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Matusal M, Megaze A. Diet of Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas, Schreber, 1775), impacts on livelihood and perceptions of farmers in Konasa Pulasa community conserved forest, omo valley of Ethiopia. BMC ZOOL 2023; 8:27. [PMID: 37946293 PMCID: PMC10633963 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-023-00186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock depredation by the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) occurs widely across Africa. The study on human-jackal conflict is important for conservation efforts in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the diet of black-backed jackals, to understand their predation effects on domestic livestock and perceptions of farmers' in the Konasa-Pulasa Community Conserved Forest, Omo Valley of Ethiopia. The study was conducted using scat analysis, questionnaire survey and Focus Group Discussion methods. Livestock depredation and the economic impact of farmers were assessed among 290 randomly selected households. A total of 90 scat samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and wet seasons to identify the diet of jackals. RESULTS A total of 624 domestic animals have been lost in the last 5 years (2016-2020). The estimated economic cost of domestic animals lost due to predation by jackals was US $18,180.0 in the last five years, and US $12.5 per year per household. The major diet composition of jackals was of domestic animal origin (45.5%), followed by wild animals (30.8%) in both the dry and wet seasons. However, more prey diversity was recorded during the wet season. The respondents revealed that the causes of black-backed jackal conflict in the study area were higher due to increasing jackal population size (40%). The major traditional mitigation method was guarding (42%). Most of the respondents (48.2%) had negative perceptions towards the conservation of black-backed jackals. CONCLUSION Livestock depredations by black-backed jackals were the major issue of conflict in the study area. Scat analysis showed that large percentage of domestic animal species remain in the scat of jackals. Livestock losses caused by jackals represent an economic concern for livestock owners in the area. Local people close to the forest boundary were highly vulnerable to domestic animal loss due to predation by jackals. Therefore, improved livestock husbandry methods will be implemented by the local people for effective jackal conservation in Konasa-Pulasa Community Conserved Forest. Understanding the ecological and social dimensions of conflict situations in the area may have important ecological and management implications for the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Matusal
- Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Aberham Megaze
- Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
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Home range, habitat use, and activity patterns of African wolves (Canis lupaster) in the Ethiopian highlands. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Macedo T, Carlos Campos J, Nokelainen O, Scott-Samuel NE, Boratyński Z. The effect of spatial and temporal scale on camouflage in North African rodents. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background matching, a common form of camouflage, is a widespread anti-predator adaptation that hinders detection or recognition by increasing the resemblance of prey to its environment. However, the natural environment is complex and both spatially and temporally variable, which constrains effective background matching as an anti-predator strategy. Here, using remote sensing data (publicly available satellite imagery), we investigated how variation of habitat parameters predicts background matching in 16 Sahara–Sahel rodent species across spatial and temporal scales. All fur colour parameters (hue, saturation and brightness) strongly matched the respective habitats of the different species. Background matching in terms of hue was best at the microscale, whereas results for saturation and brightness showed more variation across spatial scales among species. Camouflage across the temporal scale (from 1 to 3 years before capture) was variable among species for all colour parameters. These complex interactions suggest that, in desert rodents, colour parameters are differentially sensitive to the respective scale of the habitat, plausibly reflecting the behaviour and life history of the species and the ecological properties determining their activity patterns. Consequently, the division between habitat (camouflage) generalists and specialists might become blurred in temporally changing and spatially variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Macedo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto , 4099-002 Porto , Portugal
| | - João Carlos Campos
- CIBIO-InBIO Associate Laboratory, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning , Campus Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão , Portugal
| | - Ossi Nokelainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä , PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä , Finland
| | | | - Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO-InBIO Associate Laboratory, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning , Campus Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão , Portugal
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Human-Terrestrial Wildlife Conflict in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:2612716. [PMID: 36072352 PMCID: PMC9444465 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2612716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a review of 26 articles published between 2009 and 2021 to determine human-wildlife conflict based on spatial and temporal patterns, biological components, drivers of conflict, and mitigation methods used. We employed search, synthesis, appraisal, and analysis framework for review and VOSviewer software for network analysis. We included articles that only focused on relations between terrestrial wildlife and humans, while others deal with ecology, distribution, and biology of wildlife because it does not go with HWC. Forty-seven species of terrestrial vertebrates were reported in conflict-related studies, being Bovidae and Cercopithecidae the most frequently studied groups, of which eleven are found in threatened list species. The main drivers reported were land use change, proximity to protected areas, and illegal resource exploitation. In the management case, the use of traditional protection techniques such as fencing, guarding, and physical barriers was reported. About 178 keywords' analysis revealed a focus on “coexistence,” “mitigation,” and “food security.” The literature focused mainly on larger mammals, led by Ethiopian authors, and excluded the social dimensions of HWC. Therefore, identifying conflict-prone species focuses on the social dimensions of coexistence, such as human attitudes towards terrestrial wildlife, and broadening the taxonomic and cultural breadth of HWC is required.
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Meheretu Y, Tilahun T, Engdayehu G, Bosma L, Mulualem G, Craig EW, Bryja J, van Steenbergen F. A snapshot of rodents and shrews of agroecosystems in Ethiopian highlands using camera traps. MAMMALIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Considering climate change and high population increase, the conversion of natural habitats into arable land is rising at an alarming rate in the Ethiopian highlands. The impact on the diversity of rodents and shrews is difficult to measure since historical data are often unavailable. However, the relative effects of such land-use changes could be contemplated by comparing with data from similar natural habitats in adjacent areas. Between October to November 2018, we randomly setup 20 infrared camera traps in wheat fields located near Mount Guna at about 3350 m elevation, as part of a large research project investigating the efficacy of rodent repellent botanicals. We recorded six rodent species (Arvicanthis abyssinicus, Dendromus lovati, Dendromus mystacalis, Hystrix cristata, Mus mahomet and Stenocephalemys albipes) and two shrew species (Crocidura cf. baileyi and Crocidura olivieri). A. abyssinicus, H. cristata and S. albipes are known to occur in agricultural fields. D. lovati was recorded from anthropogenic habitat for the first time in this study. The species has been described as rare or difficult to capture with conventional traps. We call for rigorous biodiversity studies and conservation measures in agroecosystems in the Ethiopian highlands to avert further losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Meheretu
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno , Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Institute of Mountain Research & Development , Mekelle University , Mekelle , Ethiopia
- Rodent Green, KNSM Laan 376 , 1019LN Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Tadesse Tilahun
- Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA), Crop Production and Productivity Department ; Bahir Dar , Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Engdayehu
- ANRS Bureau of Agriculture, NRCM Directorate , Amhara Region , Bahir Dar , Ethiopia
| | - Luwieke Bosma
- Rodent Green, KNSM Laan 376 , 1019LN Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- MetaMeta , Nude 54 D, 6702 DN Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Getachew Mulualem
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno , Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology , Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Evan W. Craig
- Department of Environmental , University of Massachusetts Boston , Earth and Ocean Sciences , Boston , USA
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno , Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology , Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Frank van Steenbergen
- Rodent Green, KNSM Laan 376 , 1019LN Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- MetaMeta , Nude 54 D, 6702 DN Wageningen , The Netherlands
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Thinley P, Rajaratnam R, Norbu L, Dorji L, Tenzin J, Namgyal C, Yangzom C, Wangchuk T, Wangdi S, Dendup T, Tashi S, Wangmo C. Understanding Human–Canid Conflict and Coexistence: Socioeconomic Correlates Underlying Local Attitude and Support Toward the Endangered Dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Bhutan. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.691507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human–canid conflict and coexistence must focus on documenting human–canid interactions and identifying the underlying drivers of reciprocal human attitude which enables appropriate strategies to minimize conflict and forge coexistence. The dhole (Cuon alpinus), Asia's most widely distributed wild canid, is highly threatened by human persecution and anthropogenic activities. Despite its “endangered” status, its ecological role as an apex predator, negative interactions with humans, and dhole-specific attitude studies are limited, thus hindering the development of a comprehensive dhole-conservation strategy. Here, we investigate the influence of socioeconomic factors of age, gender, income, residency inside/outside a protected area (PA), and other variables (cultural beliefs, livestock loss, and quantity of livestock loss) on the attitudes of local people and support for dhole conservation in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. We conducted a semi-structured questionnaire survey of 1,444 households located within the PA and non-PA from four representative regions in the country. Using R programming, we ran Pearson's chi-square test of independence to test the overall difference in the attitude and support for dhole conservation, followed by recursive partitioning through a conditional inference regression tree to identify its significant covariates with the highest explanatory power. Majority (79.1%) of respondents (χ2 = 488.6; df = 1; p < 0.001) disliked the dhole over those who liked it. More than half (57.7%) (χ2 = 412.7; df = 2; p < 0.001) opposed dhole conservation over those who either supported or remained neutral. Experience of livestock loss to dholes was the primary ( p < 0.001) factor influencing the negative attitude and opposition to dhole conservation, despite an acknowledgment of the ecological role of the dhole in controlling agricultural crop predators. Our study, which is the first-ever survey in Bhutan, solely focused on investigating human attitudes and perceptions toward the dhole, indicating that livestock loss to dholes transcends all positive attitudes to the species and drives a predominant dislike and opposition to its conservation. To improve the attitude and support toward the dhole and to foster dhole–human coexistence, livestock predation by dholes needs alleviation by improving the existing animal husbandry, in conjunction with promoting conservation awareness on this species.
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Abstract
Many large predators are also facultative scavengers that may compete with and depredate other species at carcasses. Yet, the ecological impacts of facultative scavenging by large predators, or their "scavenging effects," still receive relatively little attention in comparison to their predation effects. To address this knowledge gap, we comprehensively examine the roles played by, and impacts of, facultative scavengers, with a focus on large canids: the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), dingo (Canis dingo), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), gray wolf (Canis lupus), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and red wolf (Canis rufus). Specifically, after defining facultative scavenging as use or usurpation of a carcass that a consumer has not killed, we (1) provide a conceptual overview of the community interactions around carcasses that can be initiated by facultative scavengers, (2) review the extent of scavenging by and the evidence for scavenging effects of large canids, (3) discuss external factors that may diminish or enhance the effects of large canids as scavengers, and (4) identify aspects of this phenomenon that require additional research attention as a guide for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Wirsing
- School of Environment and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas M Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Tamrat M, Atickem A, Tsegaye D, Nguyen N, Bekele A, Evangelista P, Fashing PJ, Stenseth NC. Human–wildlife conflict and coexistence: a case study from Senkele Swayne's Hartebeest Sanctuary in Ethiopia. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misganaw Tamrat
- M. Tamrat, N. Nguyen, P. J. Fashing, N. C. Stenseth ✉ , Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. NN and PJF also at: Dept of Anthropology and Environm
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- MT, NCS, A. Atickem and A. Bekele, Dept of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa Univ., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diress Tsegaye
- D. Tsegaye, Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway, and: Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Nga Nguyen
- M. Tamrat, N. Nguyen, P. J. Fashing, N. C. Stenseth ✉ , Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. NN and PJF also at: Dept of Anthropology and Environm
| | - Afework Bekele
- MT, NCS, A. Atickem and A. Bekele, Dept of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa Univ., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Paul Evangelista
- P. Evangelista, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, B254 NESB, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Peter J. Fashing
- M. Tamrat, N. Nguyen, P. J. Fashing, N. C. Stenseth ✉ , Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. NN and PJF also at: Dept of Anthropology and Environm
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- M. Tamrat, N. Nguyen, P. J. Fashing, N. C. Stenseth ✉ , Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway. NN and PJF also at: Dept of Anthropology and Environm
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Gutema TM, Atickem A, Tsegaye D, Bekele A, Sillero-Zubiri C, Marino J, Kasso M, Venkataraman VV, Fashing PJ, Stenseth NC. Foraging ecology of African wolves ( Canis lupaster) and its implications for the conservation of Ethiopian wolves ( Canis simensis). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190772. [PMID: 31598305 PMCID: PMC6774988 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
African wolves (AWs) are sympatric with endangered Ethiopian wolves (EWs) in parts of their range. Scat analyses have suggested a dietary overlap between AWs and EWs, raising the potential for exploitative competition, and a possible conservation threat to EWs. However, in contrast to that of the well-studied EW, the foraging ecology of AWs remains poorly characterized. Accordingly, we studied the foraging ecology of radio-collared AWs (n = 11 individuals) at two localities with varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the Ethiopian Highlands, the Guassa-Menz Community Conservation Area (GMCCA) and Borena-Saynt National Park (BSNP), accumulating 845 h of focal observation across 2952 feeding events. We also monitored rodent abundance and rodent trapping activity by local farmers who experience conflict with AWs. The AW diet consisted largely of rodents (22.0%), insects (24.8%), and goats and sheep (24.3%). Of the total rodents captured by farmers using local traps during peak barley production (July to November) in GMCCA, averaging 24.7 ± 8.5 rodents/hectare/day, 81% (N = 3009) were scavenged by AWs. Further, of all the rodents consumed by AWs, most (74%) were carcasses. These results reveal complex interactions between AWs and local farmers, and highlight the scavenging niche occupied by AWs in anthropogenically altered landscapes in contrast to the active hunting exhibited by EWs in more intact habitats. While AWs cause economic damage to local farmers through livestock predation, they appear to play an important role in scavenging pest rodents among farmlands, a pattern of behaviour which likely mitigates direct and indirect competition with EWs. We suggest two routes to promote the coexistence of AWs and EWs in the Ethiopian highlands: local education efforts highlighting the complex role AWs play in highland ecosystems to reduce their persecution, and enforced protection of intact habitats to preserve habitat preferred by EWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Mekonnen Gutema
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Ethiopia
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diress Tsegaye
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Jorgelina Marino
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammed Kasso
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Peter J. Fashing
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Nils C. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gutema TM, Atickem A, Bekele A, Sillero-Zubiri C, Kasso M, Tsegaye D, Venkataraman VV, Fashing PJ, Zinner D, Stenseth NC. Competition between sympatric wolf taxa: an example involving African and Ethiopian wolves. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172207. [PMID: 29892409 PMCID: PMC5990763 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carnivore populations are declining globally due to range contraction, persecution and prey depletion. One consequence of these patterns is increased range and niche overlap with other carnivores, and thus an elevated potential for competitive exclusion. Here, we document competition between an endangered canid, the Ethiopian wolf (EW), and the newly discovered African wolf (AW) in central Ethiopia. The diet of the ecological specialist EW was dominated by rodents, whereas the AW consumed a more diverse diet also including insects and non-rodent mammals. EWs used predominantly intact habitat, whereas AWs used mostly areas disturbed by humans and their livestock. We observed 82 encounters between the two species, of which 94% were agonistic. The outcomes of agonistic encounters followed a territory-specific dominance pattern, with EWs dominating in intact habitat and AWs in human-disturbed areas. For AWs, the likelihood of winning encounters also increased with group size. Rodent species consumed by EWs were also available in the human-disturbed areas, suggesting that these areas could be suitable habitat for EWs if AWs were not present. Increasing human encroachment not only affects the prey base of EWs, but also may impact their survival by intensifying competition with sympatric AWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Mekonnen Gutema
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Jimma University, PO Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Anagaw Atickem
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Afework Bekele
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Tubney, UK
- IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK
| | - Mohammed Kasso
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Diress Tsegaye
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vivek V. Venkataraman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Peter J. Fashing
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils C. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Eshete G, Marino J, Sillero-Zubiri C. Ethiopian wolves conflict with pastoralists in small Afroalpine relicts. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girma Eshete
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Conservation Biology Department; University of Leiden; Leiden the Netherlands
- North Wollo Zone Environmental Protection Department; Woldia Ethiopia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - Jorgelina Marino
- Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme; Robe Bale Ethiopia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
| | - Claudio Sillero-Zubiri
- Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme; Robe Bale Ethiopia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit; Zoology Department; The Recanati-Kaplan Centre; University of Oxford; Tubney UK
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