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Portillo JE, Sugiarto W, Willardsen K. Drink…then drive away: The effects of lowering the blood alcohol concentration in Utah. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2024. [PMID: 38773779 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
In March of 2017 Utah announced its intent to lower the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) for driving from 0.08 to 0.05 g/dL. However, this change did not take effect until 2019. We employ a difference-in- differences strategy on Utah counties using neighboring states as controls to test whether this policy change significantly affected the number of traffic accidents or the severity of those accidents. Results show the policy appears to temporarily decrease the total number of accidents, limited primarily to property damage- only accidents. We believe these results may be partially explained by drivers who, after the policy is enacted, avoid reporting property damage-only accidents if possible. Using insurance claims data, we show there is no corresponding fall in insurance claims or payouts suggesting that the fall in total accidents likely comes from under-reporting.
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Auguste ME, Pawelzik J. Linking crash and breathalyzer data in Connecticut. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:322-329. [PMID: 38363337 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2314589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To document the process of linking breathalyzer and motor vehicle crash (MVC) data for the State of Connecticut using a unique identifier in the place of personal and private information. METHODS Deterministic linkage methodologies were utilized in Microsoft SQL Server to join 5,634 (of 6,650) breathalyzer records to corresponding MVC driver records for the period of January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2022. Differences between the linked and original datasets were documented by comparing the consistency of frequency and proportion distributions of key variables. RESULTS Proportions of annual records, alcohol breath tests, and refusals were nearly unchanged when comparing linked and original breathalyzer data. When examining variables in the original MVC driver records, there were differences in the within-group proportions for sex and age, with an overrepresentation of males and drivers aged 26-to-40 years old. For crash and injury severity, the linked dataset had lower proportions of more severe injury records when compared to the original MVC data. Additionally, 1,007 breathalyzer records were not matched with an associated MVC record. CONCLUSIONS Linkage methodology is sound and produced quality matches. The use of a unique identifier provided a strong match qualifier in the absence of personal and private data. Changes in proportions for age, sex, crash and injury severity align with previous research. Potential missed matches may be attributed to several factors outside of the linkage process, including data discrepancies and varied reporting practices. Future studies will further explore these differences and incorporate additional toxicology data as part of a continued effort to fuze crash, citation, toxicology, and public health data. The end result will be a holistic, comprehensive, and multifaceted database for transportation research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E Auguste
- Connecticut Transportation Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer Pawelzik
- Connecticut Transportation Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs Mansfield, Connecticut
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Metrik J, McCarthy DM. How research and policy can shape driving under the influence of cannabis. Addiction 2024; 119:208-210. [PMID: 37877315 PMCID: PMC11104562 DOI: 10.1111/add.16372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Denis M. McCarthy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Lenk KM, Toomey TL, MacLehose RF, Scholz N, Schriemer D, Nelson TF, Delehanty E, Bosma LM, Gloppen K. Place of last drink enforcement: Effects on alcohol-related traffic crashes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023; 47:406-413. [PMID: 36533550 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking can result in various types of harms including traffic crashes. Bars and restaurants that serve alcohol to patrons who are obviously intoxicated (i.e., overservice) contribute to these crashes. One strategy to address overservice is place of last drink (POLD) where law enforcement officers responding to alcohol-related incidents inquire about where the individuals last drank alcohol. This information may then be used to identify bars and restaurants that frequently overserve alcohol. There is limited evaluation of the effectiveness of POLD in reducing overservice, traffic crashes, and other harms. METHODS We evaluated the effects of a POLD initiative, developed by some law enforcement agencies in Minnesota (USA), on alcohol-related traffic crashes from 2010 to 2019. Among 89 intervention (POLD) vs. comparison communities, we fit regression models with participation in POLD as the predictor. As secondary analyses, we fit models with POLD implementation level as the predictor (implementation levels were assessed via a survey of law enforcement agencies). We controlled for relevant community and agency characteristics. RESULTS In the model with participation in POLD as a predictor, there was little difference in the rate of total alcohol-related crashes (rate ratio [RR] = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.85-1.34). In the model with level of implementation as a predictor, the rate of total alcohol-related crashes was comparable between communities with high implementation and those with no implementation (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.71-1.10). Similar results were seen for alcohol-related crashes with nonfatal injury and property damage outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study found little evidence that the POLD initiative, as currently implemented, was associated with reductions in traffic crashes across communities in Minnesota. Further research could explore whether specific characteristics of POLD are particularly important and whether POLD could be combined with other strategies to reduce traffic crashes and other alcohol-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Lenk
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Traci L Toomey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard F MacLehose
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natalie Scholz
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Schriemer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Toben F Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eileen Delehanty
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kari Gloppen
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Nazif-Munoz JI, Anakök GA, Joseph J, Uprajhiya SK, Ouimet MC. A new alcohol-related traffic law, a further reduction in traffic fatalities? Analyzing the case of Turkey. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:195-203. [PMID: 36481009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June 2013, an alcohol-related traffic law took effect in Turkey. The law 6487 introduced administrative fines for not respecting blood alcohol concentration limits, health warning messages on alcohol containers (bottles, cans), and prohibited the sale of alcohol beverages in retail facilities between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.. This article examines how this law is associated with traffic fatality variation. METHODS Data from the Turkish Statistical Institute for the 2008-2019 period were analyzed. Outcomes were traffic fatality rates per 100,000 population and 10,000 motor vehicles. Exposure variable was the presence of law 6487. Alcohol, tobacco, and related beverages' household expenditure, unemployment rate, number of health professionals, number of crashes, and lags of the outcomes represented control variables. A time-series cross-regional fixed effect model was applied. RESULTS Empirical estimates suggest that the law 6487 was associated with a reduction of 15% (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0.85, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 082, 0.94) in the traffic fatality per population rate and with a reduction of 14% (IRR: 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.92) in the traffic fatality per motor-vehicle rate. After 6 years of its implementation, this intervention was associated with an absolute reduction of 1519 (95% reduction interval: 1177, 1810) traffic fatalities. CONCLUSIONS Our research emphasizes that legislation with direct and indirect measures targeting driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) may be related to traffic fatalities reduction. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This finding has important implications for policy and future research in contexts in which alcohol consumption is low such is in Turkey. Future research should seek to identify mechanisms that explain how laws are ultimately associated with DUIA variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gül Anıl Anakök
- Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey; Kartepe District Health Directorate, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Aslan R, Tongay N, Şenol E, Annette Akgür S. Ethyl alcohol levels in Turkish traffic accident cases. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2148578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Aslan
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nihan Tongay
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ender Şenol
- Forensic Medicine, Ege University Medical Faculty Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Annette Akgür
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Stringer RJ. Waiting for the Stop Sign to Turn Green: Contemporary Issues on Drug and Alcohol Impaired Driving Policy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE : AJCJ 2022; 47:735-748. [PMID: 36407840 PMCID: PMC9648432 DOI: 10.1007/s12103-022-09705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Impaired driving has been a considerable social problem in the U.S. for decades, but efforts to reduce it have stalled after the initial reductions in the 1980's. As a result, legislators continue to develop more polices aimed at deterring impaired driving. Although alcohol has historically been the focus of these efforts, recently there has been increased concern about marijuana impaired driving policies as well. However, alcohol and marijuana impaired driving differ in many ways. This paper explores the costs and benefits of new zero-tolerance policies such as the reduction of the per-se Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) level from .08 to .05 for alcohol and the establishment of similar per-se limits for marijuana. These policies are not based on actual impairment and reflect a net widening effect that will criminalize unimpaired drivers, divert criminal justice resources away from the most problematic impaired drivers, and will have little impact on impaired driving crashes. As such, they have the potential to do more harm than good.
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Gusso SL, Prado LB, Ximim Gavim AE, Deus JFD, Foti L, Mohd Yusoff ARB, da Silva WJ, Rodrigues PC, Macedo AG. A Disposable and Noncontact Paper Breathalyzer Based on Small Conjugated Molecules/Carbon Nanotubes Electrodes. PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) 2022; 219. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.202100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, N,N′‐di(decyl)‐3,4,9,10‐perylenebis(dicarboximide) (PDIC10) is first functionalized by hydrothermal synthesis method and processed onto single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCN) electrodes and paper substrate. The PDC10/SWCN/paper device can be applied as a noncontact breathalyzer to detect and quantify ethanol alcohol and determine equivalent blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The sensing mechanism increases the electrical resistance upon ethanol alcohol (EtOH) exposition. This device allows the quantification of BAC values from 0.01% to 0.2%, with ΔR (%) of 2–25% in this range, with adequate stability operating in cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Luiza Gusso
- PPGFA Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Curitiba 80230-901 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Foti
- Instituto Carlos Chagas/FIOCRUZ Curitiba 81310-020 Brazil
| | | | - Wilson José da Silva
- PPGFA Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Curitiba 80230-901 Brazil
- CPGEI Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Curitiba 80230-901 Brazil
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Barry V, Schumacher A, Sauber-Schatz E. Alcohol-impaired driving among adults-USA, 2014-2018. Inj Prev 2021; 28:211-217. [PMID: 34740947 PMCID: PMC9068825 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol-impaired driving (AID) crashes accounted for 10 511 deaths in the USA in 2018, or 29% of all motor vehicle-related crash deaths. This study describes self-reported AID in the USA during 2014, 2016 and 2018 and determines AID-related demographic and behavioural characteristics. METHODS Data were from the nationally representative Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Adults were asked 'During the past 30 days, how many times have you driven when you have had perhaps too much to drink?' AID prevalence, episode counts and rates per 1000 population were estimated using annualised individual AID episodes and weighted survey population estimates. Results were stratified by characteristics including gender, binge drinking, seatbelt use and healthcare engagement. RESULTS Nationally, 1.7% of adults engaged in AID during the preceding 30 days in 2014, 2.1% in 2016 and 1.7% in 2018. Estimated annual number of AID episodes varied across year (2014: 111 million, 2016: 186 million, 2018: 147 million) and represented 3.7 million, 4.9 million and 4.0 million adults, respectively. Corresponding yearly episode rates (95% CIs) were 452 (412-492) in 2014, 741 (676-806) in 2016 and 574 (491-657) in 2018 per 1000 population. Among those reporting AID in 2018, 80% were men, 86% reported binge drinking, 47% did not always use seatbelts and 60% saw physicians for routine check-ups within the past year. CONCLUSIONS Although AID episodes declined from 2016 to 2018, AID was still prevalent and more common among men and those who binge drink. Most reporting AID received routine healthcare. Proven AID-reducing strategies exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Barry
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Schumacher
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin Sauber-Schatz
- Division of Injury Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Musile G, Pigaiani N, Sorio D, Colombari M, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F. Alcohol-associated traffic injuries in Verona territory: A nine-year survey. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2021; 61:7-13. [PMID: 33591874 DOI: 10.1177/0025802420937577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, as many as 25% of traffic accidents are linked to alcohol abuse. This study describes the results of a nine-year study performed on injured drivers (N = 12,806) in the Verona area of Northern Italy. Blood samples were mandatorily collected on injured drivers who were admitted to the Emergency Health Care Unit of Verona Hospital between 2009 and 2017, after they had been involved in a traffic accident. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) determination was then undertaken using a validated head space-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (HS-GC-FID) method. We found that 21% of drivers tested positive for alcohol (BAC ≥0.01 g/L), while 16.8% presented with BAC levels above the Italian legal limit (>0.5 g/L). Of those who had positive BACs, about 50% presented with very high BAC levels (>1.5 g/L). Daily time distribution analyses, involving 2031 alcohol-positive drivers, showed a surge between 18:00 hours and 06:00 hours (74.3%), with a specific rise during the weekend (58.9%). The percentage of alcohol-related road accidents was 20.6%, which is lower than results reported in other international studies performed over the last 20 years. However, evidence that around 50% of the positive subjects showed a BAC >1.5 g/L confirms the correlation between BAC and accident risk, which becomes even more significant at progressively increasing levels of BAC. The study highlights the need to implement further strategies to both prevent and deter the use of alcohol while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Musile
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
| | - Nicola Pigaiani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Sorio
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Colombari
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health - Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
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Peng YW, Desapriya E, Chan H, R Brubacher J. "Residual blood THC levels in frequent cannabis users after over four hours of abstinence: A systematic review.". Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 216:108177. [PMID: 32841811 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, causes psychomotor impairment and puts drivers at increased risk of motor vehicle collisions. Many jurisdictions have per se limits for THC, often 2 or 5 ng/mL, that make it illegal to drive with THC above the "legal limit". People who use cannabis regularly develop partial tolerance to some of its impairing effects. Regular cannabis users may also have persistent elevation of THC even after a period of abstinence. Some stakeholders worry that current per se limits may criminalize unimpaired drivers simply because they use cannabis. We conducted a systematic review of published literature to investigate residual blood THC concentrations in frequent cannabis users after a period of abstinence. METHODS We identified relevant articles by combining terms for "cannabis" and "blood" and "concentration" and "abstinence" and searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. We included studies that reported THC levels in frequent cannabis users after more than 4 h of abstinence. RESULTS Our search identified 1612 articles of which 8 met our inclusion criteria. After accounting for duplicate publications, we had identified 6 independent studies. These studies show that blood THC over 2 ng/mL does do not necessarily indicate recent cannabis use in frequent cannabis users. Five studies reported blood THC >2 ng/mL (or plasma THC >3 ng/mL) in some participants after six days of abstinence and two reported participants with blood THC >5 ng/mL (or plasma THC > 7.5 ng/mL) after a day of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Blood THC >2 ng/mL, and possibly even THC >5 ng/mL, does not necessarily represent recent use of cannabis in frequent cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei Peng
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (Student), 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ediriweera Desapriya
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, VGH Research Pavilion, Room 281 - 828 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Herbert Chan
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, VGH Research Pavilion, Room 281 - 828 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brubacher
- The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, VGH Research Pavilion, Room 281 - 828 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Huang CY, Chou SE, Su WT, Liu HT, Hsieh TM, Hsu SY, Hsieh HY, Hsieh CH. Effect of Lowering the Blood Alcohol Concentration Limit to 0.03 Among Hospitalized Trauma Patients in Southern Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:571-581. [PMID: 32607025 PMCID: PMC7305841 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s250734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In June 2013, the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving was lowered from 0.05 to 0.03 mg/mL in Taiwan. Thus, this study aimed to assess the epidemiological changes in terms of drinking among drivers in southern Taiwan before and after the law was imposed. Methods Only patients who had undergone the BAC test at the emergency room were included in the study. The patients during the study period before (n = 2735) and after (n = 2413) the implementation of the law were selected for comparison. Drunk patients were defined as those who had a BAC ≥0.005 and were considered as driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol. Meanwhile, driving while intoxicated (DWI) was defined as a BAC ≥0.05, which was the level adopted in the new law. Results Since the BAC limit lowered to 0.03, the number of DUI patients significantly decreased from 340 (12.4%) to 171 (7.1%), and that of DWI patients significantly reduced from 273 (10.0%) to 146 (6.1%) based on the alcohol test. In addition, after the implementation of the law, the number of associated injuries did not significantly decrease from that before the law was implemented in patients involved in alcohol-related crashes. Conclusion After lowering the legal BAC limit from 0.05 to 0.03, responsiveness to the change in law was observed among the studied population. However, such responsiveness may not be observed in some citizens who may need special interventions to help reduce their behavior of drinking and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Huang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-En Chou
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ti Su
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Tsung Liu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Min Hsieh
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shiun-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Torres AK, Tapia-Rojas C, Cerpa W, Quintanilla RA. Stimulation of Melanocortin Receptor-4 (MC4R) Prevents Mitochondrial Damage Induced by Binge Ethanol Protocol in Adolescent Rat Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2020; 438:70-85. [PMID: 32416118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking is a common pattern of adolescent alcohol consumption characterized by a high alcohol intake within a short period of time; which may seriously affect brain function, triggering in some cases an addictive behavior. Current evidence indicates that alcohol addictive conduct is related to the impairment of the Melanocortin System (MCS). This system participates in the regulation of food intake and promotes anti-inflammatory response in the brain. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in the protective effects induced by MCS against binge-alcohol intoxication are still unknown. Here, we studied the effects of MCS activation on mitochondrial and oxidative damage induced by a binge-like protocol in the hippocampus of adolescent rats. We used a pharmacological activator of MC4R (RO27-3225) and evaluated its effects against oxidative injury, mitochondrial failure, and bioenergetics impairment induced by binge ethanol protocol in the hippocampus of adolescent's rats. Our results indicate that MC4R agonist reduces hippocampal oxidative damage promoting antioxidant (Nrf-2) and mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1-alpha) pathways in animals subjected to the binge-like protocol. Additionally, MC4R activation prevented mitochondrial potential loss and increased mitochondrial mass that were significantly reduced by binge ethanol protocol. Finally, RO27-3225 treatment increased ATP production and mitochondrial respiratory complex expression in adolescent rats exposed to ethanol. Altogether, these findings show that activation of the MCS pathway through MC4R prevents these negative effects of binge ethanol protocol, suggesting a possible role of the MCS in the reduction of the neurotoxic effects induced by alcohol intoxication in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.
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Lira MC, Sarda V, Heeren TC, Miller M, Naimi TS. Alcohol Policies and Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths Involving Blood Alcohol Concentrations Below 0.08. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:622-629. [PMID: 32192802 PMCID: PMC7174083 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury death in the U.S. Restrictive alcohol policies protect against crashes involving alcohol above the legal blood alcohol concentration of 0.08%. Characteristics of motor vehicle crash fatalities involving blood alcohol concentrations below the limit and their relationships to alcohol control policies have not been well characterized. METHODS Motor vehicle crash fatality data and crash and decedent characteristics from 2000 to 2015 came from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and were analyzed in 2018-2019. Alcohol Policy Scale scores characterized alcohol policy environments by state-year. Generalized estimating equation alternating logistic regression models assessed these scores and the odds that a fatality involved alcohol below the legal threshold. RESULTS Of 612,030 motor vehicle crash fatalities, 223,471 (37%) died in alcohol-involved crashes, of which 33,965 (15% of alcohol-involved fatalities or 6% of all fatalities) had a blood alcohol concentration <0.08%. A 10 percentage point increase in Alcohol Policy Scale score, approximating the interquartile range among states, was associated with reduced odds of fatalities involving alcohol <0.08% vs 0.00% (AOR=0.91, 95% CI=0.89, 0.93). These findings held across multiple subgroup analyses by decedent and crash characteristics. Similar results were found for odds of alcohol involvement <0.05% vs 0.00% (AOR=0.90, 95% CI=0.88, 0.93), and ≥0.05% but <0.08% vs <0.05% (AOR=0.93, 95% CI=0.89, 0.96). CONCLUSIONS The number of lower blood alcohol concentration fatalities is substantial. States with more restrictive alcohol policies tend to have reduced odds of lower blood alcohol concentration motor vehicle crashes than states with weaker policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene C Lira
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vishnudas Sarda
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy S Naimi
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Calvert C, Toomey T, Lenk K, Joshi S, Nelson T, Erickson D. Variation in Alcohol Policy Enforcement Across Urban and Nonurban Communities. J Rural Health 2020; 36:240-246. [PMID: 31515854 PMCID: PMC7065935 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to assess whether different types of communities (ie, urban, suburban, small town, and rural) vary in the alcohol enforcement activities they conduct. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from a national survey of local law enforcement agencies. DATA The survey assessed enforcement of a range of alcohol policies at 1,082 law enforcement agencies. U.S. Census data were used to categorize agencies based on community type. RESULTS Agencies in urban areas conducted more enforcement activities than agencies in other community types. Urban agencies were more likely than rural agencies to conduct underage compliance checks (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.42; CI: 0.34-0.53), saturation patrols (PR: 0.80; CI: 0.67-0.95), sobriety checkpoints (PR: 0.68; CI: 0.53-0.86), and enforcement aimed at illegal sales to intoxicated patrons (PR: 0.59; CI: 0.42-0.81). Urban agencies were also more likely than small town agencies to do compliance checks (PR: 0.66; CI: 0.56-0.79) and sobriety checkpoints (PR: 0.75; CI: 0.61-0.91), and they were more likely than suburban agencies to do compliance checks (PR: 0.67; CI: 0.57-0.78) and enforcement actions around the sale of alcohol to intoxicated patrons (PR: 0.64; CI: 0.45-0.90), provision of alcohol to minors (PR: 0.77; CI: 0.65-0.92), and consumption by minors (PR: 0.90; CI: 0.82-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Enforcement of alcohol laws differs by community type. Future research is needed to identify mechanisms to increase enforcement by agencies in different types of communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Calvert
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Traci Toomey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kathleen Lenk
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Spruha Joshi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Toben Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Darin Erickson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Valderrama-Zurián JC, Melero-Fuentes D, Álvarez FJ, Herrera-Gómez F. Worldwide research output trends on drinking and driving from 1956 to 2015. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 135:105364. [PMID: 31783335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to analyze worldwide research activity on drinking and driving of macro-actors (countries and research fields) and meso-actors (institutions, journals, articles, co-substance(s) studied) during the last 6 decades (between 1956 and 2015). Web of Science and Elsevier Scopus were searched using terms referred to drinking and driving, including terms related to vehicles and way spaces. Overlapping was excluded and absence of false positives was confirmed. Articles on alcohol with/without other psychoactive substances were assessed quantitatively (bibliometric measures). Well identified by All Science Journal Classification system (ASJC) (Elsevier Scopus), an increase in the number of articles through the 6 decades analyzed was observed, from 152 (1956-1965) to 2302 (2006-2015), which represent an average decadal growth rate (ADGR) of 72.21. Among 89 countries, United States of America published 37.62 % out of all the included articles. Nevertheless, institutions from Canada, European Union and Australia published 50 articles or more during 60 years. The publications were mostly welcomed by journals on substance abuse research, and an exponential increase in publications on combined use of alcohol and other driving-impairing substances was observed since the second half of the eighties. This is the first study that attempted an analysis of scientific production of macro- and meso-actors on a topic belonging to an intricate research area. Bibliometric analyses should be considered as an important tool for updating the evidence on the serious problem of driving under the influence (DUI). The awareness of policy makers and the other relevant actors involved in the control of DUI of alcohol and other substances is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Valderrama-Zurián
- Grupo de investigación UISYS, Unidad de Información e Investigación Social y Sanitaria, Departamento de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentación, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología. Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - David Melero-Fuentes
- Instituto de Documentación y Tecnologías de la Información (INDOTEI), Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - F Javier Álvarez
- Instituto de Estudios de Alcohol y Drogas (INEAD), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Herrera-Gómez
- Instituto de Estudios de Alcohol y Drogas (INEAD), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
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Geographical Detection of Traffic Accidents Spatial Stratified Heterogeneity and Influence Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020572. [PMID: 31963135 PMCID: PMC7013890 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of stratification heterogeneity in traffic accidents in Shenzhen, what factors influence the casualties, and the interaction of those factors. Geographical detection methods are used for the analysis of traffic accidents in Shenzhen. Results show that spatial stratification heterogeneity does exist, and the influencing factors of fatalities and injuries are different. The traffic accident causes and types of primary responsible party have a strong impact on fatalities and injuries, followed by zones and time interval. However, road factors, lighting, topography, etc., only have a certain impact on fatalities. Drunk driving, speeding over 50%, and overloading are more likely to cause more casualties than other illegal behaviors. Speeding over 50% and speeding below 50% have significant different influences on fatalities, while the influences on injuries are not obvious, and so do drunk driving (Blood Alcohol Concentration ≥ 0.08) and driving under the influence of alcohol (0.08 > Blood Alcohol Concentration ≥ 0.02). Both pedestrians and cyclists violating the traffic law are vulnerable to fatality. Heavy truck overloading is more likely to cause major traffic accidents than minibuses. More importantly, there are nonlinear enhanced interactions between the influencing factors, the combination of previous non-significant factors and other factors can have a significant impact on the traffic accident casualties. The findings could be helpful for making differentiated prevention and control measures for traffic accidents in Shenzhen and the method selection of subsequent research.
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Sumpter C, Mohan A, McKell J, Lewsey J, Emslie C, Fitzgerald N. How did a lower drink-drive limit affect bar trade and drinking practices? A qualitative study of how alcohol retailers experienced a change in policy. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 39:170-179. [PMID: 31814195 PMCID: PMC7027906 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction and Aims Reducing the legal drink‐drive limit from 0.08% to 0.05% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) can reduce road traffic accidents and deaths if properly enforced. Reduced limits may be opposed by alcohol retail and manufacturing industries on the basis of commercial impact. Our aim was to qualitatively explore how a reduction in the drink‐drive limit from 0.08% to 0.05% BAC in Scotland, was experienced by bar owners or managers, including any resultant changes in customer drinking or business practice. This is the first study of this type. Design and Methods Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 owners and managers of on‐trade premises in Scotland in 2018, approximately three years after the drink‐drive limit was reduced. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Most participants reported no long‐term financial impact on their business, but a few, mainly from rural areas, reported some reduction in alcohol sales. Observed drinking changes included fewer people drinking after work or leaving premises earlier on weekdays. Adaptations to businesses included improving the range of no/low‐alcohol drinks and food offered. Changes such as these were seen as key to minimising economic impact. Discussion and Conclusions Opposition to legislative measures that impact on commercial interests is often strong and receives significant public attention. This study found that Scottish businesses that adapted to the drink‐drive limit change reported little long‐term economic impact. These findings are of international relevance as potential BAC limit reductions in several other jurisdictions remain the subject of debate, including regarding the impact on business.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Mohan
- Institute of Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Jennifer McKell
- Institute of Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - James Lewsey
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carol Emslie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Niamh Fitzgerald
- Institute of Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Prevention, screening, and treatment for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6:1054-1067. [PMID: 31630982 PMCID: PMC6883141 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder are major public health problems. Practitioners not specialising in alcohol treatment are often unaware of the guidelines for preventing, identifying, and treating heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder. However, a consensus exists that clinically useful and valuable tools are available to address these issues. Here, we review existing information and developments from the past 5 years in these areas. We also include information on heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder among individuals with co-occurring psychiatric disorders, including drug use disorders. Areas covered include prevention; screening, brief intervention, and referral for treatment; evidence-based behavioural interventions; medication-assisted treatment; technology-based interventions (eHealth and mHealth); and population-level interventions. We also discuss the key topics for future research.
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20
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Romano E, Torres-Saavedra PA, Calderón Cartagena HI, Voas RB, Ramírez A. Alcohol-Related Risk of Driver Fatalities in Motor Vehicle Crashes: Comparing Data From 2007 and 2013-2014. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019. [PMID: 30079869 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using data from 2013-2014, this article aims to update alcohol-related fatal crash relative risk estimates, defined as the risk of dying in those crashes at different blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) relative to the risk of dying in a crash when sober (BAC = .00 g/dl), and to examine any change in risk that could have taken place between 2007 and 2013-2014. More specifically, we examine changes in risk among BAC = .00 g/dl drivers and among BAC > .00 g/ dl drivers. METHOD We matched and merged crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and exposure data from the National Roadside Survey (NRS). To the matched database we applied logistic regression to estimate the changes in relative risk. RESULTS We found that among sober (BAC = .00 g/dl) drivers, the risk of dying in a fatal crash decreased between 2007 and 2013-2014. For drinking drivers, however, no parallel reduction in the overall contribution of alcohol to the fatal crash risk occurred. Compared with 2007, in 2013-2014 the oldest group of drivers (age ≥ 35 years) were at an elevated crash risk when driving at low BACs (.00 g/dl < BAC < .02 g/dl). CONCLUSIONS Although the decrease in crash risk for drivers with a BAC of .00 g/dl is encouraging, the consistency of the alcohol-related risk estimates over the last two decades suggests the need to substantially strengthen current efforts to abate drinking and driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Calverton, Maryland
| | - Pedro A Torres-Saavedra
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Robert B Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Calverton, Maryland
| | - Anthony Ramírez
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Calverton, Maryland
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Tapia-Rojas C, Torres AK, Quintanilla RA. Adolescence binge alcohol consumption induces hippocampal mitochondrial impairment that persists during the adulthood. Neuroscience 2019; 406:356-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Tsai YC, Wu SC, Huang JF, Kuo SCH, Rau CS, Chien PC, Hsieh HY, Hsieh CH. The effect of lowering the legal blood alcohol concentration limit on driving under the influence (DUI) in southern Taiwan: a cross-sectional retrospective analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026481. [PMID: 31005931 PMCID: PMC6528014 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to profile the epidemiological changes of driving under the influence (DUI) in southern Taiwan after the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit was lowered from 50 to 30 mg/dL in 2013. SETTING Level 1 trauma medical centre in southern Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Data from 7447 patients (4375 males and 3072 females) were retrieved from the trauma registry system of a single trauma centre to examine patient characteristics (gender, age and BAC), clinical outcome variables (Abbreviated Injury Score, Injury Severity Score and mortality) and vehicular crash-related factors (vehicle type, airbag use in car crashes, helmet use in motorcycle crashes and time of crash) before and after the BAC limit change. RESULTS Our results indicated that the percentage of DUI patients significantly declined from 10.99% (n=373) to 6.64% (n=269) after the BAC limit was lowered. Airbag use in car crashes (OR: 0.30, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.88, p=0.007) and helmet use in motorcycle crashes (OR: 0.20, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.26, p<0.001) was lower in DUI patients compared with non-DUI patients after the BAC limit change, with significant negative correlation. DUI behaviour increased crash mortality risk before the BAC limit change (OR: 4.33, 95% CI 2.20 to 8.54), and even more so after (OR: 5.60, 95% CI 3.16 to 9.93). The difference in ORs for mortality before and after the change in the BAC legal limit was not significant (p=0.568). CONCLUSION This study revealed that lowering the BAC limit to 30 mg/dL significantly reduced the number of DUI events, but failed to result in a significant reduction in mortality in these trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Spencer C H Kuo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shyuan Rau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Chen Chien
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ferdinand AO, Aftab A, Akinlotan MA. Texting-While-Driving Bans and Motor Vehicle Crash-Related Emergency Department Visits in 16 US States: 2007-2014. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:748-754. [PMID: 30896993 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.304999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the impact of state texting bans on motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related emergency department (ED) visits. METHODS We used ED data from 16 US states between 2007 and 2014. We employed a difference-in-difference approach and conditional Poisson regressions to estimate changes in counts of MVC-related ED visits in states with and without texting bans. We also constructed age cohorts to explore whether texting bans have differential impacts by age group. RESULTS On average, states with a texting ban saw a 4% reduction in MVC-related ED visits (incidence rate ratio = 0.96; 95% confidence interval = 0.96, 0.97). This equates to an average of 1632 traffic-related ED visits prevented per year in states with a ban. Both primary and secondary bans were associated with significant reductions in MVC-related visits to the ED regardless of whether they were on all drivers or young drivers only. Individuals aged 64 years and younger in states with a texting ban saw significantly fewer MVC-related ED visits following its implementation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that states' efforts to curb distracted driving through texting bans and decrease its negative consequences are associated with significant decreases in the incidence of ED visits that follow an MVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alva O Ferdinand
- At the time of this study, all authors were with the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station
| | - Ammar Aftab
- At the time of this study, all authors were with the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station
| | - Marvellous A Akinlotan
- At the time of this study, all authors were with the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station
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Wickens CM, Watson TM, Mann RE, Brands B. Exploring perceptions among people who drive after cannabis use: Collision risk, comparative optimism and normative influence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2019; 38:443-451. [PMID: 30896069 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS While the perceived risks of driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) have been a focus of recent drug-driving research, relevant concepts from the social cognition literature have rarely been applied to inform understanding of DUIC. This study aims to expand knowledge of perceived collision risk and social influences associated with DUIC and driving after other substance use. DESIGN AND METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants of a remedial program for impaired drivers. Thematic analysis began with two independent coders. Early discussion of emergent themes resulted in the identification of applicable social cognition concepts, resulting in selective coding and interpretation. RESULTS Many participants identified DUIC as less risky than driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Mixed perceptions regarding the dangerousness of DUIC were expressed, with some participants denying increased collision risk except among novice cannabis users. Comparative optimism bias was also expressed by participants who perceived themselves as less likely than others to be involved in a collision when DUIC. In view of normative influence, friends were generally seen as more accepting of DUIC than family, and there were indications that the opinions of others who use cannabis were regarded as more credible than the opinions of those who do not use the drug. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Comparative optimism bias and normative influence may contribute to perceived risks associated with DUIC and may, therefore, be useful concepts to employ to increase the effectiveness of public health and road safety initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Wickens
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tara Marie Watson
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert E Mann
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruna Brands
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Controlled Substances Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Plawecki MH, Koskie S, Kosobud A, Justiss MD, O'Connor S. Alcohol intoxication progressively impairs drivers' capacity to detect important environmental stimuli. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 175:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Moody DE. The inhibition of first-pass metabolism of ethanol by H2-receptor antagonists: a tabulated review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:917-934. [PMID: 30117350 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1512969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Moody
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Cheng WJ, Pien LC. A Comparison of International Drunk-Driving Policies and the Role of Drinking Patterns. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:263-270. [PMID: 29606527 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective drunk-driving policies are not adopted consistently in many countries. To understand how drinking behaviors influence national drunk-driving policymaking, the associations between drunk-driving policies and country-level drinking volumes and patterns were examined. METHODS Data for 194 countries were obtained from the WHO 2012 Global Information System on Alcohol and Health. Country-level drinking behaviors were measured using average drinking volumes and patterns of drinking scores based on six attributes of risky drinking. Drunk-driving policies were categorized into preemptive measures (random breath testing, breath alcohol concentration limits for driving a vehicle, and sobriety checkpoints), penalties (community service, short- or long-term detention, fines, suspension or revocation of license, and vehicle impoundment), mandatory treatment, and ignition interlock. Data analysis was conducted in 2017. The percentages of each policy adoption were examined in countries with different drinking behaviors. The internal consistencies of preemptive measures were calculated using Cronbach's α. A structural equation model was established to examine the associations between drinking behaviors and drunk-driving policy categories, after adjusting for national income levels and general alcohol policies. RESULTS Mandatory treatment and preemptive measures were less commonly adopted than penalties were. The adoption of preemptive measures had a low consistency level, and the consistency level decreased with drinking pattern riskiness. Risky drinking patterns were negatively associated with mandatory treatment policy. CONCLUSIONS Drinking patterns are associated with national drunk-driving policymaking. Accessible medical treatment and comprehensive preemptive measures should be advocated in countries with risky drinking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Chung Pien
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, Sindian District, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Fell JC. The Merits of Adopting a 0.05 Administrative Blood Alcohol Concentration Limit for Driving. Am J Public Health 2018; 106:977-8. [PMID: 27153014 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Fell
- James C. Fell is with the Department of Economics, Justice, and Society, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD
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Tapia-Rojas C, Mira RG, Torres AK, Jara C, Pérez MJ, Vergara EH, Cerpa W, Quintanilla RA. Alcohol consumption during adolescence: A link between mitochondrial damage and ethanol brain intoxication. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:1623-1639. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Rodrigo G. Mira
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago 8331150 Chile
| | - Angie K. Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - María José Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Erick H. Vergara
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago 8331150 Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Quintanilla
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA); Santiago Chile
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Chile
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Fell JC, Scherer M. Estimation of the Potential Effectiveness of Lowering the Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limit for Driving from 0.08 to 0.05 Grams per Deciliter in the United States. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:2128-2139. [PMID: 29064571 PMCID: PMC5790204 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2013, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued a report recommending that states lower the illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving from 0.08 to 0.05 g/dl. The NTSB concluded that there is a strong evidence-based foundation for a BAC limit of 0.05 or lower. Most industrialized nations have already enacted a 0.05 illegal BAC limit. This study was undertaken to contribute to the scientific evidence as to whether lowering the BAC limit to 0.05 will be an effective alcohol policy in the United States. METHODS We accomplished our objective by: (i) conducting a meta-analysis of qualifying international studies to estimate the range and distribution of the most likely effect size from a reduction to 0.05 BAC or lower; (ii) translating this synthesis toward estimating the effects of reducing the current 0.08 BAC limit to 0.05 in the United States; and (iii) estimating the life-saving benefits of the proposed 0.03 reduction in the driving limit from 0.08 to 0.05 BAC. RESULTS In our meta-analysis of studies on lowering the BAC limit in general, we found a 5.0% decline in nonfatal alcohol-related crashes, a 9.2% decline in fatal alcohol-related crashes from lowering the BAC to 0.08, and an 11.1% decline in fatal alcohol-related crashes from lowering the BAC to 0.05 or lower. We estimate that 1,790 lives would be saved each year if all states adopted a 0.05 BAC limit. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence of the relationship between lowering the BAC limit for driving and the general deterrent effect on alcohol-related crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Fell
- National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, 4350 East West Highway, 8 Floor, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, Phone: 301-634-9576,
| | - Michael Scherer
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, MD 20705, Phone: 301-755-2700, Fax: 301-755-2799
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Molnar LJ, Eby DW, Kostyniuk LP, St Louis RM, Zanier N. Stakeholder perceptions of lowering the blood alcohol concentration standard in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2017; 27:757-762. [PMID: 28988623 PMCID: PMC7042952 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to better understand the past change in the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) standard from 0.10% to 0.08% in the United States, as well as explore stakeholder perceptions about potential health and other impacts of further lowering the standard below 0.08%. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of 20 organizations considered to have an interest and investment in the potential impacts of strategies to decrease alcohol-impaired related crashes and injuries. Interviews were conducted by a trained moderator, using a structured guide. RESULTS Themes from the interviews are presented for several discussion topics explored for both the earlier change in the legal BAC limit from 0.10% to 0.08% and a potential lowering of the limit below 0.08%. Topics included arguments for and against change; organizational position on the change; stakeholders on both sides of the issue; strategies to support or oppose the change; health and economic impacts; and enforcement and adjudication challenges. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, results suggest that moving the BAC standard below the current level will require considerable effort and time. There was strong, but not complete, agreement that it will be difficult, and maybe infeasible in the short-term, for states to implement a BAC standard lower than 0.08%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Molnar
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - David W Eby
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lidia P Kostyniuk
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Renée M St Louis
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nicole Zanier
- University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI
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Police Perspectives on Road Safety and Transport Politics in Germany. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Watson TM, Mann RE. Harm reduction and drug-impaired driving: sharing the road? DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2017.1344620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Marie Watson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health – Russell Street Site Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E. Mann
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health – Russell Street Site Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Taymur I, Budak E, Duyan V, Kanat BB, Önen S. Examination of personality traits and social problem-solving skills of individuals whose driving licenses have been confiscated due to drunk driving. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2017; 18:3-8. [PMID: 27589385 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1177639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drunk driving is one of the major behavioral issues connected with problematic alcohol consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between personality traits and social problem-solving skills of individuals who drive while intoxicated. METHOD One hundred forty-four individuals apprehended twice while driving drunk and sent to a driver behavior training program (9 females and 135 males) participated in our study. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated (EPQ-RA) composed of 4 subscales (Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and Lying) and the Social Problem Solving Inventory (SPSI) composed of 7 subscales (Cognitive, Emotion, Behavior, Problem Definition and Formulation, Creating Solution Options, Solution Implementation and Verification, and Decision Making) were used to evaluate the participants. RESULTS A positive relationship was found between the Extroversion subscale of the EPQ-RA and the Cognition subscale (P <.01), Emotion subscale (P <.01), Behavior subscale (P <.01), Generation of Alternatives subscale (P <.01), Decision Making subscale (P <.05), and Solution Implementation and Verification subscale (P <.01). For individuals who repeated intoxicated driving, all subscales of the EPQ-RA (Extroversion, Lying, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism subscales) explained 12% of the scores of the Cognition subscale and 16.2% (P <.001) of the Emotion subscale of the SPSI. There was no significant relationship between the first and second incident alcohol blood levels (P >.05). CONCLUSION Drinking and driving behaviors appear to be negative or maladaptive behaviors closely related to personality traits and may represent an effort to avoid negative emotions. Evaluation of negative emotions may have an important place in training programs intended to change drunk driving behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Taymur
- a Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Ersin Budak
- a Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | | | | | - Sinay Önen
- a Bursa Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
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Fell JC, Beirness DJ, Voas RB, Smith GS, Jonah B, Maxwell JC, Price J, Hedlund J. Can progress in reducing alcohol-impaired driving fatalities be resumed? Results of a workshop sponsored by the Transportation Research Board, Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50). TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2016; 17:771-81. [PMID: 26980557 PMCID: PMC5025339 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1157592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite successes in the 1980s and early 1990s, progress in reducing impaired driving fatalities in the United States has stagnated in recent years. Since 1997, the percentage of drivers involved in fatal crashes with illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels has remained at approximately 20 to 22%. Many experts believe that public complacency, competing social and public health issues, and the lack of political fortitude have all contributed to this stagnation. The number of alcohol-related crashes, injuries, and fatalities is still unacceptable, and most are preventable. The public needs to be aware that the problem presented by drinking drivers has not been solved. Political leaders need guidance on which measures will affect the problem, and stakeholders need to be motivated once again to implement effective strategies. METHODS The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Transportation Research Board (TRB), Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Transportation Committee (ANB50) sponsored a workshop held at the NAS facility in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on August 24-25, 2015, to discuss the lack of progress in reducing impaired driving and to make recommendations for future progress. A total of 26 experts in research and policy related to alcohol-impaired driving participated in the workshop. The workshop began by examining the static situation in the rate of alcohol-impaired driving fatal crashes to determine what factors may be inhibiting further progress. The workshop then discussed 8 effective strategies that have not been fully implemented in the United States. Workshop participants (16 of the 26) rated their top 3 strategies. RESULTS 3 strategies received the most support: 1. Impose administrative sanctions for drivers with BACs = 0.05 to 0.08 g/dL. 2. Require alcohol ignition interlocks for all alcohol-impaired driving offenders. 3. Increase the frequency of sobriety checkpoints, including enacting legislation to allow them in the 11 states that currently prohibit them. 5 other important strategies included the following: (1) increase alcohol taxes to raise the price and reduce alcohol consumption; (2) reengage the public and raise the priority of impaired driving; (3) lower the illegal per se BAC limit to 0.05 for a criminal offense; (4) develop and implement in-vehicle alcohol detection systems; and (5) expand the use of screening and brief interventions in medical facilities. CONCLUSIONS Each of these strategies is proven to be effective, yet all are substantially underutilized. Each is used in some jurisdictions in the United States or Canada, but none is used extensively. Any one of the 3 strategies implemented on a widespread basis would decrease impaired driving crashes, injuries, and fatalities. Based on the research, all 3 together would have a substantial impact on the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Fell
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 4350 East-West Highway, 8th Floor, Bethesda MD 20814
| | - Douglas J. Beirness
- Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 75 Albert Street, Suite 500, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5E7, Canada
| | - Robert B. Voas
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, MD 20705
| | - Gordon S Smith
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559
| | - Brian Jonah
- Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals, 17 Meadowbrook Crescent, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2M 7G8, Canada
| | - Jane Carlisle Maxwell
- University of Texas at Austin, School of Social Work, 1 University Station D3500, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jana Price
- National Transportation Safety Board, 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20594
| | - James Hedlund
- Highway Safety North, 110 Homestead Road, Ithaca, NY 14850-6216
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Lenk KM, Nelson TF, Toomey TL, Jones-Webb R, Erickson DJ. Sobriety checkpoint and open container laws in the United States: Associations with reported drinking-driving. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2016; 17:782-7. [PMID: 26983365 PMCID: PMC5584594 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1161759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess how 2 types of drinking-driving laws-permitting sobriety checkpoints and prohibiting open containers of alcohol in motor vehicles-are associated with drinking-driving and how enforcement efforts may affect these associations. METHODS We obtained 2010 data on state-level drinking-driving laws and individual-level self-reported drinking-driving from archival sources (Alcohol Policy Information System, NHTSA, and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). We measured enforcement of the laws via a 2009 survey of state patrol agencies. We computed multilevel regression models (separate models for each type of law) that first examined how having the state law predicted drinking-driving, controlling for various state- and individual-level covariates; we then added the corresponding enforcement measure as another potential predictor. RESULTS We found that states with a sobriety checkpoint law, compared with those without a law, had 18.2% lower drinking-driving; states that conducted sobriety checks at least monthly (vs. not conducting checks) had 40.6% lower drinking-driving (the state law variable was not significant when enforcement was added). We found no significant association between having an open container law and drinking-driving, but states that conducted open container enforcement, regardless of having a law, had 17.6% less drinking-driving. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that having a sobriety checkpoint law and conducting checkpoints as well as enforcement of open containers laws may be effective strategies for addressing drinking-driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Lenk
- a Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
| | - Toben F Nelson
- a Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
| | - Traci L Toomey
- a Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
| | - Rhonda Jones-Webb
- a Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
| | - Darin J Erickson
- a Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota
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Garbarino S, Nobili L, Philip P, Plazzi G, Campus C, Morrone E, De Carli F. Circadian Sleep Propensity and Alcohol Interaction at the Wheel. J Clin Sleep Med 2016; 12:1011-7. [PMID: 27166301 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The study was aimed at estimating the effect of alcohol consumption, time of day, and their interaction on traffic crashes in a real regional context. METHODS Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) data were collected from drivers involved in traffic accidents during one year in an Italian region and in a control group of drivers over the same road network. Mean circadian sleep propensity was estimated from a previous study as function of time of day. Accident risk was analyzed by logistic regression as function of BAC and circadian sleep propensity. RESULTS BAC values greater than zero were found in 72.0% of the drivers involved in crashes and in 40.4% of the controls. Among the former 23.6% of the drivers exceeded the BAC legal threshold of 0.05 g/dL, while illegal values were found in 10.4% of the controls. The relative risk showed a significant increase with both BAC and circadian sleep propensity (as estimated from time of day) and their interaction was significant. CONCLUSIONS Due to the significant interaction, even low BAC levels strongly increased accident risk when associated with high sleep propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal-Child Health, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Center of Sleep Medicine, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre Philip
- University de Bordeaux, Sommeil, Attention et Neuropsychiatrie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna and IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences
| | - Elisa Morrone
- Sleep Center, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Carli
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Genoa, Italy
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Rowe R, Andrews E, Harris PR, Armitage CJ, McKenna FP, Norman P. Identifying beliefs underlying pre-drivers' intentions to take risks: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 89:49-56. [PMID: 26803598 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Novice motorists are at high crash risk during the first few months of driving. Risky behaviours such as speeding and driving while distracted are well-documented contributors to crash risk during this period. To reduce this public health burden, effective road safety interventions need to target the pre-driving period. We use the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to identify the pre-driver beliefs underlying intentions to drive over the speed limit (N=77), and while over the legal alcohol limit (N=72), talking on a hand-held mobile phone (N=77) and feeling very tired (N=68). The TPB explained between 41% and 69% of the variance in intentions to perform these behaviours. Attitudes were strong predictors of intentions for all behaviours. Subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were significant, though weaker, independent predictors of speeding and mobile phone use. Behavioural beliefs underlying these attitudes could be separated into those reflecting perceived disadvantages (e.g., speeding increases my risk of crash) and advantages (e.g., speeding gives me a thrill). Interventions that can make these beliefs safer in pre-drivers may reduce crash risk once independent driving has begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK.
| | | | | | - Christopher J Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
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Zhao A, Chen R, Qi Y, Chen A, Chen X, Liang Z, Ye J, Liang Q, Guo D, Li W, Li S, Kan H. Evaluating the Impact of Criminalizing Drunk Driving on Road-Traffic Injuries in Guangzhou, China: A Time-Series Study. J Epidemiol 2016; 26:433-9. [PMID: 26947952 PMCID: PMC4967664 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20140103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road-traffic injury (RTI) is a major public-health concern worldwide. However, the effectiveness of laws criminalizing drunk driving on the improvement of road safety in China is not known. METHODS We collected daily aggregate data on RTIs from the Guangzhou First-Aid Service Command Center from 2009 to 2012. We performed an interrupted time-series analysis to evaluate the change in daily RTIs before (January 1, 2009, to April 30, 2011) and after (May 1, 2011, to December 31, 2012) the criminalization of drunk driving. We evaluated the impact of the intervention on RTIs using the overdispersed generalized additive model after adjusting for temporal trends, seasonality, day of the week, and holidays. Daytime/Nighttime RTIs, alcoholism, and non-traffic injuries were analyzed as comparison groups using the same model. RESULTS From January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2012, we identified a total of 54 887 RTIs. The standardized daily number of RTIs was almost stable in the pre-intervention period but decreased gradually in the post-intervention period. After the intervention, the standardized daily RTIs decreased 9.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.5%-12.8%). There were similar decreases for the daily daytime and nighttime RTIs. In contrast, the standardized daily cases of alcoholism increased 38.8% (95% CI, 35.1%-42.4%), and daily non-traffic injuries increased 3.6% (95% CI, 1.4%-5.8%). CONCLUSIONS This time-series study provides scientific evidence suggesting that the criminalization of drunk driving from May 1, 2011, may have led to moderate reductions in RTIs in Guangzhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University
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Toomey TL, Lenk KM, Nederhoff DM, Nelson TF, Ecklund AM, Horvath KJ, Erickson DJ. Can Obviously Intoxicated Patrons Still Easily Buy Alcohol at On-Premise Establishments? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:616-22. [PMID: 26891204 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol consumption at licensed alcohol establishments (i.e., bars and restaurants) has been directly linked to alcohol-related problems such as traffic crashes and violence. Historically, alcohol establishments have had a high likelihood of selling alcohol to obviously intoxicated patrons (also referred to as "overservice") despite laws prohibiting these sales. Given the risks associated with overservice and the need for up-to-date data, it is critical that we monitor the likelihood of sales to obviously intoxicated patrons. METHODS To assess the current likelihood of a licensed alcohol establishment selling alcohol to an obviously intoxicated patron, we conducted pseudo-intoxicated purchase attempts (i.e., actors attempt to purchase alcohol while acting out obvious signs of intoxication) at 340 establishments in 1 Midwestern metropolitan area. We also measured characteristics of the establishments, the pseudo-intoxicated patrons, the servers, the managers, and the neighborhoods to assess whether these characteristics were associated with likelihood of sales of obviously intoxicated patrons. We assessed these associations with bivariate and multivariate regression models. RESULTS Pseudo-intoxicated buyers were able to purchase alcohol at 82% of the establishments. In the fully adjusted multivariate regression model, only 1 of the characteristics we assessed was significantly associated with likelihood of selling to intoxicated patrons-establishments owned by a corporate entity had 3.6 greater odds of selling alcohol to a pseudo-intoxicated buyer compared to independently owned establishments. CONCLUSIONS Given the risks associated with overservice of alcohol, more resources should be devoted first to identify effective interventions for decreasing overservice of alcohol and then to educate practitioners who are working in their communities to address this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L Toomey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kathleen M Lenk
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dawn M Nederhoff
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Toben F Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexandra M Ecklund
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Keith J Horvath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Darin J Erickson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Van Dyke NA, Fillmore MT. Distraction produces over-additive increases in the degree to which alcohol impairs driving performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4277-84. [PMID: 26349918 PMCID: PMC4618724 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research indicates that alcohol intoxication and increased demands on drivers' attention from distractions (e.g., passengers and cell phones) contribute to poor driving performance and increased rates of traffic accidents and fatalities. OBJECTIVES The present study examined the separate and combined effects of alcohol and distraction on simulated driving performance at blood alcohol concentrations (BrACs) below the legal driving limit in the USA (i.e., 0.08 %). METHODS Fifty healthy adult drivers (36 men and 14 women) were tested in a driving simulator following a 0.65-g/kg dose of alcohol and a placebo. Drivers completed two drive tests: a distracted drive, which included a two-choice detection task, and an undistracted control drive. Multiple indicators of driving performance, such as drive speed, within-lane deviation, steering rate, and lane exceedances were measured. RESULTS Alcohol and distraction each impaired measures of driving performance. Moreover, the magnitude of alcohol impairment was increased by at least twofold when tested under the distracting versus the undistracted condition. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the need for a clearer understanding of how common distractions impact intoxicated drivers, especially at BrACs that are currently legal for driving in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T. Fillmore
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Mark T. Fillmore, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506. Tel.: +1 859 257 4728; fax: +1 859 323 1979.
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One for the Road: A Comparison of Drinking and Driving Behavior Among Younger and Older Adults Involved in Fatal Crashes. J Trauma Nurs 2015; 22:187-93. [PMID: 26165871 DOI: 10.1097/jtn.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Driving while intoxicated has been widely studied, but little is known about the differences in driving behaviors between the youngest and oldest drivers who consume alcohol but are not intoxicated. This study examined factors leading to fatal crashes in younger and older drivers who consumed alcohol, with a focus on drivers whose blood alcohol concentration was less than 0.08%. This was a secondary analysis of the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Mean blood alcohol for both age groups was nearly double the legal limit. Within the low alcohol group, a higher proportion of older drivers crashed compared with younger drivers. Continued efforts are needed to screen and educate drivers regarding drinking and driving.
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Green RS, Kureshi N, Erdogan M. Legal consequences for alcohol-impaired drivers injured in motor vehicle collisions: A systematic review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 80:106-116. [PMID: 25899058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of alcohol-impaired drivers injured in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) is a complex public health issue. We conducted a systematic review to describe the legal consequences for alcohol-impaired drivers injured in a MVC and taken to a hospital or trauma center. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases from inception until August 2014. We included studies that reported legal consequences including charges or convictions of injured drivers taken to a hospital or trauma center after a MVC with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeding the legal limit.Results Twenty-six studies met inclusion criteria; twenty studies were conducted in the USA, five in Canada, and one in Sweden. All were cohort studies (23 retrospective, 3 prospective) and included 11,409 patients overall. A total of 5,127 drivers had a BAC exceeding the legal limit, with legal consequences reported in 4937 cases. The median overall DUI/DWI conviction rate was 13% (range 0-85%). The median percentage of drivers with a previous conviction on their record for driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI) was 15.5% (range 6-40%). The median percentage of drivers convicted again for DUI/DWI during the study period was 3.5% (range 2-10%). Heterogeneity between study designs, legal jurisdictions, institutional procedures and policies for obtaining a legally admissible BAC measurement precluded a meta-analysis. Conclusions The majority of intoxicated drivers injured in MVCs and seen in the emergency department are never charged or convicted. A substantial proportion of injured intoxicated drivers had more than one conviction for DUI/DWI on their police record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Green
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Trauma Nova Scotia, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Nelofar Kureshi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Sheehan M. A 0.05 BAC limit in the United States: an important challenge for policy, health and safety. Addiction 2014; 109:875. [PMID: 24796397 DOI: 10.1111/add.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sheehan
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4059, Australia.
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Talpins SK. An argument for prioritizing drivers above the current illegal limit in the United States. Addiction 2014; 109:875-7. [PMID: 24796398 DOI: 10.1111/add.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Talpins
- National Partnership on Alcohol Misuse and Crme, Washington, DC, USA.
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Graham K, Miller P, Chikritzhs T, Bellis MA, Clapp JD, Hughes K, Toomey TL, Wells S. Response to commentaries. Addiction 2014; 109:702-3. [PMID: 24720824 DOI: 10.1111/add.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Graham
- Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, ON, Canada; Western University, London, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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