountable actions. Finally, we discuss how ES enhances academic support for a socioecological systems approach to biodiversity conservation and promotes collaboration with decision-makers and stakeholders involved in the adaptive management of protected areas and their surrounding landscapes.
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Regional vegetation change and implications for local conservation: An example from West Cornwall (United Kingdom). Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Evans DM, Altwegg R, Garner TWJ, Gompper ME, Gordon IJ, Johnson JA, Pettorelli N. Biodiversity offsetting: what are the challenges, opportunities and research priorities for animal conservation? Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Evans
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences; University of Hull; Hull UK
| | - R. Altwegg
- Department of Statistical Sciences; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - T. W. J. Garner
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - M. E. Gompper
- School of Natural Resources; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | | | - J. A. Johnson
- Institute of Applied Sciences; Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - N. Pettorelli
- Institute of Zoology; Zoological Society of London; London UK
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Marris E. ‘New conservation’ is an expansion of approaches, not an ethical orientation. Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Marvier
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences; Santa Clara University; Santa Clara CA USA
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