Dietary kelp meal improves serum antioxidants, intestinal immunity, and lipid metabolism in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂)

BACKGROUND

Dietary kelp possesses a variety of useful biological qualities but does not have a toxic effect on the host. In this study, we examine how kelp dietary supplementation enhances the serum biochemistry, intestinal immunity, and metabolism of hybrid snakehead. A total of 810 juvenile hybrid snakeheads (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂), with an initial average weight of 11.4 ± 0.15 g, were allocated randomly to three treatment groups (three replicates per group). The fish were fed for 60 days with isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets. The groups were the control group (C) (20% high-gluten flour), the medium replacement group (MR) (10% high-gluten flour and 10% kelp meal), and the full replacement group (FR) (0% high-gluten flour and 15% kelp meal).

RESULTS

The results showed that dietary kelp increased the activity of serum antioxidant enzymes significantly and decreased the content of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in hybrid snakeheads, with significant changes in the FR group (P < 0.05). The intestinal morphology results showed that dietary kelp helped to increase the specific surface area of intestinal villi, which was beneficial for intestinal digestion and absorption. According to transcriptome and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, dietary kelp can improve the expression of intestinal immunity and metabolism-related pathways. Among them, immune-related genes MHC1 and HSPA1 were significantly up-regulated, and IGH, MHC2, and IL-8 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). Lipid metabolism-related genes DGAT2, FABP2, RXRα, and PLPP1 were all significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Dietary kelp can effectively improve the antioxidant function of hybrid snakeheads, improve intestinal morphology, reduce intestinal inflammation, and promote intestinal lipid synthesis and transportation, thereby improving intestinal immunity and metabolic functions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Molecular characteristics of Echinococcus multilocularis FABP1 and its regulatory functions on murine macrophages

Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have emerged as attractive vaccination candidates for several platyhelminth species. To explore the physiological functions of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) FABP, the molecular characteristics of EmFABP1 were analyzed by online software, and the regulatory roles of rEmFABP1 protein in murine macrophages were further investigated. The emfabp1 gene encodes 133 amino acids with the characteristic β-barrel shape of the cytoplasmic FABP family. Natural EmFABP1 protein is predominantly expressed in protoscoleces tegument and germinal layer cells and is also detected in cyst fluid and exosomes of E. multilocularis. rEmFABP1 protein demonstrated a notable suppression of phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. Additionally, the protein was observed to promote apoptosis and regulate cytokine expression in macrophages. These findings suggested that E. multilocularis FABP1 is critical in modifying macrophage physiological processes and that this protein may have immunomodulatory roles during infection.

Cortical activity in patients with high-functioning ischemic stroke during the Purdue Pegboard Test: insights into bimanual coordinated fine motor skills with functional near-infrared spectroscopy

After stroke, even high-functioning individuals may experience compromised bimanual coordination and fine motor dexterity, leading to reduced functional independence. Bilateral arm training has been proposed as a promising intervention to address these deficits. However, the neural basis of the impairment of functional fine motor skills and their relationship to bimanual coordination performance in stroke patients remains unclear, limiting the development of more targeted interventions. To address this gap, our study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate cortical responses in patients after stroke as they perform functional tasks that engage fine motor control and coordination. Twenty-four high-functioning patients with ischemic stroke (7 women, 17 men; mean age 64.75 ± 10.84 years) participated in this cross-sectional observational study and completed four subtasks from the Purdue Pegboard Test, which measures unimanual and bimanual finger and hand dexterity. We found significant bilateral activation of the sensorimotor cortices during all Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks, with bimanual tasks inducing higher cortical activation than the assembly subtask. Importantly, patients with better bimanual coordination exhibited lower cortical activation during the other three Purdue Pegboard Test subtasks. Notably, the observed neural response patterns varied depending on the specific subtask. In the unaffected hand task, the differences were primarily observed in the ipsilesional hemisphere. In contrast, the bilateral sensorimotor cortices and the contralesional hemisphere played a more prominent role in the bimanual task and assembly task, respectively. While significant correlations were found between cortical activation and unimanual tasks, no significant correlations were observed with bimanual tasks. This study provides insights into the neural basis of bimanual coordination and fine motor skills in high-functioning patients after stroke, highlighting task-dependent neural responses. The findings also suggest that patients who exhibit better bimanual performance demonstrate more efficient cortical activation. Therefore, incorporating bilateral arm training in post-stroke rehabilitation is important for better outcomes. The combination of functional near-infrared spectroscopy with functional motor paradigms is valuable for assessing skills and developing targeted interventions in stroke rehabilitation.

Robust, Ultrafast and Reversible Photoswitching in Bulk Polymers Enabled by Octupolar Molecule Design

Improving the photoswitching rate and robustness of photochromic molecules in bulk solids is paramount for practical applications but remains an on-going challenge. Here, we introduce an octupolar design paradigm to develop a new family of visible light organic photoswitches, namely multi-branched octupolar Stenhouse Adducts (MOPSAs) featuring a C3-symmetrical A3-(D-core) architecture with a dipolar donor-acceptor (D-A) photochrome in each branch. Our design couples multi-dimensional geometric and electronic effects of MOPSAs to enable robust ultrafast reversible photoswitching in bulk polymers. Specifically, the optimal MOPSA (4 wt %) in commercial polyurethane films accomplishes nearly 100 % discoloration in 6 s under visible light with ∼ 100 % thermal-recovery in 17.4 s at 60 °C, while the acquired kinetics constants are 3∼7 times that of dipolar DASA counterpart and 1∼2 orders of magnitude higher than those of reported DASAs in polymers. Importantly, the MOPSA-doped polymer films sustain 500 discoloration/recovery cycles with slow degradation, superior to the existing DASAs in polymers (≤30 cycles). We discover that multi-dipolar coupling in MOPSA enables enhanced polarization and electron delocalization, promoting the rate-determining thermal cyclization, while the branched and non-planar geometry of MOPSA induces large free volume to facilitate the isomerization. This design can be extended to develop spiropyran or azobenzene-based ultrafast photochromic films. The superior photoswitching performance of MOPSAs together with their high-yield and scalable synthesis and facile film processing inspires us to explore their versatile uses as smart inks or labels for time-temperature indicators, optical logic encryption and multi-levelled data encryption.

Prevalence, distribution characteristic and risk factors of lumbar vertebral axial rotation in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective study

This retrospective study aimed to investigate the impact of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) on vertebral axial rotation (VAR) in the lumbar spine, focusing on both close and distant neighboring vertebrae. A total of 516 patients with LDH and an equal number of healthy individuals were included in the study, matched for age and gender. The degree of axial rotation for each lumbar spine vertebra was assessed using the Nash-Moe index. The results revealed that the prevalence of VAR in the lumbar spine was significantly higher in the LDH group compared to the Control group (65.7% vs 46.7%, P < 0.001). Among the LDH group, the L2 vertebra had the highest frequency of VAR (49.5%), followed by L1 (45.1%), and then L3 to L5 (33.6%, 8.9%, 3.1%, respectively). A similar pattern was observed in the Control group (L2, 39.8%; L1, 34.6%; L3, 23.2%; L4, 3.1%; L5, 0.8%). Furthermore, the study found that disc herniation was associated with a higher incidence of VAR not only in close neighboring vertebrae but also in distant neighboring vertebrae. This indicates that the biomechanical influence of LDH extends beyond just the immediate adjacent vertebrae. To identify potential risk factors for VAR in LDH patients, multivariate analysis was performed. The results revealed that age was an independent risk factor for VAR (OR 1.022, 95% CI [1.011, 1.034], P < 0.001). However, the duration of symptoms and presence of back pain were not found to be significant risk factors for VAR.

Excessive processing and acetylation of OPA1 aggravate age-related hearing loss via the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics

The pathogenesis of age-related hearing loss (ARHL) remains unclear. OPA1 is the sole fusion protein currently known to be situated in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which is pivotal for maintaining normal mitochondrial function. While it has already been demonstrated that mutations in OPA1 may lead to hereditary deafness, its involvement in the occurrence and development of ARHL has not been previously explored. In our study, we constructed D-gal-induced senescent HEI-OC1 cells and the cochlea of C57BL/6J mice with a mutated SUMOylation site of SIRT3 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We found enhanced L-OPA1 processing mediated by activated OMA1, and increased OPA1 acetylation resulting from reductions in SIRT3 levels in senescent HEI-OC1 cells. Consequently, the fusion function of OPA1 was inhibited, leading to mitochondrial fission and pyroptosis in hair cells, ultimately exacerbating the aging process of hair cells. Our results suggest that the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics in cochlear hair cells in aged mice can be ameliorated by activating the SIRT3/OPA1 signaling. This has the potential to alleviate the senescence of cochlear hair cells and reduce hearing loss in mice. Our study highlights the significant roles played by the quantities of long and short chains and the acetylation activity of OPA1 in the occurrence and development of ARHL. This finding offers new perspectives and potential targets for the prevention and treatment of ARHL.

Gut microbiota and risk of coronary heart disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background

The relationship between gut microbiota composition and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been recently reported in several observational studies. However, the causal effect of gut microbiota on coronary heart disease is uncharted.

Objective

This study attempted to investigate the effect of gut microbiota on coronary heart disease by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods

Through the two-sample MR method, single-nucleotide polymorphisms relevant to gut microbiota were selected as instrument variables to evaluate the causal association between gut microbiota and the risk of CHD.

Results

According to the selection criteria of the inverse variance-weighted average method, Class Actinobacteria, Class Lentisphaeria, Family Clostridiales vadinBB60group, Genus Clostridium innocuum group, Genus Bifidobacterium, Genus Butyricicoccus, Genus Oxalobacter, Genus Turicibacter, and Order Victivallales, presented a suggestive association with coronary heart disease.

Conclusion

This two-sample Mendelian randomization study found that gut microbiota was causally associated with coronary heart disease. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the protective effect of probiotics on coronary heart disease and their specific protective mechanisms.

Evaluation of Different Fixation Methods Combinations After L-Shaped Osteotomy Reduction Malarplasty: An In Vitro Biomechanical Study

BACKGROUND

This in vitro study compared the stability of different fixation method combinations for the zygomatic complex after simulated L-shaped osteotomy reduction malarplasty, a common facial contouring surgery in East Asia with high postoperative complications due to poor fixation methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study used 108 zygoma replicas with various fixation methods combinations in the zygomatic body (L-shaped plate with short wing on zygoma and on the maxilla, two bicortical screws, one bicortical screw with L-shaped plate, square plate, and rectangular plate) and zygomatic arch (Mortise-Tenon structure, 3-hole plate, and Mortise-Tenon structure plus short screw). The failure force under incremental load was applied through the Instron tensile machine to a well-stabilized model using a rubber band simulating the masseter muscle and recorded the increasing force digitally. ANOVA test was used for comparison between recorded values (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

The results showed that the most stable combination was a six-hole rectangular plate and a Mortise-Tenon structure plus one short screw (358.55 ± 51.64 N/mm2). The results also indicated that the placement vector of the fixation methods around the L-shaped osteotomy and the use of the two-bridge fixation method were important factors in enhancing the stability of the zygomatic complex.

CONCLUSION

The study suggested that surgeons should choose appropriate fixation methods based on these factors to reduce postoperative complications and improve surgical outcomes.

NO LEVEL ASSIGNED

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

How to assess the long-term recovery outcomes of patients with cauda equina syndrome before surgery: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Factors influencing recovery after decompression surgery for cauda equina syndrome (CES) are not completely identified. We aimed to investigate the most valuable predictors (MVPs) of poor postoperative recovery (PPR) in patients with CES and construct a nomogram for discerning those who will experience PPR.

METHODS

356 patients with CES secondary to lumbar degenerative diseases treated at *** Hospital were randomly divided into training (N=238) and validation (N=118) cohorts at a 2:1 ratio. Moreover, 92 patients from the **** Hospital composed the testing cohort. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression (LASSO) was used for selecting MVPs. The nomogram was developed by integrating coefficients of MVPs in the logistic regression, and its discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility were validated in all three cohorts.

RESULTS

After 3 to 5 years of follow-up, the residual rates of bladder dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, and saddle anesthesia were 41.9%, 44.1%, 63.7%, and 29.0%, respectively. MVPs included stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, low stream, difficult defecation, fecal incontinence, and saddle anesthesia in order. The discriminatory ability of the nomogram was up to 0.896, 0.919, and 0.848 in the training, validation, and testing cohorts, respectively. Besides, the nomogram showed good calibration and clinical utility in all cohorts. Furthermore, the optimal cut-off value of the nomogram score for distinguishing those who will experience PPR was 148.02, above which postoperative outcomes tend to be poor.

CONCLUSION

The first pre-treatment nomogram for discerning CES patients who will experience PPR was developed and validated, which will aid clinicians in clinical decision-making.

The L-shaped Zygomatic Reduction with Oblique or Vertical Resection: Which One is the Optimal Choice?

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate the optimal surgical techniques in reduction malarplasty by comparing the difference between the L-shaped osteotomy with vertical and oblique bone resection.

METHODS

One hundred and twenty patients who visited our department for L-shaped osteotomy with either vertical (Group Ⅰ) or oblique bone resection (Group Ⅱ) from 2015 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The preoperative and postoperative spiral computed tomography (CT) data were analyzed. The preoperative CT data was also used to simulate the virtual and model surgery.

RESULTS

The results showed that a broken-bridge-like structure with a bony gap of 2.86±1.03 mm at the zygomatic arch root was observed in Group Ⅰ, and a mortice and tenon joint structure with a bone overlap of 2.28±0.58 mm was formed in Group Ⅱ. The zygoma in Group Ⅰ displaced significantly in the vertical direction and horizontal direction during the follow-up. Simultaneously, the incidence of complications was higher in Group Ⅰ. In the mechanism analysis through virtual and model surgery, the zygomatic segment was shifted anteriorly and inferiorly in Group Ⅰ, and a bony gap was detected at the zygomatic arch root. Conversely, a superior and posterior movement was performed in Group Ⅱ and it maintained the zygomatic complex integral with bone overlap at the zygomatic arch root upon repositioning.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that L-shaped osteotomy with oblique bone resection could be the optimal choice for reducing zygomatic prominence.

Effects of different combinations of koumine and gelsemine on growth performance, intestinal health, and transcriptome of Cyprinus carpio

Koumine (KM) and gelsemine (GS) have shown significant benefits in livestock production, but their potential in aquaculture remains largely unexplored. This study examined the impact of different KM and GS combinations as feed additives on C. carpio (90 fish per group, initial weight 1.95 ± 0.08 g). KM and GS were introduced in ratios of 2:2 (mg/kg), 2:1 (mg/kg), and 2:0.67 (mg/kg) over a 10-week aquaculture experiment. The results demonstrate that the 2:1 (mg/kg) group increases the villus length, muscular layer thickness, crude protein, and crude fat content. Regarding fatty acid content, KM and GS enhance the levels of various fatty acids, including the total saturated fatty acid and total monounsaturated fatty acid. Additionally, KM and GS improve the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. The 2:1 (mg/kg) group significantly elevates the enzymatic activities of SOD, MDA, CAT and upregulates the expression of immune-related genes such as toll-like receptor 2, transforming growth factor β, and glutathione S-transferase. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that KM and GS may have potential benefits for nutrient utilization and immune regulation in C. carpio. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the use of KM and GS as feed additives in aquaculture.

Inhibition of cc chemokine receptor 10 ameliorates osteoarthritis via inhibition of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by inflammation and progressive cartilage degradation. Chondrocyte apoptosis is the most common pathological feature of OA. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a major inflammatory cytokine that promotes cartilage degradation in OA, often stimulates primary human chondrocytes in vitro to establish an in vitro OA model. Moreover, IL-1β is involved in OA pathogenesis by stimulating the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. The G-protein-coupled receptor, cc chemokine receptor 10 (CCR10), plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of various malignant tumors. However, the mechanism underlying the role of CCR10 in the pathogenesis of OA remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of CCR10 on IL-1β-stimulated CHON-001 cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The CHON-001 cells were transfected with a control small interfering RNA (siRNA) or CCR10-siRNA for 24 h, and stimulated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β for 12 h to construct an OA model in vitro. The levels of CCR10, cleaved-caspase-3, MMP-3, MMP-13, Collagen II, Aggrecan, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, phosphorylated-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and mTOR were detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis of CHON-001 cells were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH), and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Level of CCR10 was substantially higher in the IL-1β-stimulated CHON-001 cells than that in the control group, whereas CCR10 was down-regulated in the CCR10-siRNA transfected CHON-001 cells compared to that in the control-siRNA group. Notably, CCR10 inhibition alleviated IL-1β-induced inflammatory injury in the CHON-001 cells, as verified by enhanced cell viability, inhibited LDH release, reduced apoptotic cells, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression. Meanwhile, IL-1β induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and IL-8, increase of MMP-3 and MMP-13, and decrease of Collagen II and Aggrecan in the CHON-001 cells, which were reversed by CCR10-siRNA. However, these effects were reversed upon PI3K agonist 740Y-P treatment. Further, IL-1β-induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway activation was inhibited by CCR10-siRNA, which was increased by 740Y-P treatment.

CONCLUSION

Inhibition of CCR10 alleviates IL-1β-induced chondrocytes injury via PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition, suggesting that CCR10 might be a promising target for novel OA therapeutic strategies.

Chronic cauda equina syndrome decompression surgery recovery is very "bad"? Based on patient self-assessment

BACKGROUND

Symptoms of cauda equina syndrome (CES) secondary to degenerative lumbar spine diseases are sometimes mild and tend to be ignored by patients, resulting in delayed treatment. In addition, the long-term efficacy of surgery is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the predictive factors of CES and post-operative recovery in patients with symptoms lasting > 3 months.

METHODS

From January 2011 to December 2020, data of 45 patients with CES secondary to lumbar disk herniation/lumbar spinal stenosis were collected from a single center. The patients had bladder, bowel or sexual dysfunction and decreased perineal sensation that lasted for > 3 months. A 2-year post-operative follow-up was conducted to evaluate recovery outcomes, which were measured by validated self-assessment questionnaires conducted by telephone and online.

RESULTS

Overall, 45 CES patients (57.8% female; mean age, 56 years) were included. The duration of pre-operative CES symptoms was 79.6 weeks (range, 13-730 weeks). The incidence of saddle anesthesia before decompression was 71.1% (n = 32), bladder dysfunction 84.4% (n = 38), bowel dysfunction 62.2% (n = 28) and sexual dysfunction 64.4% (n = 29). The overall recovery rate of CES after a 2-year follow-up was 64.4%. The rates of the residual symptoms at the last follow-up were as follows: saddle anesthesia 22.2%, bladder dysfunction 33.3%, bowel dysfunction 24.4% and sexual dysfunction 48.9%. Pre-operative saddle anesthesia, overactive bladder and sexual dysfunction were risk factors for poor prognosis after decompression.

CONCLUSION

CES patients with symptoms lasting > 3 months may recover after surgery. Sexual dysfunction has a high residual rate and should not be ignored during diagnosis and treatment.

NAD+ supplementation prevents STING-induced senescence in CD8+ T cells by improving mitochondrial homeostasis

Understanding the connection between senescence phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial in aging and premature aging diseases. Loss of mitochondrial function leads to a decline in T cell function, which plays a significant role in this process. However, more research is required to determine if improving mitochondrial homeostasis alleviates senescence phenotypes. Our research has shown an association between NAD+ and senescent T cells through the cGAS-STING pathway, which can lead to an inflammatory phenotype. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of NAD+ in T-cell aging and how it can be utilized to improve mitochondrial homeostasis and alleviate senescence phenotypes. We demonstrate here that mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) occur in senescent T cells and tumor-bearing mice. Senescence is mediated by a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and involves ectopic cytoplasmic DNA. We further show that boosting intracellular NAD+ levels with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) prevents senescence and SASP by promoting mitophagy. NMN treatment also suppresses senescence and neuroinflammation and improves the survival cycle of mice. Encouraging mitophagy may be a useful strategy to prevent CD8+ T cells from senescence due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, supplementing with NMN to increase NAD+ levels could enhance survival rates in mice while also reducing senescence and inflammation, and enhancing mitophagy as a potential therapeutic intervention.

Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis treatment for periappendiceal abscess: A case report

BACKGROUND

Acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal emergency. At present, the main treatments for periappendiceal abscess include antibiotics and surgery. However, the complications and mortality of emergency surgery are high. The preferred therapy is conservative treatment with antibiotics first, ultrasound-guided puncture drainage or surgical treatment is followed when necessary. Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) for acute uncomplicated appendicitis have been proved clinically effective, but it is rarely used in periappendiceal abscess.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a patient admitted to hospital because of "right lower abdominal pain for six days". The computerized tomography (CT) of patient showed that appendicitis with fecaliths and abscess in the pelvis. The patient was treated by CT-guided puncture and drainage of abdominal abscess combined with ERAT to remove appendiceal fecaliths, irrigation and stent placement.

CONCLUSION

The patient did not receive surgery because of impoverished family. Abdominal pain did not recur during the follow-up period. This case confirms the value of ERAT in the treatment of periappendiceal abscess.

Sorafenib plus transarterial chemoembolization vs sorafenib alone for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Although the past decade has seen remarkable advances in treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the dismal overall prognosis still envelops HCC patients. Several comparative trials have been conducted to study whether transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) could improve clinical outcomes in patients receiving sorafenib for advanced HCC; however, the findings have been inconsistent.

AIM

To study the potential synergies and safety of sorafenib plus TACE vs sorafenib alone for treating advanced HCC, by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

This study was conducted following the PRISMA statement. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Data included in the present work were collected from patients diagnosed with advanced HCC receiving sorafenib plus TACE or sorafenib alone. Data synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted using Review Manager software.

RESULTS

The present study included 2780 patients from five comparative clinical trials (1 was randomized control trial and 4 were retrospective studies). It was found that patients receiving sorafenib plus TACE had better prognoses in terms of overall survival (OS), with a combined hazard ratio (HR) of 0.65 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.46-0.93, P = 0.02, n = 2780]. Consistently, progression free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) differed significantly between the sorafenib plus TACE arm and sorafenib arm (PFS: HR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.40-0.96, P = 0.03, n = 443; TTP: HR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.64-0.83, P < 0.00001, n = 2451). Disease control rate (DCR) was also significantly increased by combination therapy (risk ratio = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.02-1.81, P = 0.04, n = 641). Regarding safety, the incidence of any adverse event (AE) was increased due to the addition of TACE; however, no significant difference was found in grade ≥ 3 AEs.

CONCLUSION

The combination of sorafenib with TACE has superior efficacy to sorafenib monotherapy, as evidenced by prolonged OS, PFS, and TTP, as well as increased DCR. Additional high-quality trials are essential to further validate the clinical benefit of this combination in the treatment of advanced HCC.

Impact of cholesterol homeostasis within cochlear cells on auditory development and hearing loss

Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol molecule in mammalian cells, which not only constitutes the cell membrane but also plays essential roles in the synthesis of important hormones, synapse formation, and cell signal transduction. The effect of hypercholesterolemia on hearing has been studied extensively, and multiple studies have demonstrated that hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for hearing loss. However, the impact of cholesterol homeostasis within auditory cells on peripheral auditory development and maintenance has not been evaluated in detail. Mutations in certain cholesterol metabolism-related genes, such as NPC1, SERAC1, DHCR7, and OSBPL2, as well as derivatives of cholesterol metabolism-related ototoxic drugs, such as β-cyclodextrin, can lead to disruptions of cholesterol homeostasis within auditory cells, resulting in hearing loss. This article aims to review the impact of cholesterol homeostasis within auditory cells on the peripheral auditory function from the following two perspectives: (1) changes in cholesterol homeostasis regulatory genes in various hearing loss models; (2) mechanisms underlying the effects of some drugs that have a therapeutic effect on hearing loss via regulating cholesterol homeostasis. This article aims to summarize and analyze the impact of disruption of cellular cholesterol homeostasis within auditory cells on hearing, in order to provide evidence regarding the underlying mechanisms.

Effect of dietary koumine on the immune and antioxidant status of carp (Cyprinus carpio) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Koumine (KM) has anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and growth-promoting effects in pigs and sheep. Based on the growth-promoting and immunological effects of koumine, the present study was conducted on Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) with four KM concentrations: 0 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg for 10 weeks, followed by a 1-week Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection experiment. The effect of KM on the immunity of A. hydrophila infected carp was analyzed by histopathology, biochemical assay, and qRT-PCR to assess the feasibility of KM in aquaculture. The results showed that the presence of KM alleviated pathogen damage to carp tissues. At 2 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg concentrations of KM successively and significantly elevated (p < 0.05) the SOD activities in the intestinal tract, hepatopancreas and kidney of carp. The expression levels of hepatopancreatic antioxidant genes Nrf2 and IGF-1 were significantly up-regulated in the same group (p < 0.05), while the expression levels of immune genes IL-8 and IL-10 were down-regulated. In summary, KM at concentrations of 2 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg could regulate the expression of antioxidant and immune genes in various tissues in an orderly and rapid manner, and significantly improve the antioxidant and immune abilities of carp, which is conducive to the improvement of the resilience of carp.

Effect of Premedication With Pronase Before Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to confirm whether premedication with pronase before endoscopy improves mucosal visualization and increases precancerous lesion and cancer lesion detection rates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From June 2018 to April 2019, out-patients scheduled for endoscopy from 13 hospitals were screened to be randomly allocated in a 2:1 ratio to premedication with pronase (group A) and water (group B). The primary endpoint was mucosal visibility scores, and the secondary endpoint was precancerous and cancer lesion detection rates. This trial was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and the registration number was ChiCTR1800016853.

RESULTS

Group A showed significantly lower mucosal visibility scores (better mucosal visibility) of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum than group B, with all P -values <0.001. The overall cancer detection rates between group A and group B were 0.83 and 1.08%, and overall detection rates of precancerous and cancer lesion were 4.4 and 4.9%, both without significant difference ( P =1.000 and 0.824). In addition, the flushing volume (milliliter) of group A (10.52±23.41) was less than group B (36.30±52.11) ( P <0.001), and the flushing frequency of group A (0.46±1.01) was fewer than group B (1.62±2.12) ( P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Premedication with pronase could achieve better mucosal visibility and decrease flushing frequency and volume, but may not increase lesion detection rates.

USP10 promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell survival and stemness via SNAI1 deubiquitination

Cancer cell stemness contributes significantly to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) progression. However, the roles of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in ICC modulation are poorly understood. Ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 (USP10) was highly expressed in ICC spheres. The interaction between USP10 and snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1) reduced the polyubiquitination of the SNAI1 protein and stabilized the SNAI1 protein. USP10 knockdown in RBE cells inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis and decreased the diameter of the formed spheres and the expression levels of CD44, EpCAM, OCT4 and SOX2. SNAI1 overexpression alleviated the effect of USP10 knockdown in RBE cells. In addition, the knockdown of USP10 attenuated the ability of RBE cells to form tumors subcutaneously in nude mice. Our results revealed that USP10 attenuates ICC cell malignancy by deubiquitinating SNAI1, indicating that USP10 could be developed as a therapeutic target for ICC treatment.

Hearing intervention for decreasing risk of developing dementia in elders with mild cognitive impairment: study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial for Chinese Hearing Solution for Improvement of Cognition in Elders (CHOICE)

BACKGROUND

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) signifies the bilateral, symmetrical, sensorineural hearing loss that commonly occurs in elderly individuals. Several studies have suggested a higher risk of dementia among patients diagnosed with ARHL. Although the precise causal association between ARHL and cognitive decline remains unclear, ARHL has been recognized as one of the most significant factors that can be modified to reduce the risk of developing dementia potentially. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) typically serves as the initial stage in the transition from normal cognitive function to dementia. Consequently, the objective of our randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to further investigate whether the use of hearing aids can enhance cognitive function in older adults diagnosed with ARHL and MCI.

METHODS AND DESIGN

This study is a parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial conducted at multiple centers in Shanghai, China. We aim to enlist a total of 688 older adults (age ≥ 60) diagnosed with moderate-to-severe ARHL and MCI from our four research centers. Participants will be assigned randomly to either the hearing aid fitting group or the health education group using block randomization with varying block sizes. Audiometry, cognitive function assessments, and other relevant data will be collected at baseline, as well as at 6, 12, and 24 months post-intervention by audiologists and trained researchers. The primary outcome of our study is the rate of progression to dementia among the two groups of participants. Additionally, various evaluations will be conducted to measure hearing improvement and changes in cognitive function. Apart from the final study results, we also plan to conduct an interim analysis using data from 12-month follow-up.

DISCUSSION

In recent years, there has been a notable lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the possible causal relationship between hearing fitting and the improvement of cognitive function. Our findings may demonstrate that hearing rehabilitation can be a valuable tool in managing ARHL and preventing cognitive decline, which will contribute to the development of a comprehensive framework for the prevention and control of cognitive decline.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry chictr.org.cn ChiCTR2000036139. Registered on 21 August 2020.

Transarterial Chemoembolization Plus Sorafenib versus Transarterial Chemoembolization Alone for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses and Systematic Reviews

Background

Sorafenib is the standard treatment for most cases of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), based on Western and Eastern clinical guidelines. Thus, an increasing number of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) plus sorafenib combination therapies have been used in clinical practice. In addition, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have explored the efficacy and safety of the combination of TACE and sorafenib. Therefore, we performed an umbrella review to summarize and evaluate these evidence-based studies.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched up to June 1, 2023. All meta-analyses that evaluated the effect of TACE plus sorafenib on HCC were considered eligible. The quality of the included meta-analyses was evaluated by AMSTAR2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews). The quality of evidence per association provided in the meta-analyses was rated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE). This study was registered with PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42023420417).

Results

We included 12 meta-analyses, including randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and observational studies. A total of 44 associations with overall survival, survival rate, time to disease progression, overall response rate, disease control rate, and adverse events were evaluated in this umbrella review. The quality of most associations ranged from low to very low, indicating that flaws were significant in the current meta-analyses.

Conclusion

This umbrella review identified beneficial associations between TACE and sorafenib combination therapy in advanced HCC. However, owing to the low certainty of the evidence, clinicians should interpret our results with caution when applying them in clinical practice, and high-quality studies are required in the future to confirm our results.

Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Revealing the Role of IDO1 in HPV+ Cervical Cancer Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Its Implications in Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is one major etiology of cervical cancer (CC). By now, anti-PD-1 immunotherapy is approved for advanced CC patients, but the response rate was just about 10-20%, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) might be one factor that affect the efficacy. The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a metabolic immune checkpoint, is recently shown to have a correlation-ship with HPV carcinogenesis in CC, with unknown mechanism. This study, using the single cell transcriptomic single-cell sequencing and spatial transcription sequencing analysis/immunologic technology, aimed to exam the role of IDO1 expression in HPV+ CC TIME and explore the changes after radiotherapy.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Newly diagnosed advanced HPV- CC and HPV+ CC patients were tested for the tumor and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) heterogeneity and their changes after fractionated radiation therapy. Tumor tissues were collected, single cell suspension was made for Single-cell RNA sequencing (SCRNAseq) using the 10 × Genomics, while frozen tissue was embedded for spatial transcriptome sequencing (STRNAseq). Seurat 4.0 was used to cluster and annotate cell clusters and map SCRNAseq data to the STRNAseq data. The specific characters of cell clusters were computed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). SPOTLight and CellChat were used to analyze cell location and interaction respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 28631 cells were clustered into 31 cell subsets in HPV- CC and HPV+ CC tissues, including baseline (Pre HPV- CC and Pre HPV+ CC) and 3-week after radiotherapy (Post 3w HPV- CC and Post 3w HPV+CC). There were 10431 epithelial cells (Epi) in all these 4 tumor tissues, with heterogenous IDO1 expression, including IDO1-high Epi, IDO1-low Epi, and IDO1-neg Epi. Interestingly, more than 99% of Epi in Pre HPV- CC tissues were IDO1-neg cells, while more than 99% in Pre HPV+ CC tissue were IDO1-high. Furthermore, the proportion of IDO1-high Epi in Pre HPV+ CC patient dropped to 16.7% after radiotherapy, while the proportion of IDO1-low Epi rase to 63.3%. Using GSEA, the characters of IDO1-high Epi group was shown to have positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis and negative regulation of cell adhesion and differentiation. IDO1-high Epi cells also had the hallmark of interferon gamma response. These cells could mainly receive regulative information of interferon gamma pathway from exhausted CD8 T cells, which could affect the apoptosis of tumor cells.

CONCLUSION

This study comprehensively analyzed the immune suppressive role of IDO1-high Epi cells in HPV+ CC TIME at the single-cell transcriptional scale and explored their functional characters in CC radiotherapy. This would be able to provide more evidence to combine with radiotherapy and immunotherapy to improve patients' prognosis.

Correlations between schizophrenia and lichen planus: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Background

Several existing studies have shown a correlation between schizophrenia and lichen planus (LP). However, the causality of this relationship remains uncertain. Thus, this study aimed to examine the causal association between schizophrenia and LP.

Methods

A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was carried out to investigate whether schizophrenia is causally related to LP and vice versa, and genetic variants in this study were taken from previous genome-wide association studies. We used the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method as the main analysis. Furthermore, several sensitivity analyses were performed to assess heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and stability.

Results

Our results show that schizophrenia has a protective effect on LP (OR = 0.881, 95%CI = 0.795-0.975, p = 0.015). Conversely, we observed no significant relationship between LP and schizophrenia in reverse MR analysis (OR = 0.934, 95%CI = 0.851-1.026, p = 0.156).

Conclusion

Our two-sample Mendelian randomization study supports a significant causal relationship between LP and schizophrenia and finds that schizophrenia can reduce the incidence of LP. This is in contrast to previous findings and provides new insights into the relationship between LP and schizophrenia, but the exact mechanism needs further investigation.

Left hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm complicating endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A case report

BACKGROUND

Pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery or its branches have been reported following abdominal trauma, iatrogenic injury at the time of many operations such as percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and cholecystectomy. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are uncommon and potentially life threatening and should be identified and treated rapidly.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a case of intra-abdominal hemorrhage secondary to a left hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm resulting from guide wire injury at ERCP. The patient primary diagnosis was acute biliary pancreatitis with cholangitis, he underwent ERCP on the third day of admission. During ERCP, the left intrahepatic bile duct was cannulated three times. Over the sixth day, Contrast enhanced computed tomography scan demonstrated left hepatic lobe contusion and a pseudoaneurysm formation. The patient was successfully treated with the embolization of a small branch of left hepatic artery angiographically.

CONCLUSION

The common complications of ERCP are pancreatitis, bleeding and perforation. False aneurysms occur as a result of damage to the wall of an artery. As far as we know, it is rare complication has been reported following ERCP. We advise urgent referral for angiographic embolization in this situation to avoid aneurysm rupture.

Microbiome-Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Beneficial Effects of Dietary Kelp Resistant Starch on Intestinal Functions of Hybrid Snakeheads (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂)

The benefits of resistant starch on hypoglycemia, obesity prevention, antioxidant status and the alleviation of metabolic syndrome have received considerable attention. In this study, we explored how dietary kelp resistant starch (KRS) enhances intestinal morphology and function through a microbiome-metabolomic analysis. Hybrid snakeheads (initial weight: 11.4 ± 0.15 g) were fed experimental diets for 60 days. Fish were fed a basic wheat starch diet and the KRS diet. Dietary KRS improved intestinal morphology and enhanced intestinal antioxidant and digestive capabilities, as evidenced by decreased intestinal damage and upregulated intestinal biochemical markers. The microbiome analysis showed that KRS administration elevated the proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria and the abundance of beneficial bacteria that increases insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, significant alterations in metabolic profiles were observed to mainly associate with the amino acid metabolism (particularly arginine production), the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, fat metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and the biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites. Additionally, alterations in intestinal microbiota composition were significantly associated with metabolites. Collectively, changes in intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles produced by the replacement of common starch with dietary KRS appears to play an important role in the development of intestinal metabolism, thus leading to improved intestinal function and homeostasis.

Enhancing prognostic accuracy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma chemotherapy via a lipid metabolism-related clustered polygenic model

OBJECTIVE

Systemic chemotherapy is the first-line therapeutic option for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but it often fails. This study aimed to develop an effective prognostic model for evaluating the therapeutic effects of systemic chemotherapy.

METHODS

This study utilized CRISPR/cas9 whole gene loss-of-function library screening and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC patients who have undergone systemic therapy to examine differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A lipid metabolism-related clustered polygenic model called the lipid metabolism related score (LMRS) model was established based on the identified functionally enriched DEGs. The prediction efficiency of the model for survival outcome, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy response was evaluated using HNSCC datasets, the GEO database and clinical samples.

RESULTS

Screening results from the study demonstrated that genes those were differentially expressed were highly associated with lipid metabolism-related pathways, and patients receiving systemic therapy had significantly different prognoses based on lipid metabolism gene characteristics. The LMRS model, consisting of eight lipid metabolism-related genes, outperformed each lipid metabolism gene-based model in predicting outcome and drug response. Further validation of the LMRS model in HNSCCs confirmed its prognostic value.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the LMRS polygenic prognostic model is helpful to assess outcome and drug response for HNSCCs and could assist in the timely selection of the appropriate treatment for HNSCC patients. This study provides important insights for improving systemic chemotherapy and enhancing patient outcomes.

Kinetic and isotherm of competitive adsorption cadmium and lead onto Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoclaved cells

Heavy metal pollution has been regarded as a significant public health hazard during the industrialization, which also have exhibited various types of toxicological manifestations. Moreover, due to the high cost and toxic by-products, some conventional remediation methods were limited to heavy metals pollution control. In this work, autoclaved Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a biosorbent for the removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ from single and binary ions aqueous solution system. The kinetics and isotherm of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were studied in different ion systems. The results showed that the competitive adsorption ability of S. cerevisiae to Pb2+ was stronger than that to Cd2+ in binary ions solution. To all the single ion solution of Cd2+ or Pb2+ and binary ions solution of Cd2+-Pb2+, there always existed that the adsorption of metal ions on S. cerevisiae fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherms model. The adsorption quantity qt in different solutions followed the sequence as qt (Cd2+-Pb2+) > qt (Pb2+-single) > qt (Pb2+-binary) > qt (Cd2+-single) > qt (Cd2+-binary). The autoclaved S. cerevisiae used in this research was one kind of rapid and favourable biosorbent for Pb2+ and Cd2+. In Pb2+ and Cd2+-containing solutions, sites competition and jointed toxicity of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on S. cerevisiae cells were the key to the total adsorption effect, and further researches were necessary in the next work. Thus, the current research presented that the autoclaved S. cerevisiae could be applied as an effective biosorbent for heavy metal adsorption from water environment and the design of eco-friendly technologies for the treatment of waste liquor.

Survival Benefits From Adjuvant Lenvatinib for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Microvascular Invasion After Curative Hepatectomy

Background

The long-term prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgery remains far from satisfactory, especially in patients with microvascular invasion (MVI). This study aimed to evaluate the potential survival benefit from adjuvant lenvatinib for patients with HCC and MVI.

Methods

Patients with HCC after curative hepatectomy were reviewed. All patients were divided into 2 groups according to adjuvant lenvatinib. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to reduce selection bias and make the results more robust. Survival curves are shown by the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis and compared by the Log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the independent risk factors.

Results

Of 179 patients enrolled in this study, 43 (24%) patients received adjuvant lenvatinib. After PSM analysis, 31 pairs of patients were enrolled for further analysis. Survival analysis before and after PSM analysis showed a better prognosis in the adjuvant lenvatinib group (all P < .05). The adverse events associated with oral lenvatinib were acceptable. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that adjuvant lenvatinib was an independent protective factor for improving overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.455, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.249-0.831, P = .001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.523, 95% CI = 0.308-0.886, P = .016).

Conclusions

Postoperative adjuvant targeted therapy can improve the long-term prognosis of patients with HCC and MVI. Therefore, in clinical practice, oral lenvatinib should be recommended for patients with HCC and MVI to decrease tumor recurrence and improve long-term survival.

An effect assessment of microplastics and nanoplastics interacting with androstenedione on mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)

An increasing number of microplastics have been detected in aquatic environments, causing various damage to organisms. The size of microplastics affects the toxicity once they enter the organisms. Meanwhile, there is an increasing variety of Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) present in aquatic environments. Androstenedione (AED) is a typical EDC. In this study, we used polystyrene microspheres of 80 nm (NPs) and 8 μm (MPs) as materials to simulate environmental contaminants in the aquatic environment with AED. We used female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) as the research object to investigate the effects of microplastics on fish in waters containing AED. We compared different sizes of particles accumulation in some tissues of fish and variation of enzyme activities (SOD, LDH, CAT), and the content of MDA in the gut. MPs, NPs, and AED combined exposure test investigated mRNA profiles of immune-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) and hormone receptor genes (ARα, ARβ, ERα, ERβ) in the liver of fish. Our results indicated that MPs emerged in various tissues (gill, gut, and liver) of mosquitofish. Besides, NPs and MPs caused enteric abnormal enzyme activity after 48 h of exposure, which was particularly pronounced in the MPs-AED group. MPs induced significant upregulation of inflammatory factors and gonadal factor genes after 96 h of exposure, which was more pronounced when co-exposed with AED. In conclusion, NPs and MPs caused mechanisms of immune damage and inflammatory response. MPs were found to be more likely to cause adverse reactions than NPs, and these responses were enhanced by the combined effects of AED. This study demonstrated that AED can exacerbate the negative effects of MPs and NPs on mosquitofish. It provided an important basis for the effective assessment of MPs and NPs on bioaccumulation and biochemical status of mosquitofish. Additionally, it serves as a foundation to investigate the interactive effects of microplastics and EDCs in living organisms.

Insights into the reaction of anammox to exogenous pyridine: Long-term performance and micro mechanisms

Some industrial wastewaters contain high amounts of toxic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, which may inhibit the efficiency of biological treatment. This work systematically investigated how exogenous pyridine affected the anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) system and discussed the microscopic response mechanisms based on genes and enzymes. The anammox efficiency was not seriously inhibited by pyridine less than 50 mg/L. Bacteria secreted more extracellular polymeric substances to resist pyridine stress. After 6 days stress with 80 mg/L pyridine, the nitrogen removal rate of anammox system lost 47.7%. Long-term stress of pyridine reduced anammox bacteria by 7.26% and the expression of functional genes by 45%. Pyridine could actively bind to hydrazine synthase and ammonium transporter. This work fills a research gap in the ongoing threat of pyridines to anammox, and has guiding value for the application of anammox process in the treatment of ammonia-rich wastewater containing pyridine.

Low-carbon energy policies benefit climate change mitigation and air pollutant reduction in megacities: An empirical examination of Shenzhen, China

The low-carbon transformation of energy system has great significance for megacities to mitigate climate change, which brings co-benefits to improve urban air quality. Taking China's megacity, Shenzhen, as an example, this study examines the potential of wide-ranging energy policies in urban GHG emission reduction and the associated synergistic effect on decreasing major air pollutant emissions. Based on the low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) model, the major results show that an effective implementation of newly emerging energy policies could help cap GHG emissions of Shenzhen in 2025 and nearly halve them by 2035, which would contribute substantially to reducing urban air pollutant emissions. At the sectoral level, the synergistic effect of emission reduction would be the strongest in the transportation sector, followed by the electricity and manufacturing sectors, while it is not significant in the building sector. Moreover, all policies on energy efficiency improvement and demand management that reduce fossil energy consumption show synergistic effects on decreasing air pollutants, while policies on energy structural optimization show differentiated impacts across SO₂, NOx, VOCs, and PM_2.5. Urban managers should prioritize energy policies with strong synergistic effects and specifically promote the wide application of rooftop PV system and deep electrification of road transportation.

Intragastric fish bones migrate into the liver: A case report

BACKGROUND

A foreign body in the digestive tract is a common disease in the clinic. However, it is rare for a foreign body to migrate into the liver. Most patients are diagnosed before or after perforation of the digestive tract. Laparoscopic removal of intrahepatic foreign bodies is an effective treatment method.

CASE SUMMARY

A 55-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to fever for 3 d, in addition to pain and discomfort in the right side of his waist. After admission, abdominal computed tomography showed a foreign body in the liver, and gastroscopy did not indicate obvious erosion or ulcers. The patient then underwent laparoscopic surgery. During the operation, an abscess was seen near the gastric antrum and between the caudate lobes of the liver. It was approximately 30 mm × 31 mm × 23 mm in size. The abscess was cut open, and a fish bone was found inside. The fish bone had penetrated the liver and was successfully removed. It was confirmed that the fish bone migrated from the stomach to the liver.

CONCLUSION

Although intrahepatic foreign bodies are rare, they should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible to avoid serious complications such as intrahepatic abscess, which may lead to liver resection and even life-threatening events.

Spatio-temporal pattern of c-Jun N-terminal kinase isoforms in the cochleae of C57BL/6J mice with presbycusis

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is a vital component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, which regulates cell death and survival. The present study aimed to explore the Spatio-temporal changes in all JNK isoforms in the cochleae of C57/BL6J mice with age-related hearing loss. Changes in the three isoforms of JNKs in the cochleae of an animal model with presbycusis and the senescent HEI-OC1 cell line were tested by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Our results demonstrated that all three JNK isoforms are distributed in the cochleae, and the expression patterns of JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 differed in hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and stria vascularis, with great significance in the cochleae of adult C57BL/6J mice. The levels of JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 showed various spatio-temporal changes in the aging mice. In a senescent hair cell model, changes in JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 expression levels were similar to those observed in the cochleae. Our study is the first to show that JNK3 is highly expressed in the hair cells of C57BL/6J mice and further increases in conjunction with age-related hearing loss, suggesting that it may play a more critical role than previously believed in hair cell loss and spiral ganglion degeneration.

Phylogenomic analyses reveal incongruences between divergence times and fossil records of freshwater snails in East Asia

Fossils provide important insight into our understanding of phylogenetic history by serving as calibration points for divergence time estimation. However, uncertainties in the fossil record due to parallel evolution and convergent evolution can critically affect estimates of node ages. Here, we compare and contrast estimates of phylogenetic divergence with geologic and fossil history for two freshwater snail genera of the family Viviparidae in East Asia (Cipangopaludina and Margarya). Cipangopaludina species are commonly widely distributed species in East Asia, but extant Margarya species are endemic to the ancient lakes in Yunnan, China. According to some previous studies, parallel evolution or convergent evolution of shell morphology has occurred in the family several times which may affect divergence time estimation using fossil records. In this study, we used SNP data derived from ddRAD-seq loci to investigate population demographic history of both genera. Our results show a common pattern of lake endemic lineages diversifying from widely distributed lineages in the Miocene, and multiple colonization to a single ancient lake occurred in the Pleistocene. Our results indicate substantial incongruence among estimated phylogenomic divergence times, some fossil records, and formation ages of ancient lakes. These findings suggest some fossil records may be misidentified in these groups and highlight the need to carefully evaluate geological evidence and fossil records when using these for divergence time estimation.

Taxonomic insights and evolutionary history in East Asian terrestrial slugs of the genus Meghimatium

East Asia, specifically the Japanese Archipelago, is a biodiversity hotspot of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Mollusks represent a burst of species diversity in this region due to the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on their morphological traits, such as shell shape and size. However, the evolutionary history of terrestrial slugs in East Asia remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the molecular phylogeny of terrestrial slugs of the genus Meghimatium. This genus includes three described and eight undescribed species, and our study used all except for two. Based on phylogeny and the species delimitation tests, the genus Meghimatium was split into many putative species, suggesting higher species diversity than previously thought based on morphological and anatomical studies and that almost undescribed species may be inappropriate. Therefore, morphological traits, such as body size and colour, conventionally considered for classification may easily vary or be similar across geographic region. Moreover, the divergence time of this genus is almost concordant with the geographical time scale of the formation of the Japanese mainland. Our findings suggest that molecular phylogenetics helps classify Japanese Meghimatium slugs, but comprehensive taxonomic revisions using multi-locus analyses are needed.

Timing of endoscopy for acute variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis (CHESS1905): A nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND

Endoscopy plays an important role in the management of acute variceal bleeding (AVB) in patients with cirrhosis. This study aimed at determining the optimal endoscopy timing for cirrhotic AVB.

METHODS

Patients with cirrhosis with AVB across 34 university hospitals in 30 cities from February 2013 to May 2020 who underwent endoscopy within 24 hours were included in this study. Patients were divided into an urgent endoscopy group (endoscopy <6 h after admission) and an early endoscopy group (endoscopy 6-24 h after admission). Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors for treatment failure. Primary outcome was the incidence of 5-day treatment failure. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, need for intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay. A propensity score matching analysis was performed. In addition, we performed an analysis, in which we compared the 5-day treatment failure incidence and the in-hospital mortality among patients with endoscopy performed at <12 hours and 12-24 hours.

RESULTS

A total of 3319 patients were enrolled: 2383 in the urgent endoscopy group and 936 in the early endoscopy group. After propensity score matching, on multivariable analysis, Child-Pugh class was identified as an independent risk factor for 5-day treatment failure (HR, 1.61; 95% CI: 1.09-2.37). The incidence of 5-day treatment failure was 3.0% in the urgent endoscopy group and 2.9% in the early group ( p = 0.90). The in-hospital mortality was 1.9% in the urgent endoscopy group and 1.2% in the early endoscopy group ( p = 0.26). The incidence of need for intensive care unit was 18.2% in the urgent endoscopy group and 21.4% in the early endoscopy group ( p = 0.11). The mean length of hospital stay was 17.9 days in the urgent endoscopy group and 12.9 days in the early endoscopy group ( p < 0.05). The incidence of 5-day treatment failure in the <12-hour group was 2.3% and 2.2% in the 12-24 hours group ( p = 0.85). The in-hospital mortality was 2.2% in the <12-hour group and 0.5% in the 12-24 hours group ( p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggest that performance of endoscopy within 6-12 or within 24 hours of presentation among patients with cirrhosis with AVB led to similar treatment failure outcomes.

CHFR promotes metastasis of human gastric carcinoma by activating AKT and ERK via NRF2- ROS axis

Tumor suppressor gene CHFR (The Checkpoint with Forkhead-associated and Ring finger domains) is a mitotic checkpoint and frequently hypermethylated in gastric cancer. Our previous study found CHFR played a certain extent pro-tumor function in gastric cancer. However, little is known about the underlying mechanism. In this study, we tried to further elucidate the role and mechanism for CHFR in gastric cancer (GC) by constructing CHFR stably expressed cell lines. As expected, the ectopic expression of CHFR slowed the cell proliferation in both two SGC-7901 and AGS cells, while significantly promoted the potential of cell migration and invasion. For the first time, our data indicated that stable expression of CHFR in SGC-7901 and AGS restrained cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and promoted the activation of AKT and ERK, two regulators of redox hemostasis. Furthermore, H₂O₂ treatment effectively elevated ROS level and reversed CHFR-induced cell invasion in stable SGC-7901 and AGS cells with the decreased phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. We also confirmed that CHFR exerted its function by promoting NRF2 expression. The most important is, the ectopic expression of CHFR significantly inhibited SGC-7901 cell-derived xenografts and obviously promoted lung metastasis of GC cell with NRF2, p-AKT and p-ERK increased. Taken together, our findings suggested that CHFR might take part in gastric cancer progression especially cancer metastasis by activating AKT and ERK via NRF2- ROS axis.

Resmetirom Ameliorates NASH-Model Mice by Suppressing STAT3 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in an RGS5-Dependent Manner

Resmetirom, a liver-directed, orally active agonist of THR-β, could play a favorable role in treating NASH, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. A NASH cell model was established to test the preventive effect of resmetirom on this disease in vitro. RNA-seq was used for screening, and rescue experiments were performed to validate the target gene of the drug. A NASH mouse model was used to further elucidate the role and the underlying mechanism of resmetirom. Resmetirom effectively eliminated lipid accumulation and decreased triglyceride (TG) levels. In addition, repressed RGS5 in the NASH model could be recovered by resmetirom treatment. The silencing of RGS5 effectively impaired the role of resmetirom. In the NASH mouse model, obvious gray hepatization, liver fibrosis and inflammation, and increased macrophage infiltration were observed in liver tissues, while resmetirom almost returned them to normal conditions as observed in the control group. Pathological experimental data also confirmed that resmetirom has great potential in NASH treatment. Finally, RGS5 expression was suppressed in the NASH mouse model, but it was upregulated by resmetirom treatment, while the STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways were activated in NASH but inhibited by the agent. Resmetirom could improve NASH by recovering RGS5 expression and subsequently inactivating the STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Probing many-body dynamics in a two-dimensional dipolar spin ensemble

The most direct approach for characterizing the quantum dynamics of a strongly interacting system is to measure the time evolution of its full many-body state. Despite the conceptual simplicity of this approach, it quickly becomes intractable as the system size grows. An alternate approach is to think of the many-body dynamics as generating noise, which can be measured by the decoherence of a probe qubit. Here we investigate what the decoherence dynamics of such a probe tells us about the many-body system. In particular, we utilize optically addressable probe spins to experimentally characterize both static and dynamical properties of strongly interacting magnetic dipoles. Our experimental platform consists of two types of spin defects in nitrogen delta-doped diamond: nitrogen-vacancy colour centres, which we use as probe spins, and a many-body ensemble of substitutional nitrogen impurities. We demonstrate that the many-body system's dimensionality, dynamics and disorder are naturally encoded in the probe spins' decoherence profile. Furthermore, we obtain direct control over the spectral properties of the many-body system, with potential applications in quantum sensing and simulation.

MST4 as a novel therapeutic target for autophagy and radiosensitivity in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Mammalian ste20-like kinase 4 (MST4) and autophagy have been implicated in ailments such as inflammatory and cancers.

METHODS

In this study, the expression of MST4 data was extracted from TCGA, GTEx, and GEPIA. The infiltration of immune cells and methylation level of MST4 in tumor and normal tissues were extracted from GEPIA 2021, TISIDB, UALCAN, EWAS, MethSurv, and MEXPRESS database. We also predict the efficacy of outcome prediction with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). All proteins expressions of MST4, P62, and LC3 were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in paired Gastric cancer (GC) and para-cancerous normal tissue samples. We verify the effects of MST4 on irradiation-induced gastric death, and also investigate effects of MST4 activating autophagy in GC cell lines with various in vitro assays using western blotting.

RESULTS

We have confirmed the high transcription level of MST4 from TCGA, USLCAN, HPA, and other portals, but a rapid decrease in protein level. More, MST4 can be considered as an independent prognostic molecule, which has significant prognostic significance in tumor grade, anti-tumor treatment, histological type, and time-dependent ROC curve. The methylation degree of MST4 promoter region in tumor is much lower than that in normal tissue, which may be the main reason for the remarkably high transcription level of MST4. In addition, MST4 transcription level was significantly inversely proportional to the infiltration level of most immune cells. The MST4 up-regulation and the positive association of MST4 with autophagy expression were cross-validated in open-access datasets.

CONCLUSIONS

MST4, as an autophagy-associated protein, plays a potential role in inducing cell death by increasing protein content in radiotherapy.

A transposon system for random insertion of a gene expression cassette into the chromosome of Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis is a robust industrial workhorse for the production of heterologous proteins. Chromosomal integration-based protein production has advantages over plasmid-based methods. Considering that the expression level of a gene is affected by its location in the chromosome, it is important to find an optimal integration site for the gene to be expressed. This work establishes a method for random insertion of a gene expression cassette into chromosomes, enabling the screening of optimal integration sites for high-level protein production. Specifically, a gene expression cassette and a chloromycetin-resistance marker are assembled into a transposon. This transposon is inserted between the promoter and the ribosomal binding site of the zeocin-resistance marker in the chromosome, which blocks the transcription of the zeocin-resistance gene. Transposase Himar1-mediated transposition of this transposon activates the zeocin-resistance marker, which can be selected on plates containing both chloromycetin and zeocin. The transposition frequency was over 10^-5. This method was used to select proper insertion sites for the expression cassette of methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH). Compared with the common integration site amyE, the expression level of MPH was increased up to 50 % at the yjbH site.

Gonadal Transcriptome Analysis and Sequence Characterization of Sex-Related Genes in Cranoglanis bouderius

In China, the Cranoglanis bouderius is classified as a national class II-protected animal. The development of C. bouderius populations has been affected by a variety of factors over the past few decades, with severe declines occurring. Considering the likelihood of continued population declines of the C. bouderius in the future, it is critical to investigate the currently unknown characteristics of gonadal differentiation and sex-related genes for C. bouderius conservation. In this study, the Illumina sequencing platform was used to sequence the gonadal transcriptome of the C. bouderius to identify the pathways and genes related to gonadal development and analyze the expression differences in the gonads. A total of 12,002 DEGs were identified, with 7220 being significantly expressed in the ovary and 4782 being significantly expressed in the testis. According to the functional enrichment results, the cell cycle, RNA transport, apoptosis, Wnt signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and prolactin signaling pathway play important roles in sex development in the C. bouderius. Furthermore, the sequence characterization and evolutionary analysis revealed that AMH, DAX1, NANOS1, and AR of the C. bouderius are highly conserved. Specifically, the qRT-PCR results from various tissues showed significant differences in AMH, DAX1, NANOS1, and AR expression levels in the gonads of both sexes of C. bouderius. These analyses indicated that AMH, DAX1, NANOS1, and AR may play important roles in the differentiation and development of C. bouderius gonads. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to analyze the C. bouderius gonadal transcriptome and identify the structures of sex-related genes, laying the foundation for future research.

Eupatilin attenuates the senescence of nucleus pulposus cells and mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration via inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain. An increasing number of studies have suggested that inflammatory response or the senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells is strongly associated with the progress of IDD. Eupatilin, the main flavonoid extracted from Artemisia, was reported to be associated with the inhibition of the intracellular inflammatory response and the senescence of cells. However, the relationship between eupatilin and IDD is still unknown. In this study, we explored the role of eupatilin in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and NP cell senescence, in the anabolism and catabolism of NP cell extracellular matrix (ECM) and in the effect of the puncture-induced model of caudal IDD in the rat. In vitro, eupatilin significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced ECM degradation, downregulated the expression of related markers of NP cells (MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13), and upregulated the expression of SOX9 and COL2A1. Furthermore, eupatilin reduced TNF-α-induced cell senescence by inhibiting the expression of the senescence of NP cell-related markers (p21 and p53). Mechanistically, ECM degradation and cell senescence were reduced by eupatilin, which inhibited the activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Consistent with the in vitro data, eupatilin administration ameliorated the puncture-induced model of caudal IDD in the rat. In conclusion, eupatilin can inhibit the inflammatory response and the senescence of NP cells, which may be a novel treatment strategy for IDD.

Efficacy of keverprazan for duodenal ulcer: A phase II randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Considering the limitation of varying acid suppression of proton pump inhibitors, this study was aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and dose-effect relationship of keverprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, in the treatment of duodenal ulcer (DU) compared with lansoprazole.

METHODS

A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, low-dose, high-dose, and positive-drug parallel-controlled study was conducted to verify the non-inferiority of keverprazan (20 or 30 mg) to lansoprazole of 30 mg once daily for 4 to 6 weeks and dose-effect relationship of keverprazan in the treatment of patients with active DU confirmed by endoscopy.

RESULTS

Of the 180 subjects randomized, including 55 cases in the keverprazan_20 mg group, 61 cases in the keverprazan_30 mg group, and 64 cases in the lansoprazole_30 mg group, 168 subjects (93.33%) completed the study. The proportions of healed DU subjects in the keverprazan_20 mg, keverprazan_30 mg, and lansoprazole_30 mg groups were respectively 87.27%, 90.16%, and 79.69% at week 4 (P = 0.4595) and were respectively 96.36%, 98.36%, and 92.19% at week 6 (P = 0.2577). The incidence of adverse events in the keverprazan_20 mg group was lower than that in the lansoprazole_30 mg (P = 0.0285) and keverprazan_30 mg groups (P = 0.0398).

CONCLUSIONS

Keverprazan was effective and non-inferior to lansoprazole in healing DU. Based on the comparable efficacy and safety data, keverprazan of 20 mg once daily is recommended for the follow-up study of acid-related disorders. (Trial registration number: ChiCTR2100043455.).