1
|
Loiseau A, Raîche-Marcoux G, Maranda C, Bertrand N, Boisselier E. Animal Models in Eye Research: Focus on Corneal Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16661. [PMID: 38068983 PMCID: PMC10706114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a complex sensory organ that enables visual perception of the world. The dysfunction of any of these tissues can impair vision. Conduction studies on laboratory animals are essential to ensure the safety of therapeutic products directly applied or injected into the eye to treat ocular diseases before eventually proceeding to clinical trials. Among these tissues, the cornea has unique homeostatic and regenerative mechanisms for maintaining transparency and refraction of external light, which are essential for vision. However, being the outermost tissue of the eye and directly exposed to the external environment, the cornea is particularly susceptible to injury and diseases. This review highlights the evidence for selecting appropriate animals to better understand and treat corneal diseases, which rank as the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. The development of reliable and human-relevant animal models is, therefore, a valuable research tool for understanding and translating fundamental mechanistic findings, as well as for assessing therapeutic potential in humans. First, this review emphasizes the unique characteristics of animal models used in ocular research. Subsequently, it discusses current animal models associated with human corneal pathologies, their utility in understanding ocular disease mechanisms, and their role as translational models for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Loiseau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Gabrielle Raîche-Marcoux
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Cloé Maranda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Elodie Boisselier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Aref M, Ezzeldein S, Eisa E, Gugjoo MB, Abdelaal A, Emam H, Al Syaad K, Ahmed AE, Alshati A, Abd El Raouf M. Ultrasound, Dacryocystorhinography and Morphological Examination of Normal Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus of the Donkey (Equus asinus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020132. [PMID: 35049756 PMCID: PMC8772537 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated normal macromorphological and ultrasonographic features of the eye and lacrimal gland, as well as normal dacryocystorhinography of the donkey (Equus asinus) in Egypt. A total of 36 donkeys of different ages, weights, and sexes were included in the study: 21 live animals for ultrasonography and dacryocystorhinography, and 15 cadaver skulls for morphological anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus. The ultrasound biometric values of the eye were 33.7 ± 1.7 mm for axial globe length (AGL), 39.8 ± 2.1 mm for globe diameter (GD), 10.8 ± 0.7 mm for lens thickness (LT), 3.2 ± 0.7 mm for anterior chamber depth (ACD), and 19.3 ± 1.6 mm for vitreous chamber depth (VCD). The lacrimal gland was recognized as a hypoechogenic structure with an anechoic core, located at the dorsolateral aspect of the orbit, and ovoid in shape. The mean NLD length was 193.0 ± 9.8 mm by radiography and 206.0 ± 20.4 mm by gross assessment. One NL orifice (NLO) was noticed on each side, with a diameter of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm and located 12.1 ± 2.1 mm from the dorsal commissure of the nostril. These results may act as the baseline for proper management of conditions of the eye and lacrimal apparatus in the donkey in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Mohamed Aref
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.A.); (H.E.)
| | - Shimaa Ezzeldein
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Eslam Eisa
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
| | - Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu & Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Ahmed Abdelaal
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hassan Emam
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.A.); (H.E.)
| | - Khalid Al Syaad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Director of the Research Center, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.A.); (A.A.)
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Ali Alshati
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (A.E.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mustafa Abd El Raouf
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.A.-I.); (S.E.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-01141-151863
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hussein KH, Elmeligy E, Khalphallah A, Al-Lethie ALA. Effect of Topical Cyclopentolate 1% on Ocular Ultrasonographic Features, Intraocular Pressure, Tear Production, and Pupil Size in Normal Donkeys (Equus Asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103700. [PMID: 34416996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of cyclopentolate on ultrasonographic parameters of eye structures, intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production, and pupil size in normal donkeys. Sixteen eyes of eight clinically healthy adult donkeys (2-2.5 years old) weighing 295 ± 34 kg (mean ± standard deviation) were used in this study. Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% was instilled in a randomly selected eye and the other eye received normal saline drops as a control. The effect of cyclopentolate was evaluated by ultrasonography. Additionally, changes in IOP and tear production were evaluated for 2 hours post-instillation by tonometry and Schirmer tear test (STT), respectively. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were recorded pre-instillation (0), and 15, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 120-minutes post-instillation. After cyclopentolate 1% instillation, iridocorneal angle and width of the entry of ciliary cleft were significantly increased as observed by ultrasonography. IOP was significantly increased starting from 30 minutes till 60 minutes post-instillation of cyclopentolate 1%. Non-significant alteration in the STT was observed in the cyclopentolate-treated eyes compared to the control eyes. Both vertical and horizontal pupil diameters began to significantly increase 30 minutes after cyclopentolate 1% instillation compared to the control saline group. In conclusion, cyclopentolate 1% could be used as a potent cycloplegic drug in donkeys without systemic or ocular side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hany Hussein
- Department of Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt..
| | - Enas Elmeligy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Arafat Khalphallah
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Al-Lethie A Al-Lethie
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE, TEAR PRODUCTION, AND OCULAR BIOMETRY IN HEALTHY ADULT CHEETAHS ( ACINONYX JUBATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 50:634-643. [PMID: 33517633 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ocular biometry were measured in 58 healthy cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) between the ages of 2 and 14 yr in two captive groups. During routine health examination under immobilization, each animal underwent ophthalmic examination including STT, IOP, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ocular ultrasonography. Mean ± SD values for STT and IOP were 13.58 ± 5.29 mm/min and 31.40 ± 5.01 mm Hg, respectively. The time between immobilization and examination significantly influenced both STT and IOP measurements. For IOP measurements, a significant group effect was also demonstrated, possibly due to the different anesthetic drug combinations used. Mean ± SD values for biometry were as follows: globe length (32.73 ± 1.74 mm), lens thickness (7.25 ± 1.09 mm), anterior chamber (8.54 ± 1.21 mm), and posterior segment (16.31 ± 2.06 mm). Surprisingly, all of the biometry measurements differed significantly between the two groups. Establishing STT, IOP, and biometric reference values is important for evaluating the ocular health status of the species. These reference values will assist veterinarians working with cheetahs to perform a full and informed ophthalmic examination.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuwatanakorn K, Thanaboonnipat C, Tuntivanich N, Darawiroj D, Choisunirachon N. Comparison of computed tomographic ocular biometry in brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic cats. Vet World 2021; 14:727-733. [PMID: 33935419 PMCID: PMC8076462 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.727-733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ocular biometry has been used to evaluate ocular parameters; however, several factors need to be considered. In humans, age and sex have been shown to affect ocular biometry. The main factor that affects feline ocular biometry is the head circumference. At present, several reports have revealed that canine ocular biometry differs among dog breeds. However, there are no reports on normal ocular biometry in cats using computed tomography (CT). Therefore, this study aimed to explore feline ocular parameters between brachycephalic (B) and non-brachycephalic (NB) cats using CT and to evaluate the influence of age or sex of cats on ocular biometry. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four normal cats were divided into two groups: B (n=12) and NB (n=12). Each group had an equal number of designated males and females. CT was performed under mechanical restraint without general anesthesia and intravenous contrast enhancement. Ocular biometry, dimensions of the internal structure, including attenuation numbers and extra-ocular structures, were evaluated and compared. Results: B-cats had a significantly wider globe width (GW) than NB-cats (p<0.05). In addition, globe length (GL) and GW were significantly correlated with the age of the cats. Significant correlation between GL and age was observed in all cats (r=0.4867; p<0.05), NB-cats (r=0.8692; p<0.05), and B-cats (r=0.4367; p<0.05), whereas the correlation between GW and age was observed in B-cats only (r=0.7251; p<0.05). For extra-ocular structures, NB-cats had significantly greater orbital depth than B-cats (p<0.05), and orbital diameter was significantly correlated with age in all cats and B-cats (p<0.05). Conclusion: CT can be used for ocular biometric evaluation in cats with different skull types. GW was wider in B-cats, whereas the orbital depth was greater in NB-cats. Moreover, GW, GL, and orbital diameter were affected by the age of the cats. This information will be useful for further ocular diagnosis and treatment, especially in prosthetic surgical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittiporn Yuwatanakorn
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutimon Thanaboonnipat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nalinee Tuntivanich
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Damri Darawiroj
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nan Choisunirachon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Araújo S, Alves F, Pessoa G, Rodrigues R, Moura L, Silva A, Souza A. Valores ecobiométricos e índice de resistividade da artéria oftálmica externa em catetos (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Foram avaliados ultrassonograficamente, pela via transpalpebral, 28 bulbos oculares de 14 catetos adultos, através de técnica padronizada pelo operador. Adicionalmente foi realizado o estudo hemodinâmico da artéria oftálmica externa pela técnica de Doppler colorido. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa Bioestat 5.0 for Windows, adotando-se 5% de significância. Com a metodologia empregada, obtiveram-se os seguintes valores para os globos oculares direito e esquerdo, respectivamente D1: 1,72 ± 0,29mm e 1,76 ± 0,40mm; D2: 9,95 ± 1,08mm e 10,6 ± 0,99mm; D3: 7,42 ± 0,93mm e 7,45 ± 0,72mm e D4: 17,6 ± 0,78mm e 17,8 ± 0,59mm. Os valores médios do índice de resistividade da artéria oftálmica externa foram 0,435 ± 0,02 e 0,448 ± 0,02 (globos oculares direito e esquerdo, respectivamente). Não houve diferença estatística quanto aos antímeros oculares em nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Conclui-se que a ecobiometria ocular e a Dopplerfluxometria da artéria oftálmica na espécie Tayassu tajacu é executável e reprodutível, desde que haja domínio do examinador em relação à anatomia e à técnica adequada. Os valores inferidos neste estudo servem de referência para médicos veterinários no diagnóstico de doenças oculares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil
| | | | - G.T. Pessoa
- Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - A.P. Souza
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neves CA, Bittar IP, Prieto LA, da Silva LAF, Arnhold E, Lima AMV, Borges NC. Ocular echobiometry and head measurements in Jersey cattle from different age groups. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:333-344. [PMID: 33201536 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to identify the morphological development of eyes and head of Jersey cattle at different ages. A total of 48 healthy Jersey cattle, 1 to 58 months of age, were included in the study. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed to identify healthy cattle to form the age groups: GI (1- to 11-month-old), GII (16- to 24-month-old) and GIII (25- to 58-month-old). The animals were physically restrained and examined by transcorneal ultrasound of both eyes; the axial length (AxL), corneal thickness (CO), lenticular thickness (L), depth of the anterior (AC) and vitreous (VC) chambers were evaluated. The cranial measurements obtained included the total, cranial, and nasal lengths and widths. Subsequently, the cephalic index (CI) was calculated. The AxL (GI: 2.83 cm; GII: 3.16 cm; GIII: 3.24 cm), AC (GI: 0.44 cm; GII: 0.53 cm; GIII: 0.53 cm), L (GI: 0.88 cm; GII: 1.01 cm; GIII: 1.04 cm) and VC (GI: 1.44 cm; GII: 1.55 cm; GIII: 1.59 cm) increased (p ≤ .001) according to age, but the CO (GI: 0.07 cm; GII: 0.08 cm; GIII: 0.08 cm) (p > .05) did not. The total length (GI: 30.83 cm; GII: 43.29 cm; GIII: 44.15 cm), cranial length (GI: 18.11 cm; GII: 23.82 cm; GIII: 22.69 cm), nasal length (GI: 12.72 cm; GII: 19.47 cm; GIII: 21.46 cm) and nasal width (GI: 26.22 cm; GII: 33.82 cm; GIII: 34.00 cm) increased (p < .001), and the CI (GI: 85.66 cm; GII: 78.15 cm; GIII: 77.02 cm) decreased (p < .001). The AxL correlated positively (p < .001) with the cranial length and width and negatively with the CI (p > .05). The ocular biometry of Jersey cattle correlates with their cranial measurements at different ages. With increasing age, the eyes and the head grow, establishing growth curves similar to those of other mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Amorim Neves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Isabela Plazza Bittar
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Leandro Arévalo Prieto
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio Franco da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria Vasconcelos Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Naida Cristina Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Goiânia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chandrakumar SS, Zur Linden A, Owen M, Pemberton S, Pinard CL, Matsuyama A, Poirier VJ. Computed tomography measurements of intraocular structures of the feline eye. Vet Rec 2019; 184:651. [PMID: 31040219 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging of the eye can be performed using ultrasonography, MRI or CT. This study describes the CT dimensions, volumes and radiodensities of presumed normal feline intraocular structures. Nineteen adult patients were included in this retrospective study. Fourteen males and five females were included, with domestic short hair (DSH) being the predominant breed. Length, volume and radiodensity values for the lens, anterior chamber, vitreous chamber and optic nerve were calculated as well as measurements of the optic nerve width. There was no significant correlation found on linear regression analysis comparing patient's body weight with the various ocular measurements. Measurements of the lens, globe and optic nerve had significant differences (P<0.05) noted between the sexes, with males having increased values. These results may be skewed due to the large majority of male patients in the study. There was a weak correlation found between age and right eye (OD) optic nerve width, with an increase in the optic nerve width noted with increasing age. The findings of this study are a first step in establishing CT reference values for feline intraocular structure measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Zur Linden
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Owen
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,NZ Rad Vet, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,NZ Rad Vet, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Chantale L Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arata Matsuyama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie J Poirier
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cabral L. In this issue - July 2014. Aust Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|