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Masnoon N, George C, Lo S, Tan E, Bordia A, Hilmer S. The outcomes of considering goals of care in medication reviews for older adults: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:33-56. [PMID: 38145414 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2286321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This is a systematic review of prescribing, clinical, patient-reported, and health utilization outcomes of goal-directed medication reviews in older adults. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases to identify studies examining outcomes of goal-directed medication reviews in humans, with mean/median age ≥ 60 years and in English. RESULTS Seventeen out of 743 articles identified were included. Whilst there were inconsistent findings regarding changes in the number of medications between groups or post-intervention in one group (n = 6 studies), studies found reductions in drug-related problems (n = 2) and potential to reduce anticholinergics and sedatives (n = 2). Two out of seven studies investigating clinical outcomes found improvements, such as reduced hospital readmissions and improved depression severity. One study found 75% of patients achieved ≥ 1 goals and another found 43% of goals were achieved at six months. Four out of five studies found significant improvements in patient-reported quality of life between groups (n = 2) or post-intervention in one group (n = 2). Both studies investigating cost-effectiveness reported the intervention was cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of positive impact on medication rationalization, quality of life and cost-effectiveness, supporting goal-directed medication reviews. Larger, longitudinal studies, exploring patient-focused outcomes may provide further insights into the ongoing impact of goal-directed medication reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Masnoon
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cristen George
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarita Lo
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Edwin Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aagam Bordia
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Hilmer
- Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Vitorino LM, Lopes Mendes JH, de Souza Santos G, Oliveira C, José H, Sousa L. Prevalence of Polypharmacy of Older People in a Large Brazilian Urban Center and its Associated Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095730. [PMID: 37174248 PMCID: PMC10177927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the aging population comes greater risks associated with polypharmacy, a significant public health problem. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the prevalence of polypharmacy and its associated factors through Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) among older adults treated in primary health care (PHC) in a large Brazilian urban center. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with a random sampling of 400 older adults using primary health care. Polypharmacy was defined as the cumulative use of five or more daily medications. An assessment of a sociodemographic and health survey, fear of falling, and physical disabilities affecting activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living was conducted. RESULTS The mean age was 75.23 (SD: 8.53) years. The prevalence of polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy was 37% (n = 148) and 1% (n = 4), respectively. The adjusted logistic regression showed that participants with chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) (OR = 9.24; p = 0.003), diabetes (OR = 1.93; p = 0.003), and obesity (OR = 2.15; p = 0.005) were associated with a greater propensity to use polypharmacy. CONCLUSION Our results show that older adults with CNCDs, diabetes, and obesity were more likely to use polypharmacy. The results reinforce the importance of using CGA in clinical practice in PHC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cláudia Oliveira
- School of Health Atlântica (ESSATLA), 2730-036 Oeiras, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena José
- School of Health Atlântica (ESSATLA), 2730-036 Oeiras, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Coimbra Nursing School, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Sousa
- School of Health Atlântica (ESSATLA), 2730-036 Oeiras, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), 7000-811 Evora, Portugal
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Meijvis VAM, Heringa M, Kwint HF, de Wit NJ, Bouvy ML. The CombiConsultation for patients with diabetes, COPD and cardiovascular diseases: Evaluation of interventions and personal health-related goals. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:1054-1060. [PMID: 37095031 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CombiConsultation is a consultation with the community pharmacist for patients with diabetes, COPD and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD), aligned with the annual or quarterly consultation with the practice nurse (PN) or general practitioner (GP). The consultation is focused on the personal health-related goals of the patient. OBJECTIVES To assess the number and types of personal health-related goals, drug-related problems (DRPs) and interventions identified by pharmacists during a CombiConsultation and to investigate which patients can benefit most from such consultation. METHOD Twenty-one Dutch community pharmacies and associated GP practices were included in the CombiConsultation study. CombiConsultations were performed, involving patients with diabetes, COPD and/or (at risk of) CVD. The pharmacists set health-related goals together with the patients and identified DRPs. The number and types of personal health-related goals, DRPs and interventions were analysed. Associations between patient characteristics and the identification of at least one DRP were analysed by multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS In 834 patients (49% men, mean age: 70 years), 939 DRPs were identified, mostly (potential) side effects (33%), undertreatment (18%) and overtreatment (14%). In 71% of the patients, one or more DRPs were found, with a median of one DRP per patient. Pharmacists proposed 935 recommendations, of which 72% were implemented. DRPs were found more often in patients using a higher number of drugs for chronic conditions. A total of 425 personal health-related goals were set, of which 53% were (partially) attained. CONCLUSION The CombiConsultation can be used as a compact health service contributing to safe and effective use of medication for patients with diabetes, COPD and/or (at risk of) CVD, also in patients under 65 or with less than 5 medications in use. The output of the CombiConsultation reflects its characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie A M Meijvis
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, 2331 JE, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mette Heringa
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, 2331 JE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Henk-Frans Kwint
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, 2331 JE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Niek J de Wit
- Department of General Practice, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcel L Bouvy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Oonk NGM, Dorresteijn LDA, van den Berg AD, van der Palen J, Movig KLL, Nijmeijer HW, van Kesteren ME, Koffijberg H. Cost-utility analysis of a structured medication review compared to usual care in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:289-297. [PMID: 36562830 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For controlling symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) together with treating additional comorbidities, patients often face complex medication regimens, with suboptimal adherence, drug-related problems, and diminished therapy efficacy as a common consequence. A medication review could potentially tackle these issues, among others by optimizing drug treatment. Even if no change in clinical outcomes is observed, this intervention might decrease health care costs by reducing drug-related problems and hospital admissions. This study aimed to gain more insight in the health benefits and costs of a structured medication review (SMR) in PD. METHODS A cost-utility analysis was performed, based on a multicenter randomized controlled trial with 202 PD patients with polypharmacy. The intervention group received an SMR, whereas the control group received usual care. The intervention effect after 6 months of follow-up was presented as incremental quality-adjusted life years (QALY) using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Costs were based on real-world data. Missing data was imputed using multiple imputation techniques. Bootstrapping was used to estimate the uncertainty in all health and economic outcomes. RESULTS The QALY gain in the intervention group compared to the control group was - 0.011 (95% CI - 0.043; 0.020). Incremental costs were €433 (95% CI - 873; 1687). When adapting a willingness-to-pay threshold of €20,000/QALY and €80,000/QALY, the probability of SMRs being cost-effective was 18% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSION A community pharmacist-led SMR in PD patients in the current setting shows no apparent benefit and is not cost-effective after 6 months, compared to usual care. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register, NL4360. Registered 17 March 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G M Oonk
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - L D A Dorresteijn
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - A D van den Berg
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Palen
- Department of Epidemiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.,Section Cognition, Data and Education, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - K L L Movig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - H W Nijmeijer
- Department of Neurology, Ziekenhuis Groep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands
| | - M E van Kesteren
- Department of Neurology, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - H Koffijberg
- Technical Medical Centre, Section Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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Ishida T, Suzuki A, Nakata Y. Nationwide Long-Term Evaluation of Polypharmacy Reduction Policies Focusing on Older Adults in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14684. [PMID: 36429409 PMCID: PMC9691254 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polypharmacy is a serious health issue for older adults worldwide, including in Japan, which has a rapidly aging society. The "Proper Medication Guideline for Older Adults" was published for healthcare providers in May 2018, and polypharmacy reduction incentives were initiated for medical facilities in April 2016 and April 2018. This study identified the long-term reduction in polypharmacy prescriptions focusing on older adults aged 75 years and above from April 2015 to March 2019. The national health insurance claims database, which covers most reimbursement claims in Japan, was selected as the primary data source. In this study, polypharmacy was defined as the simultaneous prescription of seven or more medications or multi-psychotropic medications. The primary outcome was the polypharmacy reduction ratio, which indicates the decrease in polypharmacy proportion based on the number of medications on an outpatient prescription. A total polypharmacy reduction of 19.3% for the "75-89 years" subgroup and 16.5% for the "90 years and above" subgroup was observed over four years. Based on prefecture analysis, the mean values of polypharmacy proportion showed a statistically significant reduction over four years. This study showed a successful nationwide reduction in polypharmacy prescriptions after implementing the polypharmacy management guidelines for older adults and incentive-based policies.
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Green AR, Aschmann H, Boyd CM, Schoenborn N. Association between willingness to deprescribe and health outcome priorities among U.S. older adults: Results of a national survey. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022; 70:2895-2904. [PMID: 35661991 PMCID: PMC9588518 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether older adults' willingness to deprescribe is associated with their health outcome priorities related to medications. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March-April 2020 using a nationally representative online panel. The survey presented two vignettes: (1) a preventive medicine; and (2) a symptom-relief medicine. Participants were asked whether they would be willing to stop each medicine if their doctor recommended it, and to rate their level of agreement with two health outcome priorities statements: "I am willing to accept the risk of future side effects … to feel better now," and "I would prefer to take fewer medicines, even if … I may not live as long or may have bothersome symptoms sometimes." Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine associations between willingness to stop each medicine, baseline characteristics and health outcome priorities. RESULTS Of 1193 panel members ≥65 years invited to participate, 835 (70%) completed the survey. Mean (SD) age was 73 years; 496 (59%) had taken a statin and 124 (15%) a prescription sedative-hypnotic. 507 (61%) were willing to stop preventive medicines; 276 (33%) were maybe willing. 419 (50%) were willing to stop symptom-relief medicines; 380 (46%) were maybe willing. Prioritizing fewer medicines was associated with higher odds of being willing to stop symptom-relief medicines (aOR 1.43 [95% CI 1.02-2.00]) and preventive medicines (aOR 1.52 [95% CI 1.05-2.18]). Prioritizing now over future was associated with lower odds of being willing to stop symptom-relief medicines (aOR 0.62 [95% CI 0.39-1.00]). Current/prior use of statins was associated with lower willingness to stop preventive medicines (aOR 0.66 [95% CI 0.48-0.91]). CONCLUSIONS Older adults' health outcome priorities related to medication use are associated with their willingness to consider deprescribing. Future research should determine how best to elicit patients' health outcome priorities to facilitate goal-concordant decisions about medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel R. Green
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Hélène Aschmann
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention InstituteUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Cynthia M. Boyd
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Health Policy and ManagementJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nancy Schoenborn
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and GerontologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Romano S, Figueira D, Teixeira I, Perelman J. Deprescribing Interventions among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2022; 40:269-295. [PMID: 34913143 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-021-01120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deprescribing can reduce the use of inappropriate or unnecessary medication; however, the economic value of such interventions is uncertain. OBJECTIVE This study seeks to identify and synthetise the economic evidence of deprescribing interventions among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Full economic evaluation studies of deprescribing interventions, conducted in the community or primary care settings, in community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years were systematically reviewed. MEDLINE, EconLit, Scopus, Web of Science, CEA-TUFTS, CRD York and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to February 2021. Two researchers independently screened all retrieved articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main outcome was the economic impact of the intervention from any perspective, converted into 2019 US Dollars. The World Health Organization threshold of 1 gross domestic product per capita was used to define cost effectiveness. Studies were appraised for methodological quality using the extended Consensus on Health Economics Criteria checklist. RESULTS Of 6154 articles identified by the search strategy, 14 papers assessing 13 different interventions were included. Most deprescribing interventions included some type of medication review with or without a supportive educational component (n = 11, 85%), and in general were delivered within a pharmacist-physician care collaboration. Settings included community pharmacies, primary care/outpatient clinics and patients' homes. All economic evaluations were conducted within a time horizon varying from 2 to 12 months with outcomes in most of the studies derived from a single clinical trial. Main health outcomes were reported in terms of quality-adjusted life-years, prevented number of falls and the medication appropriateness index. Cost effectiveness ranged from dominant to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $112,932 per quality-adjusted life-year, a value above the country's World Health Organization threshold. Overall, 85% of the interventions were cost saving, dominated usual care or were cost effective considering 1 gross domestic product per capita. Nine studies scored > 80% (good) and two scored ≤ 50% (low) on critical quality appraisal. CONCLUSIONS There is a growing interest in economic evaluations of deprescribing interventions focused on community-dwelling older adults. Although results varied across setting, time horizon and intervention, most were cost effective according to the World Health Organization threshold. Deprescribing interventions are promising from an economic viewpoint, but more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Romano
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Research/Infosaúde, National Association of Pharmacies (CEFAR-IF/ANF), Rua Marechal Saldanha 1, 1249-069, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Débora Figueira
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Research/Infosaúde, National Association of Pharmacies (CEFAR-IF/ANF), Rua Marechal Saldanha 1, 1249-069, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Teixeira
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Research/Infosaúde, National Association of Pharmacies (CEFAR-IF/ANF), Rua Marechal Saldanha 1, 1249-069, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Julian Perelman
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Lisbon, Portugal
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Meijvis VAM, Heringa M, Kwint HF, de Wit NJ, Bouvy ML. The CombiConsultation: a new concept of sequential consultation with the pharmacist and practice nurse/general practitioner for patients with a chronic condition. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 44:580-584. [PMID: 34757515 PMCID: PMC9007762 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary health care system is generally well organized for dealing with chronic diseases, but comprehensive medication management is still a challenge. Studies suggest that pharmacists can contribute to effective and safe drug therapy by providing services like a clinical medication review (CMR). However, several factors limit the potential impact of a CMR. Therefore, we propose a new pharmaceutical care service for patients with a chronic condition: the CombiConsultation. The CombiConsultation is a medication evaluation service conducted by the (community) pharmacist and either the practice nurse or general practitioner. It consists of 3 steps: medication check, implementation and follow-up. The pharmacist primarily focusses on setting treatment goals for 1 or 2 drug-related problems in relation to a specific chronic condition. In this manuscript we describe the process and characteristics of the CombiConsultation. We compare the CombiConsultation with the CMR and explain the choices made and the implications for implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie A M Meijvis
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, 2331 JE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mette Heringa
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, 2331 JE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Frans Kwint
- SIR Institute for Pharmacy Practice and Policy, 2331 JE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niek J de Wit
- Department of General Practice, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel L Bouvy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kari H, Äijö-Jensen N, Kortejärvi H, Ronkainen J, Yliperttula M, Laaksonen R, Blom M. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a people-centred care model for community-living older people versus usual care ─ A randomised controlled trial. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:3004-3012. [PMID: 34344607 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for effective and cost-effective interprofessional care models that support older people to maintain their quality of life (QoL) and physical performance to live longer independently in their own homes. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to evaluate effectiveness, QoL and physical performance, and cost-utility of a people-centred care model (PCCM), including the contribution of clinically trained pharmacists, compared with that of usual care in primary care. METHODS A randomised controlled trial (RCT) with a two-year follow-up was conducted. The participants were multimorbid community-living older people, aged ≥75 years. The intervention comprised an at-home patient interview, health review, pharmacist-led clinical medication review, an interprofessional team meeting, and nurse-led care coordination and health support. At the baseline and at the 1-year and 2-year follow-ups, QoL (SF-36, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) and physical performance (SPPB, Short Performance Physical Battery) were measured. Additionally, a physical dimension component summary in the SF-36 was calculated. The SF-36 data were transformed into SF-6D scores to calculate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Healthcare resource use were collected and transformed into costs. A healthcare payer perspective was adopted. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated, and one-way sensitivity analysis was performed. RESULTS No statistically or clinically significant differences were observed between the usual care (n = 126) and intervention group (n = 151) patients in their QoL; at the 2-year follow-up the mean difference was -0.02, (95 % CI -0.07; 0.04,p = 0.56). While the mean difference between the groups in physical performance at the 2-year follow-up was -1.02, (-1.94;-0.10,p = 0.03), between the physical component summary scores it was -7.3, (-15.2; 0.6,p = 0.07). The ICER was -73 638€/QALY, hence, the developed PCCM dominated usual care, since it was more effective and less costly. CONCLUSIONS The cost-utility analysis showed that the PCCM including pharmacist-led medication review dominated usual care. However, it had no effect on QoL and the effect towards physical performance remained unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Kari
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit, The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nelli Äijö-Jensen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Kortejärvi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Ronkainen
- Primary Health Care Centre, Tornio, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Blom
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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