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Sukakul T, Uter W, Gonçalo M, Huggard J, Ljubojević Hadžavdić S, Schuttelaar MLA, Svedman C, Vey M, Isaksson M, Niklasson B, Rustemeyer T, Bruze M. Results of patch testing with five fragrance materials hitherto not tested: A dose-finding study in the clinical population. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:566-573. [PMID: 38387040 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for skin sensitization is used to derive safe use levels of sensitising fragrance ingredients in products. Post-marketing surveillance of the prevalence of contact allergy to these ingredients provides relevant data to help evaluate the performance of these measures. OBJECTIVES To determine a suitable patch test concentration for five fragrance materials that had hitherto not been tested on a regular basis. These concentrations are then to be used in a surveillance study with patch testing consecutive patients over an extended monitoring period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Furaneol, CAS.3658-77-3; trans-2-hexenal, CAS.6728-26-3; 4,8-dimethyl-4,9-decadienal, CAS.71077-31-1; longifolene, CAS.475-20-7; benzaldehyde, CAS.10052-7, were patch tested with other fragrance allergens in four clinics. Patch testing was conducted in three rounds, starting with the lowest concentrations of the five ingredients. The doses were increased in the subsequent rounds if no late-appearing positive reactions and virtually no irritant reactions were reported. RESULTS Overall, 373 patients were tested. No positive allergic reaction was reported to the five ingredients. Patch test results of other fragrance allergens are reported. CONCLUSIONS The highest test concentrations are each considered safe for patch testing consecutive patients. Further surveillance based on these preparations will evaluate the hypothesis that QRA-driven consumer product levels of these fragrances can prevent sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, Coimbra University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joseph Huggard
- The Huggard Consulting Group, S.A.R.L., Itzig, Luxembourg
- IFRA VP Scientific Affairs and IDEA Management Team, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Suzana Ljubojević Hadžavdić
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Matthias Vey
- The Huggard Consulting Group, S.A.R.L., Itzig, Luxembourg
- IFRA VP Scientific Affairs and IDEA Management Team, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology-Allergology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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2
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Wang KL, Rainosek EM, Yang YW, Cantwell HM, Drage LA, Yiannias JA, Davis MDP, Hall MR, Youssef MJ. Pediatric Patch Testing at Mayo Clinic Between 2016 and 2020. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38320242 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common condition within the pediatric population. Patch testing is an important way to identify relevant allergens. Objective: To provide an update of the common contact allergens seen in children based on patch testing data at our institution from 2016 to 2020. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patch test data from children aged 1-18 years from 2016 to 2020 at Mayo Clinic. Reaction rates were compared to the rates reported by the Pediatric Contact Dermatitis Registry (PCDR). Results: One hundred ninety-two children aged 1-18 were patch tested to various allergens. A total of 15,457 allergens were tested, with 291 positive tests. The top 5 allergens with highest positive reaction rates were hydroperoxides of linalool, hydroperoxides of limonene, methylisothiazolinone, nickel, and cobalt. Seven of the top 38 allergens with the highest reaction rates are not currently included in the Mayo Clinic Pediatric Patch Test Series, and 11 are not currently included in the Pediatric Baseline Series (as developed by the Pediatric Contact Dermatitis Workgroup). Conclusions: Patch testing is a useful tool to diagnose children with ACD. With new products and exposures, there is an opportunity to expand current pediatric patch testing series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Wang
- From the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Erin M Rainosek
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yul W Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Hafsa M Cantwell
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa A Drage
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - James A Yiannias
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark D P Davis
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew R Hall
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Molly J Youssef
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Badaoui A, Fougerousse AC. Contact dermatitis to linalool and limonene: Unusual sources of exposure. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2023; 150:167-168. [PMID: 36890088 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Badaoui
- Dermatology Department, Military Teaching Hospital, Saint-Mandé, France.
| | - A-C Fougerousse
- Dermatology Department, Military Teaching Hospital, Saint-Mandé, France
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4
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Schubert S, Geier J, Brans R, Heratizadeh A, Kränke B, Schnuch A, Bauer A, Dickel H, Buhl T, Vieluf D, Wagner N, Worm M. Patch testing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool in consecutive patients-Results of the IVDK 2018-2020. Contact Dermatitis 2023. [PMID: 37177844 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroperoxides of limonene (Lim-OOHs) and linalool (Lin-OOHs) are potent contact sensitizers. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of positive patch test (PT) reactions to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in consecutive patients, their demographic factors and concomitant reactions. METHODS Between 7/2018 and 12/2020, Lim-OOHs 0.3% pet. and Lin-OOHs 1% pet. were patch tested in 5511 consecutive patients. We assessed PT reactivity and analysed data from patients with either positive or negative PTs to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs. RESULTS Positive PT results to Lim-OOHs (n = 170, 3.1%) and Lin-OOHs (n = 483, 8.8%) were frequent. Most of the positive reactions were weak (LimOOHs n = 134/LinOOHs n = 429), and even more frequently, doubtful (n = 252/n = 578) or irritant reactions (n = 81/n = 178) were documented. PT reactivity to Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs was increased in patients with irritant reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The proportion of leg dermatitis and concomitant positive reactions to fragrances and essential oils was increased in patients with reactivity to these hydroperoxides. CONCLUSION The observed reaction pattern suggests that both test preparations display an irritant potential with an increased risk of false positive reactions. Preparations should be chemically monitored in order to reduce irritancy. Mindful interpretation of PT results and aimed patch testing of lower concentrations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine, and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Annice Heratizadeh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birger Kränke
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Vieluf
- Department of Allergology, Photodermatology and Occupational Dermatology, Dermatologikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Soriano LF, Soriano SK, Buckley DA. Ironing water: An under-recognized source of contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:75-76. [PMID: 36124850 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Francine Soriano
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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6
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Geier J, Schubert S, Reich K, Skudlik C, Ballmer-Weber B, Brehler R, Weisshaar E, Uter W. Contact sensitization to essential oils: IVDK-data of the years 2010 - 2019. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:71-80. [PMID: 35417610 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential oils (EOs) are widely used in cosmetics, perfumes, massage fluids, aroma therapy, and natural medicine. Some essential oils contain contact sensitizers. OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency of sensitization to EOs in dermatitis patients presenting in skin clinics including concomitant reactions, to evaluate the EO patch test preparations, and to identify patient groups with an increased risk of EO sensitization. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 2010-2019. RESULTS Twelve EOs were patch tested in an aimed manner in 10 930 patients, of whom 908 (8.3%) reacted to at least one EO. Only 6 EOs elicited more than 1% positive patch test reactions: ylang ylang (I + II) oil (3.9%), lemongrass oil (2.6%), jasmine absolute (1.8%), sandalwood oil (1.8%), clove oil (1.6%), and neroli oil (1.1%). Concomitant reactions among EOs or to EOs and fragrances were frequent. Among EO-positive patients, women, leg dermatitis patients, patients aged 40 years or more, masseurs and cosmeticians were over-represented. CONCLUSIONS Sensitization to EOs occurs, albeit infrequently in most cases. Masseurs and cosmeticians have an increased risk of sensitization to EOs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristian Reich
- Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück and Dermatologic Centre, Trauma Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Clinic of Dermatology and Allergology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland, and Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zuerich, Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Randolf Brehler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Unit for Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Ogueta IA, Christensson JB, Giménez-Arnau E, Brans R, Wilkinson M, Stingeni L, Foti C, Aerts O, Svedman C, Gonçalo M, Giménez-Arnau A. Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: pros and cons for routine patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:1-12. [PMID: 35122274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Limonene and linalool are among the most common fragrance terpenes used in products of everyday life. They are pre-haptens forming hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) upon oxidation inducing frequent positive patch test reactions in patients with dermatitis. Still, they are not yet routinely tested in Europe. This review evaluates the patch testing experience with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs by answering key questions such as whether hydroperoxide patch testing is warranted, understand difficulties or challenges related to the reading and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results with currently available material, assessing their relevance. Studies are increasingly pointing out to high percentages of positive reactions in patients consecutively patch tested with these oxidized products. An association between a positive clinical history and a strong patch test reaction has been described, but problems with doubtful/irritant reactions have also been reported. Considering the high frequencies of relevant positive reactions, the incorporation of Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% in the baseline series could be discussed and is maybe justified. Since exposure, sensitization and elicitation limits of Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in the products still need to be better determined, an assessment of previous exposure, possible sensitizations and reactions may help to improve the clinical assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ogueta
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Johanna Brared Christensson
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Citysjukhuset +7, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatology Section, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM, Universitat Autònoma. Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Krijl RC, Ipenburg NA, Franken SM, Rustemeyer T. What is the added value of patch testing with 30 fragrance allergens in addition to the European baseline series? Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:390-397. [PMID: 35122278 PMCID: PMC9302649 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Patch testing with the fragrance allergy markers in the European baseline series (EBS) does not identify all patients with fragrance allergy. Hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene have been shown to be useful allergens in detecting fragrance sensitization. Objectives To evaluate the added value of testing with 30 fragrance allergens in addition to the EBS. Methods All patients with suspected fragrance allergy who underwent patch testing at the Amsterdam University Medical Centers between November 2019 and January 2021 to the EBS and fragrance series were included. Results Of 323 patients tested, 162 (50.2%) were found to be fragrance sensitized. The most sensitizing single allergens were the hydroperoxides of linalool (1.0 and 0.5% pet.) and limonene (0.3 and 0.2% pet.). Testing with the hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene identified 62 fragrance‐sensitized patients (38.3%) who could not be detected by the common fragrance markers. Of all fragrance‐sensitized patients, 21 (13.0%) would have been missed when not testing with the fragrance series. Conclusions Patch testing with the fragrance series in addition to the EBS is valuable. To reduce the risk of false‐negative reactions, it is advisable to test the hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene.
Highlights
Of the 323 patients with suspected fragrance allergy, 162 (50.2%) were found to be fragrance sensitized. Testing with the hydroperoxides of linalool and limonene identified 62 fragrance‐sensitized patients (38.3%) who could not be detected by the European baseline series (EBS) fragrance markers. When not tested with the fragrance series, 21 (13.0%) of the sensitized patients would have been missed. Routinely performing patch testing with the fragrance series in addition to linalool and limonene hydroperoxide as part of the EBS is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie C Krijl
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Norbertus A Ipenburg
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie M Franken
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Uter W, Wilkinson SM, Aerts O, Bauer A, Borrego L, Buhl T, Cooper SM, Dickel H, Gallo R, Giménez-Arnau AM, John SM, Navarini AA, Pesonen M, Pónyai G, Rustemeyer T, Schliemann S, Schubert S, Schuttelaar MLA, Valiukevičienė S, Wagner N, Weisshaar E, Gonçalo M. European patch test results with audit allergens as candidates for inclusion in the European Baseline Series, 2019/20 - Joint results of the ESSCA A and the EBS B working groups of the ESCD, and the GEIDAC C. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:379-389. [PMID: 35099073 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2019, a number of allergens (haptens), henceforth, 'the audit allergens,' were considered as potential additions to the European baseline series (EBS), namely, sodium metabisulfite, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, diazolidinyl urea, imidazolidinyl urea, Compositae mix II (2.5 or 5% pet), linalool hydroperoxides (lin-OOH), limonene hydroperoxides (lim-OOH), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), octylisothiazolinone (OIT), decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside; Evernia furfuracea (tree moss), was additionally tested by some departments, too. OBJECTIVES To collect further data on patch test reactivity and clinical relevance of the audit allergens in consecutive patients across Europe. METHODS Patch test data covering the audit allergens in 2019 and 2020 were collected by those departments of the ESSCA testing these, as well as further collaborators from the EBS working group of the ESCD, and the Spanish GEIDAC. As patch test outcome, reactions between day (D) 3 and D5 were considered. RESULTS Altogether n=12403 patients were tested with any of the audit allergen. Positive reactions were most common to lin-OOH 1% pet. (8.74 (8.14-9.37)), followed by lin-OOH 0.5% pet., and lim-OOH 0.3% pet (5.41 (4.95-5.89)). Beyond these terpene hydroperoxides, BIT 0.1% pet. was the second most common allergen with 4.72 (4.2-5.28), followed by sodium metabisulfite 1% pet. (3.75 (3.32-4.23)) and Compositae mix 5% pet. (2.31 (1.84-2.87). For some allergens, clinical relevance was frequently difficult to ascertain. CONCLUSIONS Despite many positive patch test reactions, it remains controversial whether lin- and lim-OOH should be tested routinely, while at least the two preservatives BIT and sodium metabisulfite appear suitable. The present results are a basis for further discussion among the ESCD members and ultimately decision on their implementation into routine testing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Mark Wilkinson
- Dermatology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and Research group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Centre, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leopoldo Borrego
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil. Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susan M Cooper
- Department of Dermatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Clinica Dermatologica, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute for Occupational Dermatology (NIB), Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Maria Pesonen
- Occupational Health Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Györgyi Pónyai
- Semmelweis University, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology-Allergology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Louise A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, University of Erlangen-, Nuremberg, (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Nyman GSA, Giménez-Arnau AM, Grigaitiene J, Malinauskiene L, Paulsen E, Hagvall L. Patch Testing with Propolis of Different Geographical Origins in a Baseline Series. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101:adv00591. [PMID: 34664078 PMCID: PMC9455323 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v101.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of propolis varies with geographical origin; however, it is not known whether this affects the frequency of contact allergy to propolis. In order to study the frequency of contact allergy to propolis of different geographical origins and concomitant reactions, 1,470 consecutive patients with dermatitis from Denmark, Lithuania and Spain were patch tested with propolis from China, Lithuania, North America and Sweden, and with a baseline series. Patch test reactions to any type of propolis ranged from 1.3% to 5.8%. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of positive reactions between the 4 types of propolis in the respective countries. Testing with a single commercially available type of propolis detects only approximately half of propolis-allergic patients. In patients allergic to propolis, concomitant reactions to Myroxylon pereirae resin, colophonium and Fragrance mix I were common, ranging from 12.5% to 50.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar S A Nyman
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gröna stråket 16, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
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11
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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Antelmi A, Bergendorff O, Björk J, Dahlin J, Hamnerius N, Hauksson I, Isaksson M, Lejding T, Pontén A, Svedman C. Contact allergy to oxidized linalool and oxidized limonene: Patch testing in consecutive patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:15-24. [PMID: 34561893 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to oxidized (ox.) linalool and ox. limonene has been reported to have a high prevalence, raising the question of inclusion into the baseline series. However, several important issues should be clarified and further investigated before inclusion can be warranted. OBJECTIVES To report the trends of ox. terpenes allergy in patients with dermatitis, features of the patch test reactions, and clinical characteristics of the patients. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 5773 patients was performed. All patients were patch tested with baseline series, individual ingredients of fragrance mix I and II, ox. linalool, and ox. limonene from 2013 to 2020. RESULTS The prevalence rates of contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene were 7.0% and 5.1%, respectively. Significantly increasing trends of contact allergy were observed. More than 95% of contact allergy cases were identified on Day 3/4. Patients with contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene were significantly younger than those with contact allergy to other fragrances and were predominantly female. Strong reactions were associated with older age and multiple fragrance allergies. CONCLUSIONS Contact allergy to ox. linalool and ox. limonene is becoming increasingly important, and findings show intriguing features. More studies concerning the clinical relevance before recommending these substances for screening are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Bergendorff
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Studies Sweden, Forum South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Inese Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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12
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Seine AJ, Baird EA, Chan L, Davis A, Greig D, Judd LE, Mahon C, Oakley A, Rademaker M, Reiche L, Stanway AD, Cheng HS. A baseline patch test series for New Zealand. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 62:489-495. [PMID: 34293187 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch testing is the gold standard diagnostic test for allergic contact dermatitis and needs to be relevant to the region and the population being tested. The aim of this study was to develop a specific New Zealand baseline series (NZBS). METHOD We performed a retrospective case note review of patients attending four regional patch test centres between 2008 and 2020. Demographic and diagnostic information was collected for each patient along with results of patch testing. Using the results of this review, a group of 11 dermatologists with an interest in contact dermatitis agreed on a core group of allergens for inclusion in an NZBS, based on the frequency of positive reactions and allergens of interest. The remaining potential allergens were ranked by each dermatologist using an online questionnaire, with inclusion in the final NZBS by consensus. RESULTS Results from 2402 patients (67% female, mean age 44 years) from Auckland, Wellington, Palmerston North and Christchurch were collated. The 10 most frequent positive (relevant and non-relevant) allergens were nickel sulfate (22.0%), fragrance mix I (8.6%), cobalt chloride (7.3%), Myroxylon pereirae (5.6%), colophonium (5.1%), p-phenylenediamine (4.9%), methylisothiazolinone/methylchloroisothiazolinone (4.1%), fragrance mix II (3.9%), potassium dichromate (3.5%) and methylisothiazolinone (3.4%). Based on these results, a core series of 30 allergens was developed, with an additional 30 allergens added to form the extended series (total 60 allergens). CONCLUSION The baseline series of patch test allergens for routine use in New Zealand (NZBS) is based on national patch test data and expert consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Seine
- Department of Dermatology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lydia Chan
- Department of Dermatology, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Deborah Greig
- Department of Dermatology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Dermatology, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Caroline Mahon
- Department of Dermatology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand.,University of Otago, Christchurch School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Oakley
- Department of Dermatology, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland's Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Hamilton, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland's Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Hamilton, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Harriet S Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Soriano LF, Buckley DA. Sudocrem ® dermatitis: easily missed. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:1308-1310. [PMID: 33864275 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L F Soriano
- Department of Dermatology, Poole Hospital, Poole, UK
| | - D A Buckley
- Department of Dermatology, Circle Hospital, Bath, UK
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14
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Moustafa D, Yu J. Contact allergy to hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool in a pediatric population. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83:946-947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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17
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Contact Allergy to Fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_86-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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19
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Abstract
Limonene is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to limonene was considered rare because positive patch tests to it were infrequently observed. In recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that exposure of limonene to oxygen (air) results in the formation of a number of oxidation products, of which the hydroperoxides have a far stronger sensitizing potency than the pure compound. By routine testing of patients suspected of contact dermatitis with hydroperoxides of limonene, high frequencies of positive reactions were found, indicating that these chemicals are important fragrance allergens. It should be realized, however, that a number of "positive" reactions may well be false-positive, irritant responses.
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20
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Abstract
Linalool is a fragrance widely used in cosmetics and household products. Until recently, contact allergy to linalool was considered rare because positive patch tests to it were infrequently observed. In recent years, however, it has been demonstrated that exposure of linalool to oxygen (air) results in formation of a number of oxidation products, of which the hydroperoxides have a far stronger sensitizing potency than the pure compound. By routine testing of patients suspected of having contact dermatitis with hydroperoxides of linalool, high frequencies of positive reactions were found, indicating these chemicals are important fragrance allergens. It should be realized, however, that a number of "positive" reactions may well be false-positive, irritant responses.
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21
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Hennen J, Silva E Sousa M, Sahli F, Lichter J, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Sensitization potential and potency of terpene hydroperoxides in the cocultured activation test method. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:97-103. [PMID: 30963590 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive patch test reactions to mixtures of oxidized terpenes containing allergenic hydroperoxides are frequently reported. However, human sensitization data for these hydroperoxides are not available. OBJECTIVES To analyse and evaluate the human sensitization potential and potency of hydroperoxides in vitro by using human cells. MATERIALS/METHODS Limonene-1-hydroperoxide, limonene-2-hydroperoxide, citronellol-7-hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, 1-(1-hydroperoxy-1-methylethyl)cyclohexene and mixtures of citronellol hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) and linalool hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) were studied. All compounds were synthesized except for cumene hydroperoxide, which was commercially available. Their potential and potency to activate dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated by measuring the upregulation of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells upon exposure in the cocultured activation test (COCAT) consisting of HaCaT cells (human keratinocyte cell line) and THP-1 monocytes (as a surrogate for DCs). RESULTS Hydroperoxides upregulated CD86 and/or CD54 on cocultured THP-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results are comparable with their sensitization potency ranking in predictive animal models. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the human sensitization potential and potency of several hydroperoxides were determined by the use of human cells and the COCAT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Fatma Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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22
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Exposure source for skin sensitizing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool remains elusive: An analytical market surveillance. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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A Patch Testing Initiative for the Investigation of Allergic Contact Dermatitis in a UK Allergy Practice: A Retrospective Study. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 7:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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25
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Bennike NH, Palangi L, Christensson JB, Nilsson U, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Hagvall L. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by hydroperoxides of limonene and dose‐response relationship—A repeated open application test (ROAT) study. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Palangi
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin AllergyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental ScienceStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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26
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Wilkinson M, Gonçalo M, Aerts O, Badulici S, Bennike NH, Bruynzeel D, Dickel H, Garcia-Abujeta JL, Giménez-Arnau AM, Hamman C, Isaksson M, Johansen JD, Mahler V, Niklasson B, Orton D, Pigatto P, Ponyai G, Rustemeyer T, Schuttelaar MLA, Spiewak R, Thyssen JP, Uter W. The European baseline series and recommended additions: 2019. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:1-4. [PMID: 30421432 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olivier Aerts
- University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Niels H Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | - Curt Hamman
- Contact Dermatitis Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Pigatto
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gyorgyi Ponyai
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Dittmar D, Schuttelaar MLA. Contact sensitization to hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool: Results of consecutive patch testing and clinical relevance. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:101-109. [PMID: 30378131 PMCID: PMC6587870 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool are potent sensitizers. Objectives To investigate the prevalence of contact allergy to both hydroperoxides of limonene and hydroperoxides of linalool, to report clinical relevance, and to investigate patient demographics. Methods A total of 821 patients (35.6% male, mean age 42.4 years ± 17.8 years) were consecutively patch tested with our departmental baseline series and our fragrance series, including hydroperoxides of limonene 0.3% pet. and hydroperoxides of linalool 1.0% pet. The clinical relevance was assessed for all positive reactions. Results Positive patch test reactions to hydroperoxides of limonene and to hydroperoxides of linalool were observed in 77 patients (9.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.4%‐11.4%) and in 96 patients (11.7%, 95%CI: 9.5%‐13.9%), respectively; 38 of these patients (4.6%, 95%CI: 3.2%‐6.0%) reacted to both. Most reactions were considered to be possibly or probably clinically relevant (66.3% and 68.8%, respectively), and a small proportion were deemed to be of certain clinical relevance (18.2% and 19.8%, respectively). Conclusion As compared with previous studies, high numbers of positive reactions to both hydroperoxides of limonene and hydroperoxides of linalool were observed, the majority of which were clinically relevant, supporting their inclusion in the European baseline series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Dittmar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Webber L, Keith D, Walker-Smith P, Buckley DA. Fragrance exposure in the U.K.: has there been a change in the last decade? Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1199-1200. [PMID: 29945302 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Webber
- Department of Dermatology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, U.K
| | - D Keith
- Department of Dermatology, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | | | - D A Buckley
- Department of Dermatology, Royal United Hospital, Combe Park, Bath BA1 3NG, U.K
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29
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Uter W, Werfel T, White IR, Johansen JD. Contact Allergy: A Review of Current Problems from a Clinical Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061108. [PMID: 29844295 PMCID: PMC6025382 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergy is common, affecting 27% of the general population in Europe. Original publications, including case reports, published since 2016 (inclusive) were identified with the aim of collating a full review of current problems in the field. To this end, a literature search employing methods of systematic reviewing was performed in the Medline® and Web of Science™ databases on 28 January 2018, using the search terms (“contact sensitization” or “contact allergy”). Of 446 non-duplicate publications identified by above search, 147 were excluded based on scrutiny of title, abstract and key words. Of the remaining 299 examined in full text, 291 were deemed appropriate for inclusion, and main findings were summarised in topic sections. In conclusion, diverse sources of exposures to chemicals of widely-differing types and structures, continue to induce sensitisation in man and may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Many of the chemicals are “evergreen” but others are “newcomers”. Vigilance and proper investigation (patch testing) are required to detect and inform of the presence of these haptens to which our populations remain exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ian R White
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
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30
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Elshimy N, Sheraz F, Lyon C. The secret sensitizer gets out of the bag. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:54-55. [PMID: 29607513 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fareha Sheraz
- Hull York Medical School, John Hughlings Jackson Building, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Calum Lyon
- Dermatology Department, York Hospital, York, UK
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31
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Uter W. Extended patch-test screening for fragrance contact allergy: findings and challenges. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:592-593. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; Waldstr. 6 91054 Erlangen Germany
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32
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Montgomery RL, Agius R, Wilkinson SM, Carder M. UK trends of allergic occupational skin disease attributed to fragrances 1996-2015. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 78:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Montgomery
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust - Centre for Dermatology; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
| | - Raymond Agius
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Stephen M. Wilkinson
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust - Centre for Dermatology; Chapel Allerton Hospital; Leeds LS7 4SA UK
| | - Melanie Carder
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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33
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Bennike NH, Oturai NB, Müller S, Kirkeby CS, Jørgensen C, Christensen AB, Zachariae C, Johansen JD. Fragrance contact allergens in 5588 cosmetic products identified through a novel smartphone application. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:79-85. [PMID: 28796916 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 25% of the adult European population suffers from contact allergy, with fragrance substances recognized as one of the main causes. Since 2005, 26 fragrance contact allergens have been mandatory to label in cosmetic products within the EU if present at 10 ppm or above in leave-on and 100 ppm or above in wash-off cosmetics. OBJECTIVE To examine exposure, based on ingredient labelling, to the 26 fragrances in a sample of 5588 fragranced cosmetic products. METHODS The investigated products were identified through a novel, non-profit smartphone application (app), designed to provide information to consumers about chemical substances in cosmetic products. Products registered through the app between December 2015 and October 2016 were label checked according to International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) for the presence of the 26 fragrance substances or the wording 'fragrance/parfum/aroma'. RESULTS The largest product categories investigated were 'cream, lotion and oil' (n = 1192), 'shampoo and conditioner' (n = 968) and 'deodorants' (n = 632). Among cosmetic products labelled to contain at least one of the 26 fragrances, 85.5% and 73.9% contained at least two and at least three of the 26 fragrances, respectively. Linalool (49.5%) and limonene (48.5%) were labelled most often among all investigated products. Hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC/Lyral® ) was found in 13.5% of deodorants. Six of the 26 fragrance substances were labelled on less than one per cent of all products, including the natural extracts Evernia furfuracea (tree moss) and Evernia prunastri (oak moss). A total of 329 (5.9%) products had one or more of the 26 fragrance substances labelled but did not have 'parfum/fragrance/aroma' listed on the label. CONCLUSIONS Consumers are widely exposed to, often multiple, well-established fragrance contact allergens through various cosmetic products intended for daily use. Several fragrance substances that are common causes of contact allergy were rarely labelled in this large sample of cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bennike
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - N B Oturai
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S Müller
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C S Kirkeby
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Jørgensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A B Christensen
- Danish Consumer Council THINK Chemicals, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - C Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J D Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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