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Singh-Phulgenda S, Kumar R, Dahal P, Munir A, Rashan S, Chhajed R, Naylor C, Maguire BJ, Siddiqui NA, Harriss E, Rahi M, Alves F, Sundar S, Stepniewska K, Musa A, Guerin PJ, Pandey K. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) drug efficacy study landscape: A systematic scoping review of clinical trials and observational studies to assess the feasibility of establishing an individual participant-level data (IPD) platform. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011635. [PMID: 38626228 PMCID: PMC11051605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatosis which can occur after successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and is a public health problem in VL endemic areas. We conducted a systematic scoping review to assess the characteristics of published PKDL clinical studies, understand the scope of research and explore the feasibility and value of developing a PKDL individual patient data (IPD) platform. METHODS A systematic review of published literature was conducted to identify PKDL clinical studies by searching the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, WHO Global Index Medicus, PASCAL, Clinicaltrials.gov, Ovid Global Health, Cochrane Database and CENTRAL, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Only prospective studies in humans with PKDL diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up measurements between January 1973 and March 2023 were included. Extracted data includes variables on patient characteristics, treatment regimens, diagnostic methods, geographical locations, efficacy endpoints, adverse events and statistical methodology. RESULTS A total of 3,418 records were screened, of which 56 unique studies (n = 2,486 patients) were included in this review. Out of the 56 studies, 36 (64.3%) were from India (1983-2022), 12 (21.4%) from Sudan (1992-2021), 6 (10.7%) were from Bangladesh (1991-2019), and 2 (3.6%) from Nepal (2001-2007). Five (8.9%) studies were published between 1981-1990 (n = 193 patients), 10 (17.9%) between 1991-2000 (n = 230 patients), 10 (17.9%) between 2001-2010 (n = 198 patients), and 31 (55.4%) from 2011 onwards (n = 1,865 patients). Eight (14.3%) were randomised clinical trials, and 48 (85.7%) were non-randomised studies. The median post-treatment follow-up duration was 365 days (range: 90-540 days) in 8 RCTs and 360 days (range: 28-2,373 days) in 48 non-randomised studies. Disease diagnosis was based on clinical criterion in 3 (5.4%) studies, a mixture of clinical and parasitological methods in 47 (83.9%) and was unclear in 6 (10.7%) studies. Major drugs used for treatment were miltefosine (n = 636 patients), liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) (n = 508 patients), and antinomy regimens (n = 454 patients). Ten other drug regimens were tested in 270 patients with less than 60 patients per regimen. CONCLUSIONS Our review identified studies with very limited sample size for the three major drugs (miltefosine, L-AmB, and pentavalent antimony), while the number of patients combined across studies suggest that the IPD platform would be valuable. With the support of relevant stakeholders, the global PKDL community and sufficient financing, a PKDL IPD platform can be realised. This will allow for exploration of different aspects of treatment safety and efficacy, which can potentially guide future healthcare decisions and clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauman Singh-Phulgenda
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rishikesh Kumar
- ICMR—Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Prabin Dahal
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Abdalla Munir
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sumayyah Rashan
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rutuja Chhajed
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brittany J. Maguire
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niyamat Ali Siddiqui
- ICMR—Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Eli Harriss
- The Knowledge Centre, Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kasia Stepniewska
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Musa
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Philippe J. Guerin
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO), Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna Pandey
- ICMR—Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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Pal B, Kumari S, Kaur M, Wadhwa P, Murti K, Kumar R, Pandey K, Siddiqui NA, Dhingra S, Padmakar S. Barriers to the effective management and prevention of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in the Indian subcontinent. Med J Armed Forces India 2023; 79:500-505. [PMID: 37719909 PMCID: PMC10499647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a skin disease that usually occurs among individuals with a past history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). PKDL cases act as a reservoir of parasites and may play a significant role in disease transmission. Hence, prompt detection and complete treatment of PKDL cases are crucial for the control and elimination of VL. The purpose of this review was to highlight the barriers to effective control and prevention of VL/PKDL as well as potential solutions in India. Main obstacles are lack of knowledge about the disease and its vector, poor treatment-seeking behaviours, ineffective vector control measures, lack of confirmatory diagnostics in endemic areas, limited drug choices, treatment noncompliance among patients, drug resistance, and a lack of an adequate number of trained personnel in the health system. Therefore, in order to control and successfully eliminate VL in the Indian subcontinent, early detection of PKDL cases, improved diagnosis and treatment, raising awareness, and effective vector control mechanisms are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Pal
- Assistant Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Sweta Kumari
- Assistant Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Student, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Wadhwa
- Associate Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Krishna Murti
- Assistant Professor (Pharmacy Practice), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Rishikesh Kumar
- Consultant (Biostatistics), Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Director, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Niyamat Ali Siddiqui
- Scientist E, (Biostatistics), Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sameer Dhingra
- Associate Professor (Pharmacy Practice), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Somanaboina Padmakar
- PhD Scholar, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
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Ekram MR, Amin MR, Hasan MJ, Khan MAS, Nath R, Mallik PK, Lister A, Rahman M. Efficacy and safety of single-dose liposomal amphotericin B in patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: a real-life experience. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:903-911. [PMID: 34789971 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) is the drug of choice in Bangladesh to eliminate the burden of visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, a fatal protozoan parasitic disease if left untreated. We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of a single-dose (10 mg/kg) LAmB in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) treatment among the visiting children and adults in a tertiary care setting. This prospective study includes 11 children and 19 adults with a confirmed diagnosis of kala-azar (total 30 cases). Intravenous infusion of LAmB (10 mg/kg body weight) was given to all of the patients. Clinical assessments were conducted during treatment, before hospital discharge, and on days 30 and 180 after treatment. Efficacy was estimated in terms of initial cure (at day 30) and the final cure (at 180 days). All information was recorded in a preformed case record form and analysis was performed in SPSS 22. The mean age was 27.13 ± 18.04 years (3-65) with male predominance (60%). Significant regression of spleen size was found following treatment with LAmB at 30 days and 180 days follow up visit (p < 0.05 for all). Overall, rate of initial cure was 90% (n = 27) (child 90.9% vs 89.47% adult) and final cure was 96.66% (n = 29) (child 100% vs 94.73% adult). Fourteen adverse events were recorded mostly including fever and/or shivering (85.71%). No case relapsed or were referred either due to management or Severe Adverse Event (SAE). In real-life experience, the LAmB treatment for visceral leishmaniasis is as safe and effective for treatment of kala-azar patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-021-01379-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Ekram
- Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Rajib Nath
- Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Alex Lister
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, England
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Datta A, Podder I, Das A, Sil A, Das NK. Therapeutic Modalities in Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness and Safety of the Treatment Options. Indian J Dermatol 2021; 66:34-43. [PMID: 33911291 PMCID: PMC8061474 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_264_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is one of the important neglected tropical diseases, which has a tremendous epidemiological significance, being the reservoir of kala-azar. Relapse and resistance to treatment along with the lack of a drug of choice and consensus treatment guideline pose a significant problem in the management of PKDL. The aim of this article was to review the available therapeutic options for PKDL, with special emphasis on their pharmaco-dynamics, pharmaco-kinetics, effectiveness, safety, tolerability, and cost factor. A comprehensive English language literature search was done for therapeutic options in PKDL across multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for keywords (alone and in combination). MeSH as well as non-MeSH terms such as “Kala-azar,” “Leishmaniasis” AND “Treatment,” “Management,” “Antimony Sodium Gluconate,” “Meglumine Antimoniate,” “Amphotericin B,” “Paromomycin,” “Miltefosine” were taken into consideration. Among 576 relevant articles, 15 were deemed relevant to this review. These articles were evaluated using “Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM)” AND “strength of recommendation taxonomy” (SORT) with respect to the level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The review includes 15 studies. The use of sodium stibogluconate is being discouraged because of multiple documented reports of treatment failure. Liposomal amphotericin B is emerging as a favorable option, owing to its superiority in terms of effectiveness and safety profile. Miltesfosine is the drug of choice in India because of the ease of oral administration and minimal risk of toxicity. Isolated Paromomycin alone is not effective in PKDL; however, combination therapy with sodium stibogluconate is found to be safe and effective. Combination of amphotericin B and miltefosine is one of the excellent options. Immunotherapy with combination of alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major (Alum/ALM) vaccine + Bacille Calmette-Gu´erin (BCG) has shown promising results. Kala-azar continues to haunt the tropical countries and PKDL being its reservoir is threatening its elimination. With the availability of drugs such as liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine, apart from the advent of immunotherapy, the future of treatment of this condition looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrija Datta
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kamarhati, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrashis Podder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Jadavpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Amrita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology, Rampurhat Government Medical College, Rampurhat, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilay Kanti Das
- Department of Dermatology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal, India
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Ramesh V, Dixit KK, Sharma N, Singh R, Salotra P. Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin B and Miltefosine in Combination for Treatment of Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:608-617. [PMID: 31854451 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No satisfactory canonical treatment is available for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), clinical sequela of visceral leishmaniasis. Confined treatment options and substantial increase in relapse rate after miltefosine (MIL) treatment warrant the need to adapt resilient combination therapies. In this study, we assessed the safety and efficacy of combination therapy using liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) and MIL for treating PKDL. METHODS Thirty-two PKDL patients, confirmed by microscopy or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), were included in the study. An equal number of cases (n = 16) were put on MIL monotherapy (100 mg/day for 90 days) or MIL and LAmB combination for 45 days (3 injections of LAmB, 5 mg/kg body weight, and 100 mg/day MIL). Parasite load in slit aspirate was monitored using qPCR. RESULTS Patients treated with combination therapy demonstrated a rapid decline in parasite load and achieved 100% cure, with no reports of relapse. Those treated with MIL monotherapy attained clinical cure with a gradual decrease in parasite load; however, 25% relapsed within 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal amphotericin B and MIL combination for treating PKDL is efficacious and safe, with high tolerability. Furthermore, this study established the utility of minimally invasive slit aspirate method for monitoring of parasite load and assessment of cure in PKDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Keerti Kaumudee Dixit
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.,Faculty of Health and Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Salotra
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Jaiteh MB, İnkaya AÇ, Üner A, Elçin G, Ergüven S, Kurtulan O, Harxhi A, Akova M. Persistent dermal lesions in a patient with previous history of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102197. [PMID: 32920054 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that most frequently occurs after an episode of VL caused by Leishmania donovani. In this case report, we present a 21-year-old male patient with persistent skin lesions and recurrent visceral leishmaniasis (VL) due to Leishmania infantum. The patient did not respond to multiple lines of anti-leishmanial treatment (including Liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine) and later died from cerebral lesions presumed to be secondary to persistent VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed B Jaiteh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Çağkan İnkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Üner
- Department of Medical Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonca Elçin
- Department of Dermatology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ergüven
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Olcay Kurtulan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arjan Harxhi
- Department of Infectious Disease and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Tirana, Albania
| | - Murat Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Gedda MR, Singh B, Kumar D, Singh AK, Madhukar P, Upadhyay S, Singh OP, Sundar S. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: A threat to elimination program. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008221. [PMID: 32614818 PMCID: PMC7332242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a public health concern around the world that primarily affects poor folks of the developing world spanning across 98 countries with mortality of 0.2 million to 0.4 million annually. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is the late skin manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It has been reported that about 2.5% to 20% of patients recovered from VL develop PKDL having stilted macular or nodular lesions with parasites. In the Indian subcontinent (ISC), it manifests a few months after recovery from VL, though in Africa it can occur simultaneously with VL or a little later. New cases of PKDL are also observed without prior VL in the ISC. These individuals with PKDL represent an important but largely neglected reservoir of infection that perpetuates anthroponotic Leishmania donovani transmission in the ISC and can jeopardize the VL elimination program as these cases can infect the sand flies and spread the endemic. Therefore, it becomes imperative to eradicate PKDL as a part of the VL elimination program. With the limited treatment options besides little knowledge on PKDL, this review stands out in focusing on different aspects that should be dealt for sustained VL elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Center for Cellular Engineering, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Zoology, Rameshwar College, BRA Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shreya Upadhyay
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Nandikolla A, Srinivasarao S, Karan Kumar B, Murugesan S, Aggarwal H, Major LL, Smith TK, Chandra Sekhar KVG. Synthesis, study of antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of imidazo pyridine fused triazole analogues. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38328-38343. [PMID: 35517538 PMCID: PMC9057266 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07881f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five novel 1,2,3-triazole analogues of imidazo-[1,2-a]-pyridine-3-carboxamides were designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity against L. major and T. brucei parasites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayana Nandikolla
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad – 500078
- India
| | - Singireddi Srinivasarao
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad – 500078
- India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani-333031
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacy
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
- Pilani Campus
- Pilani-333031
| | - Himanshu Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
- Hyderabad Campus
- Hyderabad – 500078
- India
| | - Louise L. Major
- Schools of Biology & Chemistry
- BSRC
- The University, St. Andrews
- Fife
- UK
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Schools of Biology & Chemistry
- BSRC
- The University, St. Andrews
- Fife
- UK
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A novel nanoliposomal formulation of the FDA approved drug Halofantrine causes cell death of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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