1
|
Braun C, Coutier L, Bégin P, Nosbaum A. Skin-centered strategies in food allergy prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2024; 35:e14130. [PMID: 38693814 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
While the early introduction of food allergens in the infant diet has been shown to be effective at preventing the development of food allergy (FA), its implementation in real life has been associated with various challenges. Interventions aimed at correcting skin barrier dysfunction have been explored in recent decades as a distinct or complementary mean to prevent allergic sensitization through the skin and subsequent development of FA. Studies assessing the application of emollient from birth have yielded conflicting results, and meta-analyses have demonstrated either no effect or only a slight positive effect on FA prevention. However, a careful review of the clinical trials reveals that different emollients were used, which may have explained some of the discrepancies between study results. Emollient application protocols also varied widely between studies. While firm conclusions cannot be drawn with regard to their overall efficacy at preventing FA, the available data provide valuable insight into the characteristics that could be associated with a more effective intervention. Namely, successful trials tended to use emollients with an acidic pH of 5.5, applied over the entire body, and combined with topical corticosteroids in affected areas. Consensus on the optimal strategy to restore skin barrier function could help improve the homogeneity and clinical relevance of future trials on this topic. In the meantime, clinicians should avoid products associated with worse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Braun
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology, Allergy, Cystic Fibrosis, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurianne Coutier
- Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology, Allergy, Cystic Fibrosis, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
- INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR 5292, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Bégin
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Nosbaum
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thyssen JP, Halling AS, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Guttman-Yassky E, Silverberg JI. Comorbidities of atopic dermatitis-what does the evidence say? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1155-1162. [PMID: 36621338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease that is associated with atopic and nonatopic comorbidities. There has been a growing interest in this area of AD, because presence or risk of comorbidities can in many ways impact the management of patients with AD. Thus, some treatments for AD may improve its comorbidities as well, whereas others may increase their risk. In this review article, we discuss various comorbidities of AD mostly on the basis of the results of recent multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses to update readers about this rapidly developing area of dermatology. We emphasize the important information provided by studies presenting both relative risk and absolute risk, and show that AD is associated with, among others, atopic comorbidities such as asthma, rhinitis, and food allergy, nonatopic comorbidities such as ocular, psychiatric, infectious, endocrine, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. Clinicians need to be aware of these and be cognizant about positive and negative effects of existing and new treatments for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Sofie Halling
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Forkel S, Schubert S, Dickel H, Gina M, Schröder‐Kraft C, Vieluf D, Brans R, Kreft B, Wurpts G, Geier J, Buhl T. The benefit of late readings in patch testing depends both on allergen and patient characteristics. Allergy 2022; 77:1477-1485. [PMID: 34687560 DOI: 10.1111/all.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch test (PT) readings are recommended after 48 h and 72 h (D3). An additional day 7 (D7) reading has been suggested by some, although data on efficient patient selection are scarce. We investigated positive D7 reactions regarding (i) allergens in the baseline series and additional PT series of the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG) and (ii) characteristics of the patients tested. METHODS Retrospective, multicentre analysis of 190 allergens derived from 17 DKG test series in 4687 patients with an additional D7 reading. Patients were patch tested with the baseline series and additional series, if required. Occurrence of novel D7 reactions as well as increasing skin reactions from D3 to D7 was analysed separately. RESULTS Depending on the allergen tested, waiving D7 readings would have missed 4.4-26.8% of positive PT results. Patch test series with the highest number of novel D7 reactions were baseline series, metal series, and leather/shoe series. New positive reactions on D7 were associated with age over 50 years and with a negative irritant control containing sodium lauryl sulphate. Of note, application of the PT allergens for 48 h instead of 24 h was positively associated with late PT reactions. CONCLUSION Within the most frequently tested allergens, without late readings, on average 11.7% of sensitizations would have been missed. Novel late reacting allergens were identified. This study comprehensively dissects patient-, allergen- and test-dependent parameters in support for D7 readings. We propose to always consider late readings individually based on effort-benefit considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Forkel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Steffen Schubert
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology St. Josef Hospital University Medical Center of the Ruhr University Bochum (UK RUB) Bochum Germany
| | - Michal Gina
- Department of Occupational Dermatology BG Hospital Falkenstein Falkenstein Germany
| | - Claudia Schröder‐Kraft
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) BG Hospital Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Dieter Vieluf
- Department of Allergology, Photodermatology and Occupational Dermatology Dermatologikum Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Burkhard Kreft
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Halle Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Gerda Wurpts
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Aachen Aachen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Surfactants, many of which are used as detergents, can be found in many common household items, such as shampoos, conditioners, soaps, and cosmetics. One should recognize the multitude of surfactants that are used in today's products to identify any potential allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) or irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Given their abundance in everyday products, it is understandable that many cases of occupational contact dermatitis that arise can be attributed to surfactants. The products most connected with ACD are cocamidopropyl betaine, oleamidopropyl dimethylamine, decyl glucoside, 3-dimethylaminopropylamine, amidoamine, and cocamide diethanolamine. Similarly, the most common surfactant-related causes of ICD are sodium lauryl sulfate and benzalkonium chloride. It is important for dermatologists to identify the causes and differentiate between the two, to adjust treatments and products accordingly. Here, the most frequently used surfactants, as well as their correlation between ACD and ICD, will be reviewed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Forkel S, Cevik N, Schill T, Worm M, Mahler V, Weisshaar E, Vieluf D, Pfützner W, Löffler H, Schön MP, Geier J, Buhl T. Atopic skin diathesis rather than atopic dermatitis is associated with specific contact allergies. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:231-240. [PMID: 33586887 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic contact dermatitis has been a matter of considerable uncertainty. Study results range from lack of any association to increased sensitization for multiple allergens, but fail to identify consistent allergen associations. OBJECTIVE We studied a large patch test cohort of patients stratified by their atopic skin diathesis using the Erlangen Atopy Score (EAS), independent of active skin disease. METHODS Retrospective multi-center data analysis from five departments of dermatology in Germany with 4,509 patients. Patients were grouped as "no atopic skin diathesis" (n = 2,165) and "atopic skin diathesis" (n = 1,743), according to EAS. RESULTS Significantly more individuals with atopic skin diathesis showed at least one positive patch test reaction to the baseline series compared to individuals without atopic skin diathesis (49.1 % vs. 38.3 %). In logistic regression analyses, atopic skin diathesis was associated with a significantly higher risk of sensitization to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (OR 2.383) and methylisothiazolinone (OR 1.891), thiuram mix (OR 1.614), as well as nickel (OR 1.530), cobalt (OR 1.683), and chromium (OR 2.089). CONCLUSIONS Atopic skin diathesis proved to be the most important intrinsic risk factor for contact sensitization to few, specific allergens. Past or present AD was a less relevant variable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Forkel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Naciye Cevik
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tillmann Schill
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Mahler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Vieluf
- BG Clinic Falkenstein, Occupational Dermatology, Falkenstein, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Allergy Center Hessen, University Medical Center Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Löffler
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Phlebology, SLK Clinics Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Germany.,Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Li L. Contact Dermatitis: Classifications and Management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:245-281. [PMID: 34264448 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by exposure to contact allergens and irritants. It is also the most common reason of occupational dermatitis and contributes greatly to hand dermatitis and facial dermatitis. Besides the two major forms of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, other subtypes of CD have been recognized including immediate skin reactions, photoinduced contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, and non-eczematous contact dermatitis. CD is a great imitator which can mimic many kinds of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, and angioedema. For the diagnosis of CD, a complete medical history, including occupational history, is very important. It can give a clue of CD and provide a list of suspected substances. Besides the well-known diagnostic test, patch testing, there are many other diagnostic tests can be used to help diagnosis of CD and identify the causative allergens, including photopatch test, skin tests for detecting of immediate contact reactions, serum allergen-specific IgE test, and qualitative and quantitative testing of allergen in the suspected materials patients exposed to and challenge test. Before the treatment, the suspected irritants or allergens should be avoided completely. This includes both the removal of the patient from the environment that contains those substances and the promotion of the metabolism and expulsion of the allergens that have been absorbed by the body. In addition, it is also important to restore the skin barrier and reduce skin inflammation through multiple treatments, such as emollients, topical corticosteroids, and antihistamines, as well as systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Early and appropriate treatments are important to prevent further deterioration and persistence of the skin condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liszewski W, Zaidi AJ, Fournier E, Scheman A. Review of aluminum, paraben, and sulfate product disclaimers on personal care products. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 87:1081-1086. [PMID: 34144080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Product disclaimers listed on personal care products face limited regulation. These disclaimers may be helpful or may mislead the public. OBJECTIVE Review the evidence supporting the potential harms of three compounds commonly addressed by product disclaimers: parabens, aluminum, and sulfates. METHODS Reported cases of adverse events to these compounds were identified. Trends in allergic contact dermatitis to chemicals used in place of these compounds were also identified. RESULTS There is limited evidence that parabens and aluminum pose a threat to human health; there is even less evidence that topical sulfate containing products pose a danger to consumers. In the setting of paraben avoidence, there has been a steady increase in cases of allergic contact dermatitis to preservatives which are more allergenic, specifically the isothiazolinones. LIMITATIONS Assessment of the toxicology of these compounds is ongoing and may change with new data. CONCLUSION There is limited evidence that parabens, aluminum, and sulfates used in personal care products pose a health risk. There is evidence that avoidance of parabens has resulted in an epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis to isothiazolonine preservatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Liszewski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
| | - A Jaafar Zaidi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Elise Fournier
- North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
| | - Andrew Scheman
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;; North Shore Center for Medical Aesthetics, Northbrook, IL
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Forkel S, Cevik N, Schill T, Worm M, Mahler V, Weisshaar E, Vieluf D, Pfützner W, Löffler H, Schön MP, Geier J, Buhl T. Atopische Hautdiathese ist stärker mit spezifischen Kontaktallergien assoziiert als atopische Dermatitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:231-240. [PMID: 33586879 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14341_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susann Forkel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Naciye Cevik
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Tillmann Schill
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Margitta Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Vera Mahler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen.,Klinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
| | | | - Dieter Vieluf
- Abteilung Dermatologie, BG Klinik für Berufskrankheiten Falkenstein
| | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Allergiezentrum Hessen, Universitätsklinikum Marburg
| | - Harald Löffler
- Abteilung Dermatologie, Allergologie und Phlebologie, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn
| | - Michael P Schön
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.,Niedersächsisches Institut für Berufsdermatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Johannes Geier
- Niedersächsisches Institut für Berufsdermatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.,Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken (IVDK), Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Timo Buhl
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen.,Niedersächsisches Institut für Berufsdermatologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Masunaga A, Kawahara T, Morita H, Nakazawa K, Tokunaga Y, Akita S. Fatty acid potassium improves human dermal fibroblast viability and cytotoxicity, accelerating human epidermal keratinocyte wound healing in vitro and in human chronic wounds. Int Wound J 2021; 18:467-477. [PMID: 33433959 PMCID: PMC8273623 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective cleaning of a wound promotes wound healing and favours wound care as it can prevent and control biofilms. The presence of biofilm is associated with prolonged wound healing, increased wound propensity to infection, and delayed wound closure. Anionic potassium salts of fatty acids are tested with commonly used anionic surfactants, such as sodium laureth sulphate (SLES) and sodium lauryl sulphate/sodium dodecyl sulphate (SLS/SDS). The normal human dermal cells demonstrated significantly greater viability in fatty acid potassium, including caprylic acid (C8), capric acid (C10), lauric acid (C12), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2), than in SLES or SLS after a 24-hour incubation. Cytotoxicity by LDH assay in a 5-minute culture in fatty acid potassium was significantly lower than in SLES or SLS. in vitro wound healing of human epidermal keratinocytes during the scratch assay in 24-hour culture was more significantly improved by fatty acid treatment than by SLES or SLS/SDS. In a live/dead assay of human epidermal keratinocytes, C8K and C18:1K demonstrated only green fluorescence, indicating live cells, whereas synthetic surfactants, SLES and SLS, demonstrated red fluorescence on staining with propidium iodide, indicating dead cells after SLES and SLS/SDS treatment. Potassium salts of fatty acids are useful wound cleaning detergents that do not interfere with wound healing, as observed in the scratch assay using human epidermal keratinocytes. As potassium salts of fatty acids are major components of natural soap, which are produced by natural oil and caustic potash using a saponification method, this may be clinically important in wound and peri-wound skin cleaning. In human chronic wounds, natural soap containing fatty acid potassium increased tissue blood flow based on laser speckle flowgraphs after 2 weeks (P < .05), in addition to removing the eschars and debris. Wound cleansing by natural soap of fatty acid potassium is beneficial for wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kohji Nakazawa
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuto Tokunaga
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Sadanori Akita
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Wound Repair and Regeneration, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The German Baseline Series: Evolution and History of a National BLS. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
11
|
Shuster S. The need for dose–response studies: time for a reminder? Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:1148. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Shuster
- Department of Dermatology University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Buhl T, Geier J. ‘The need for dose–response studies: time for a reminder?’ – reply from the authors. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:1148-1149. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AllergologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen GöttingenGermany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational DermatologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen GöttingenGermany
| | - J. Geier
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational DermatologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen GöttingenGermany
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mahler V, Becker D. The German Baseline Series: Evolution and History of a National BLS. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_65-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
14
|
Agner T, Elsner P. Sodium lauryl sulfate: a never ending story? Br J Dermatol 2019; 183:13. [PMID: 31875945 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Agner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, 2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - P Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|