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Abstract
In 2020, more than 60,500 people were diagnosed with leukemia in the USA, and more than 23,000 died. The incidence of leukemia is still rising, and drug resistance development is a serious concern for patients' wellbeing and survival. In the past two decades, small non-coding RNAs have been studied to evaluate their functions and possible role in cancer pathogenesis. Small non-coding RNAs are short RNA molecules involved in several cellular processes by regulating the expression of genes. An increasing body of evidence collected by many independent studies shows that the expression of these molecules is tissue specific, and that their dysregulation alters the expression of genes involved in tumor development, progression and drug response. Indeed, small non-coding RNAs play a pivotal role in the onset, staging, relapse and drug response of hematological malignancies and cancers in general. These findings strongly suggest that small non-coding RNAs could function as biomarkers and possible targets for therapy. Thus, in this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of small non-coding RNA expression in different types of leukemia and assess their potential clinical implications.
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Kolb D, Kolishetti N, Surnar B, Sarkar S, Guin S, Shah AS, Dhar S. Metabolic Modulation of the Tumor Microenvironment Leads to Multiple Checkpoint Inhibition and Immune Cell Infiltration. ACS Nano 2020; 14:11055-11066. [PMID: 32706241 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are known to be glycolytic, driving increased glucose consumption and its conversion to lactate. This process modulates the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, glycolytically activated immune cells often become anergic, leading to an increase in immune checkpoint proteins such as programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Most glycolytic inhibitors not only inhibit glycolysis of cancer but also of immune cells. Therefore, using a nanoparticle-delivered agent to preferentially inhibit glycolysis in tumor cells, and not in immune cells, has the potential to attenuate the expression of checkpoint proteins. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) can be an important target to achieve tumor specific glycolysis inhibition. We report TME modulation by a mitochondrion-targeted nanoparticle (NP) containing a prodrug of dichloroacetate (DCA), a PDK1 inhibitor. We demonstrated that the targeted NP alters the TME which results in increased immunological activation against cancer cells, causing a decrease in mean tumor volume. Here, we also show findings that when Mito-DCA, a prodrug of DCA, was combined with anti-PD-1, a checkpoint inhibitor, results from in vivo syngeneic models showed an upregulation in the number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. This work provides a platform to bring therapeutic efficacy by selectively inhibiting glycolysis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kolb
- Partikula LLC, 7777 Davie Road, Hollywood, Florida 33024, United States
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Partikula LLC, 7777 Davie Road, Hollywood, Florida 33024, United States
| | - Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Shrita Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Subham Guin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Anuj S Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Shanta Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Crassini
- Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical Research SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - William S. Stevenson
- Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical Research SydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Stephen P. Mulligan
- Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical Research SydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental Science University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - O. Giles Best
- Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute of Medical Research SydneyNSWAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental Science University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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Schuh A, Dreau H, Knight SJL, Ridout K, Mizani T, Vavoulis D, Colling R, Antoniou P, Kvikstad EM, Pentony MM, Hamblin A, Protheroe A, Parton M, Shah KA, Orosz Z, Athanasou N, Hassan B, Flanagan AM, Ahmed A, Winter S, Harris A, Tomlinson I, Popitsch N, Church D, Taylor JC. Clinically actionable mutation profiles in patients with cancer identified by whole-genome sequencing. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:a002279. [PMID: 29610388 PMCID: PMC5880257 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) efforts have established catalogs of mutations relevant to cancer development. However, the clinical utility of this information remains largely unexplored. Here, we present the results of the first eight patients recruited into a clinical whole-genome sequencing (WGS) program in the United Kingdom. We performed PCR-free WGS of fresh frozen tumors and germline DNA at 75× and 30×, respectively, using the HiSeq2500 HTv4. Subtracted tumor VCFs and paired germlines were subjected to comprehensive analysis of coding and noncoding regions, integration of germline with somatically acquired variants, and global mutation signatures and pathway analyses. Results were classified into tiers and presented to a multidisciplinary tumor board. WGS results helped to clarify an uncertain histopathological diagnosis in one case, led to informed or supported prognosis in two cases, leading to de-escalation of therapy in one, and indicated potential treatments in all eight. Overall 26 different tier 1 potentially clinically actionable findings were identified using WGS compared with six SNVs/indels using routine targeted NGS. These initial results demonstrate the potential of WGS to inform future diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment choice in cancer and justify the systematic evaluation of the clinical utility of WGS in larger cohorts of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schuh
- Oxford Molecular Diagnostics Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
| | - Helene Dreau
- Oxford Molecular Diagnostics Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J L Knight
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Ridout
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Tuba Mizani
- Oxford Molecular Diagnostics Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Vavoulis
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Colling
- Oxford Molecular Diagnostics Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Pavlos Antoniou
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Erika M Kvikstad
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa M Pentony
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hamblin
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Protheroe
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Parton
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Kingston NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan A Shah
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Orosz
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and Kingston NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Athanasou
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
| | - Bass Hassan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- University College London, Cancer Institute and Royal National Orthopaedic NHS Hospital, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Winter
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat-Head and Neck Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Niko Popitsch
- The Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Church
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
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Kokhaei P, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Sotoodeh Jahromi A, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H, Hojjat-Farsangi M. Ibrutinib-A double-edge sword in cancer and autoimmune disorders. J Drug Target 2015; 24:373-85. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1086357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | | | - Anders Osterborg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Håkan Mellstedt
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, and
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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Lin K, Farahani M, Yang Y, Johnson GG, Oates M, Atherton M, Douglas A, Kalakonda N, Pettitt AR. Loss of MIR15A and MIR16-1 at 13q14 is associated with increased TP53 mRNA, de-repression of BCL2 and adverse outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2014; 167:346-55. [PMID: 25040181 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the possibility that TP53 mRNA is variably expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and that under-expression is associated with TP53 dysfunction and adverse outcome. Although TP53 mRNA levels did indeed vary among the 104 CLL samples examined, this variability resulted primarily from over-expression of TP53 mRNA in 18 samples, all of which lacked TP53 deletion/mutation. These patients had higher lymphocyte counts and shorter overall and treatment-free survival times compared to cases with low TP53 mRNA expression and no TP53 deletion/mutation. Furthermore, TP53 mRNA levels did not correlate with levels of TP53 protein or its transcriptional target CDKN1A. We speculated that the adverse outcome associated with TP53 mRNA over-expression might reflect variation in levels of MIR15A and MIR16-1, which are encoded on chromosome 13q14 and target TP53 and some oncogenes including BCL2. In keeping with our hypothesis, 13q14 copy number and levels of MIR15A/MIR16-1 correlated positively with one another but negatively with levels of TP53 mRNA and BCL2 mRNA. Our findings support a model in which loss of MIR15A/MIR16-1 at chromosome 13q14 results in adverse outcome due to de-repression of oncogenes such as BCL2, and up-regulation of TP53 mRNA as a bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK; Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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MacNeil AJ, Jiao SC, McEachern LA, Yang YJ, Dennis A, Yu H, Xu Z, Marshall JS, Lin TJ. MAPK kinase 3 is a tumor suppressor with reduced copy number in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 74:162-72. [PMID: 24233520 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are initiated as a result of changes that occur in the genome. Identification of gains and losses in the structure and expression of tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes lies at the root of the understanding of cancer cell biology. Here, we show that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MKK3 suppresses the growth of breast cancer, in which it varies in copy number. A pervasive loss of MKK3 gene copy number in patients with breast cancer is associated with an impairment of MKK3 expression and protein level in malignant tissues. To assess the functional role of MKK3 in breast cancer, we showed in an animal model that MKK3 activity is required for suppression of tumor growth. Active MKK3 enhanced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1/Waf1) and p27(Kip1), leading to increased cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Our results reveal the functional significance of MKK3 as a tumor suppressor and improve understanding of the dynamic role of the MAPK pathway in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J MacNeil
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Pediatrics, Physiology and Biophysics, and Pathology, Dalhousie University; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing; and Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Dal Bo M, Pozzo F, Bomben R, Degan M, Marconi D, Zucchetto A, Rossi D, Pozzato G, Zauli G, Gaidano G, Del Poeta G, Gattei V. ARHGDIA, a mutant TP53-associated Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor, is over-expressed in gene expression profiles of TP53 disrupted chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2013; 161:596-9. [PMID: 23406297 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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