Clinical and microbiological characterization of localized aggressive periodontitis: a cohort study

Assessment of potential antimicrobial activity of Ocimum basilicum extract and chlorhexidine against Socransky's complex pathogens of oral cavity: An in vitro study

Background and Objective

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease initiated by periodontal pathogens and progresses further in destruction of periodontium. Hence, the objective of this study was to test the efficacy of Ocimum basilicum seeds extract on periodontal pathogens.

Materials and Methods

O. basilicum seeds were authenticated from a recognized taxonomist. They were coarsely powdered; ethanol-based extract preparation was done by the Soxhlet method and aqueous-based extract by hot infusion procedure. Extracts so obtained were assessed for minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, zone of inhibition, and time-kill assay of O. basilicum seeds extract on periodontal pathogens, and comparatively evaluated the effectiveness against 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate in triplicates. Kruskal-Wallis Test was employed wherein the statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results

The concentration of O. basilicum ethanolic extract against periodontal pathogens was determined to be 10 mg/ml, whereas 4.7 mg/ml of aqueous extract was proven effective against periodontal pathogens. Similarly, aqueous extract of O. basilicum developed a wider zone against periodontal pathogens compared to ethanol-based O. basilicum extract. Statistically significant difference found in the effectiveness between both extract and CHX.

Conclusion

The antibacterial activity was evident in both the extracts of O. basilicum against anaerobic periodontal pathogens. However, it was more pronounced in aqueous extract, but lower compared to CHX.

Cariogenic and oral health taxa in the oral cavity among children and adults: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

To review published oral microbiome studies and create a comprehensive list of bacterial species found in saliva and dental plaque among healthy children and adults associated with presence of carious lesions and caries-free state (oral health).

DESIGN

This review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We searched published studies querying PUBMED and EMBASE using the following keywords: (plaque OR saliva) AND caries AND (next generation sequencing OR checkerboard OR 16s rRNA or qPCR). Studies were limited to human studies published in English between January 1, 2010 and June 24, 2020 that included > 10 caries-active and > 10 caries-free participants, and assessed the entire bacterial community.

RESULTS

Our search strategy identified 298 articles. After exclusion criteria, 22 articles remained; we considered 2 studies that examined saliva and plaque as separate studies, for a total of 24 studies. Species associated with caries or oral health varied widely among studies reviewed, with notable differences by age and biologic sample type. No bacterial species was associated with caries in all studies. Streptococcus mutans was found more frequently among those with caries (14/24 (58.3 %)) and Fusobacterium periodonticum was found more frequently among those that were caries-free (5/24 (20.8 %)).

CONCLUSION

No bacterial species was associated with caries or oral health across all studies supporting multiple pathways to cariogenesis. However, the variation may be due to sampling at different time points during caries development, varying methods of specimen sampling, storage, sequencing or analysis or differences in host factors such as age.

Multidisciplinary Clinical Management of a Localized Aggressive Periodontitis diagnosed in a Child with Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia

Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) in child involving primary dentition is a rare disease. The main characteristics of LAP are deep periodontal pockets, bone loss, tooth mobility, and, sometimes, spontaneous tooth loss. The LAP involves only some specific teeth. Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder. The paper’s aim is to present the case of a 5-year-old girl with GT presenting LAP, and discuss her clinical management.

How to cite this article: Prud’homme T, Roy E, Soueidan A, Fouassier M, Dajean-Trutaud S, Badran Z. Multidisciplinary Clinical Management of a Localized Aggressive Periodontitis diagnosed in a Child with Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(4):344-348.

Polymerase chain reaction: A molecular diagnostic tool in periodontology

This review discusses the principles of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application as a diagnostic tool in periodontology. The relevant MEDLINE and PubMed indexed journals were searched manually and electronically by typing PCR, applications of PCR, PCR in periodontics, polymorphism studies in periodontitis, and molecular techniques in periodontology. The searches were limited to articles in English language and the articles describing PCR process and its relation to periodontology were collected and used to prepare a concise review. PCR has now become a standard diagnostic and research tool in periodontology. Various studies reveal that its sensitivity and specificity allow it as a rapid, efficient method of detecting, identifying, and quantifying organism. Different immune and inflammatory markers can be identified at the mRNA expression level, and also the determination of genetic polymorphisms, thus providing the deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying the periodontal disease.

Maresin 1 Biosynthesis and Proresolving Anti-infective Functions with Human-Localized Aggressive Periodontitis Leukocytes

Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) is a distinct form of early-onset periodontitis linked to periodontal infection with uncontrolled inflammation and leukocyte-mediated tissue destruction. The resolution of inflammation is an active process orchestrated by specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Since the level of the Maresin pathway marker 14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA) was lower in activated peripheral blood from LAP patients, we investigated the Maresin 1 (MaR1) biosynthetic pathway in these subjects and its role in regulating phagocyte functions. Macrophages from LAP patients had a lower level of expression of 12-lipoxygenase (∼30%) and reduced MaR1 (LAP versus healthy controls [HC], 87.8 ± 50 pg/10(6) cells versus 239.1 ± 32 pg/10(6) cells). Phagocytosis by LAP macrophages was reduced ∼40% compared to that of HC, and killing of periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, were similarly reduced. LAP neutrophils also displayed slower kinetics (∼30%) and decreased maximal phagocytosis (∼20% lower) with these pathogens than those of HC. The administration of MaR1 at 1 nM enhanced phagocytosis (31 to 65% increase), intracellular antimicrobial reactive oxygen species production (26 to 71% increase), bacterial killing of these periodontal pathogens (22 to 38% reduction of bacterial titers), and restored impairment of LAP phagocytes. Together, these results suggest that therapeutics targeting the Maresin pathway have clinical utility in treating LAP and other oral diseases associated with infection, inflammation, and altered phagocyte functions.

Inter-Individual Differences in the Oral Bacteriome Are Greater than Intra-Day Fluctuations in Individuals

Given the advent of massively parallel DNA sequencing, human microbiome is analyzed comprehensively by metagenomic approaches. However, the inter- and intra-individual variability and stability of the human microbiome remain poorly characterized, particularly at the intra-day level. This issue is of crucial importance for studies examining the effects of microbiome on human health. Here, we focused on bacteriome of oral plaques, for which repeated, time-controlled sampling is feasible. Eighty-one supragingival plaque subjects were collected from healthy individuals, examining multiple sites within the mouth at three time points (forenoon, evening, and night) over the course of 3 days. Bacterial composition was estimated by 16S rRNA sequencing and species-level profiling, resulting in identification of a total of 162 known bacterial species. We found that species compositions and their relative abundances were similar within individuals, and not between sampling time or tooth type. This suggests that species-level oral bacterial composition differs significantly between individuals, although the number of subjects is limited and the intra-individual variation also occurs. The majority of detected bacterial species (98.2%; 159/162), however, did not fluctuate over the course of the day, implying a largely stable oral microbiome on an intra-day time scale. In fact, the stability of this data set enabled us to estimate potential interactions between rare bacteria, with 40 co-occurrences supported by the existing literature. In summary, the present study provides a valuable basis for studies of the human microbiome, with significant implications in terms of biological and clinical outcomes.