1
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Lyon ME, Lyon AW. N-Acetylcysteine Interference with a Glucose Dehydrogenase Linked Glucose Meter. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1114-1119. [PMID: 33719602 PMCID: PMC9445331 DOI: 10.1177/1932296821999416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to determine the effect of therapeutic concentrations of N-acetylcysteine, following intravenous infusion, on the measurement of blood glucose using a Roche Diagnostics glucose dehydrogenase-linked glucose meter compared to hospital laboratory methods. METHODS N-acetylcysteine was added to aliquots of blood, with glucose promptly measured by the glucose meter, blood gas analyzer (glucose oxidase comparative method) and following centrifugation, plasma glucose measured with a hexokinase spectrophotometric comparative method. Glucose results were evaluated with linear regression and Bland Altman plots. RESULTS In the presence of NAC, at concentrations greater than 5 mg/dL (0.31 mmol/L), positively biased glucose meter results were compared to the clinical laboratory results. Multivariate linear regression revealed that NAC-mediated meter results are influenced by NAC and glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The addition of therapeutic concentrations of NAC to blood produces statistically significant positive biases when measured with the glucose dehydrogenase linked glucose meter device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E. Lyon
- Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andrew W. Lyon
- Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Dr. Andrew W. Lyon, BSc, PhD, Laboratory Medicine, St Paul’s Hospital, 1702 20th Street W., Saskatoon SK S7M 0Z9, Canada.
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2
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Lu S, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou J, Liu H, Liang J, Jiang L, Hu J, Zhang Y, Ma L, Luo L, Jia S, Yin Z. Protective effect of γ-glutamylcysteine against UVB radiation in NIH-3T3 cells. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:522-530. [PMID: 35175655 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced oxidative stress is the main cause of photodamage to the skin. Glutathione (GSH) serves important physiological functions, including scavenging oxygen-free radicals and maintaining intracellular redox balance. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), as an immediate precursor of GSH and harboring antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, represents an unexplored option for skin photodamage treatment. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether γ-GC can reduce UVB-induced NIH-3T3 cell damage. METHODS The experimental groups were as follows: control, UVB radiation, UVB radiation after pretreatment with γ-GC. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were used to measure cell proliferation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting to detect the apoptosis rate and apoptosis-associated proteins. The levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and GSH/GSSG (oxidized GSH) were measured to assess oxidative stress. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect DNA damage. The members of the MAPK signaling pathways were detected by immunoblotting. RESULTS UVB irradiation significantly reduced cell viability and destroyed the oxidative defense system. Pretreatment with γ-GC reduced UVB-induced cytotoxicity, restored the oxidation defense system, and inhibited activation of the MAPK pathway. It also reduced the apoptosis rate, downregulated the levels of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, pretreatment with γ-GC reduced the accumulation of γH2AX after UVB radiation exposure, indicating that γ-GC could protect cells from DNA damage. CONCLUSION γ-GC protected NIH-3T3 from damage caused by UVB irradiation. The photoprotective effect of γ-GC is mediated via strengthening the endogenous antioxidant defense system, which prevents DNA damage and inhibits the activation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Liang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longwei Jiang
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Baumgartner K, Filip A, Liss D, Devgun J, Schwarz E, Mullins M. N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen toxicity: The one-bag regimen. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2399-2400. [PMID: 33190332 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Baumgartner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ari Filip
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David Liss
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason Devgun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Evan Schwarz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Mullins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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4
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Mullins ME, Yu M, O’Grady L, Khan S, Schwarz ES. Adverse reactions in patients treated with the one-bag method of N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen ingestion. TOXICOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24734306.2020.1770498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Mullins
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary Yu
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren O’Grady
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shariq Khan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Evan S. Schwarz
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Mullins ME, Yarema MC, Sivilotti MLA, Thompson M, Beuhler MC, Algren DA, Holstege CP. Comment on “Transition to two-bag intravenous acetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose”. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:433-435. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1649418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Mullins
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Section of Medical Toxicology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark C. Yarema
- Alberta Health Services Poison and Drug Information Service, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Margaret Thompson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ontario Poison Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael C. Beuhler
- North Carolina Poison Control, Atrium Health-Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - D. Adam Algren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Mercy Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Christopher P. Holstege
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Chartottesville, VA, USA
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6
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Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kontoghiorghe CN. Prospects for the introduction of targeted antioxidant drugs for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to free radical pathology. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:593-603. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1631284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George J Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science Technology, Environment and Medicine, Limassol, Cyprus
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7
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Layne K, Hope L, Rab E, Archer J, Wood DM, Dargan PI. An evaluation of the role of mixing techniques in the observed variation in acetylcysteine infusion concentrations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:252-257. [PMID: 30362143 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous acetylcysteine is commonly prescribed as a course of three infusions for the management of paracetamol poisoning. Previous studies have demonstrated large variation in administered doses of intravenous acetylcysteine, which has been attributed to numerous factors, including inadequate mixing of infusion bags. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount of mixing of infusion bags contributes significantly to this variation. Using acetylcysteine doses for a 60-69 kg patient, we added the appropriate volume of acetylcysteine to 5% glucose and subsequently inverted the infusion bags 0-5 times to mix the solutions. Infusion bags were then run through using an infusion pump and acetylcysteine concentrations measured at the beginning and end of the infusions. We found no significant difference between the beginning and end concentrations of acetylcysteine regardless of whether bags were mixed or not; infusion 1 (150 mg kg-1 ) showed beginning and end concentrations of 44.61 and 42.48 mg ml-1 respectively after 0 mixes, whilst beginning and end concentrations were 44.45 and 44.58 mg ml-1 respectively after five mixes. The same trend was observed for infusions 2 and 3. This confirmed that mixing does not play a substantial role in variation of drug concentrations; these are likely to be caused by an accumulation of small errors in infusion preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Layne
- General Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Louise Hope
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Emergency Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Edmund Rab
- Specialised Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - John Archer
- General Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- General Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- General Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Yang Y, Li L, Hang Q, Fang Y, Dong X, Cao P, Yin Z, Luo L. γ-glutamylcysteine exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by increasing cellular glutathione level. Redox Biol 2018; 20:157-166. [PMID: 30326393 PMCID: PMC6197438 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection and characterized by redox imbalance and severe oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) serves several vital functions, including scavenging free radicals and maintaining intracellular redox balance. Extracellular GSH is unable to be taken into the majority of human cells, and the GSH prodrug N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) does not exhibit promising clinical effects. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), an intermediate dipeptide of the GSH-synthesis pathway and harboring anti-inflammatory properties, represents a relatively unexplored option for sepsis treatment. The anti-inflammatory efficiency of γ-GC and the associated molecular mechanism need to be explored. In vivo investigation showed that γ-GC reduced sepsis lethality and attenuated systemic inflammatory responses in mice, as well as inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that γ-GC exhibited better therapeutic effects against inflammation compared with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and GSH. Mechanistically, γ-GC suppressed LPS-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and GSH depletion. Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS treatment, upregulated the expression of glutathione synthetase via activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, thereby promoting synthesis of GSH from γ-GC. These findings suggested that γ-GC might represent a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis treatment. γ-GC reduces sepsis lethality and attenuates inflammatory responses in BALB/c mice. γ-GC suppresses LPS-induced inflammation, ROS accumulation, and GSH depletion. Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways are essential for upregulating GSS level to promote GSH synthesis from γ-GC. γ-GC is more effective in attenuation inflammation than NAC and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyun Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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Schmidt LE, Rasmussen DN, Petersen TS, Macias-Perez IM, Pavliv L, Kaelin B, Dart RC, Dalhoff K. Fewer adverse effects associated with a modified two-bag intravenous acetylcysteine protocol compared to traditional three-bag regimen in paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:1128-1134. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1475672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars E. Schmidt
- Rigshospitalet and Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tonny S. Petersen
- Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Leo Pavliv
- Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc., Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Byron Kaelin
- Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc., Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Kim Dalhoff
- Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Zheng W, Zhang QE, Cai DB, Yang XH, Qiu Y, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Berk M, Ning YP, Xiang YT. N-acetylcysteine for major mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 137:391-400. [PMID: 29457216 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examined the efficacy and safety of adjunctive N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant drug, in treating major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. METHODS The PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CNKI, CBM, and WanFang databases were independently searched and screened by two researchers. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), risk ratios, and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. RESULTS Six RCTs (n = 701) of NAC for schizophrenia (three RCTs, n = 307), bipolar disorder (two RCTs, n = 125), and MDD (one RCT, n = 269) were identified and analyzed as separate groups. Adjunctive NAC significantly improved total psychopathology (SMD = -0.74, 95% CI: -1.43, -0.06; I2 = 84%, P = 0.03) in schizophrenia, but it had no significant effect on depressive and manic symptoms as assessed by the Young Mania Rating Scale in bipolar disorder and only a small effect on major depressive symptoms. Adverse drug reactions to NAC and discontinuation rates between the NAC and control groups were similar across the three disorders. CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive NAC appears to be a safe treatment that has efficacy for schizophrenia, but not for bipolar disorder or MDD. Further higher quality RCTs are warranted to determine the role of adjunctive NAC in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zheng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Q-E Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - D-B Cai
- Clinics of Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-H Yang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Qiu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - G S Ungvari
- The University of Notre Dame Australia/Graylands Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - C H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - M Berk
- School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,Orygen, The Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Y-P Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Y-T Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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11
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O'Grady L, Mullins ME, Schwarz ES. A comment on ‘An assessment of the variation in the concentrations of acetylcysteine in infusions for the treatment of paracetamol overdose’. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:2833-2834. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren O'Grady
- Division of Emergency MedicineWashington University School of Medicine Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Michael E. Mullins
- Division of Emergency MedicineWashington University School of Medicine Saint Louis MO USA
| | - Evan S. Schwarz
- Division of Emergency MedicineWashington University School of Medicine Saint Louis MO USA
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12
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Bailey GP, Wood DM, Archer JRH, Rab E, Flanagan RJ, Dargan PI. An assessment of the variation in the concentration of acetylcysteine in infusions for the treatment of paracetamol overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:393-399. [PMID: 27558662 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous acetylcysteine is the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. A previous UK study in 2001 found that 39% of measured acetylcysteine infusion concentrations differed by >20% from anticipated concentrations. In 2012, the UK Commission on Human Medicines made recommendations for the management of paracetamol overdose, including provision of weight-based acetylcysteine dosing tables. The aim of this study was to assess variation in acetylcysteine concentrations in administered infusions following the introduction of this guidance. METHODS A 6-month single-centre prospective study was undertaken at a UK teaching hospital. After preparation, 5-ml samples were taken from the first, second and third/any subsequent acetylcysteine infusions. Acetylcysteine was measured in diluted (1:50) samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. Comparisons between measured and expected concentrations based on prescribed weight-based dose and volume were made for each infusion. RESULTS Ninety samples were collected. There was a variation of ≤10% in measured compared to expected concentration for 45 (50%) infusions, of 10-20% for 27 (30%) infusions, 20.1-50% for 14 (16%) infusions and >50% for four (4%) infusions. There was a median (interquartile range) variation in measured compared to expected concentration of -3.6 mg ml-1 (-6.7 to -2.3) for the first infusion, +0.2 mg ml-1 (-0.9 to +0.4) for the second infusion and -0.3 mg ml-1 (-0.6 to +0.2) for third and fourth infusions. CONCLUSION There has been a moderate improvement in the variation in acetylcysteine dose administered by infusion. Further work is required to understand the continuing variation and consideration should be given to simplification of acetylcysteine regimes to decrease the risk of administration errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Bailey
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Emergency Department, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John R H Archer
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Rab
- Toxicology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert J Flanagan
- Toxicology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.,Toxicology Unit, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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