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Cherng HJJ, Herrera A. Circulating Tumor DNA in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: from Bench to Bedside? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2024; 25:659-678. [PMID: 38656685 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-024-01201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a curable disease with variable outcomes due to underlying heterogeneous clinical and molecular features-features that are insufficiently characterized with our current tools. Due to these limitations, treatment largely remains a "one-size-fits-all" approach. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a novel biomarker in cancers that is increasingly utilized for risk stratification and response assessment. ctDNA is readily detectable from the plasma of patients with DLBCL but has not yet been incorporated into clinical care to guide treatment. Here, we describe how ctDNA sequencing represents a promising technology in development to personalize the care of patients with DLBCL. We will review the different types of ctDNA assays being studied and the rapidly growing body of evidence supporting the utility of ctDNA in different treatment settings in DLBCL. Risk stratification by estimation of tumor burden and liquid genotyping, molecular response assessment during treatment, and monitoring for measurable residual disease (MRD) to identify therapy resistance and predict clinical relapse are all potential applications of ctDNA. It is time for clinical trials in DLBCL to utilize ctDNA as an integral biomarker for patient selection, response-adapted designs, and surrogate endpoints. As more ctDNA assays become commercially available for routine use, clinicians should consider liquid biopsy when treatment response is equivocal on imaging. Incorporating MRD may also guide decision-making if patients experience severe treatment toxicities. Though important barriers remain, we believe that ctDNA will soon be ready to transition from bench to bedside to individualize treatment for our patients with DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/blood
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Humans
- Circulating Tumor DNA/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Liquid Biopsy/methods
- Disease Management
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Prognosis
- Clinical Decision-Making
- Disease Susceptibility
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jay J Cherng
- Lymphoma Service, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, 6GN-Rm 435, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Alex Herrera
- Division of Lymphoma, Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Alderuccio JP, Reis IM, Hamadani M, Nachiappan M, Leslom S, Kahl BS, Ai WZ, Radford J, Solh M, Ardeshna KM, Hess BT, Lunning MA, Zinzani PL, Stathis A, Carlo-Stella C, Lossos IS, Caimi PF, Han S, Yang F, Kuker RA, Moskowitz CH. PET/CT Biomarkers Enable Risk Stratification of Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Enrolled in the LOTIS-2 Clinical Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:139-149. [PMID: 37855688 PMCID: PMC10872617 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Significant progress has occurred in developing quantitative PET/CT biomarkers in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Total metabolic tumor volume (MTV) is the most extensively studied, enabling assessment of FDG-avid tumor burden associated with outcomes. However, prior studies evaluated the outcome of cytotoxic chemotherapy or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy without data on recently approved FDA agents. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prognosis of PET/CT biomarkers in patients treated with loncastuximab tesirine. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We centrally reviewed screening PET/CT scans of patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL enrolled in the LOTIS-2 (NCT03589469) study. MTV was obtained by computing individual volumes using the SUV ≥4.0 threshold. Other PET/CT metrics, clinical factors, and the International Metabolic Prognostic Index (IMPI) were evaluated. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between biomarkers and treatment response. Cox regression was used to determine the effect of biomarkers on time-to-event outcomes. We estimated biomarker prediction as continuous and binary variables defined by cutoff points. RESULTS Across 138 patients included in this study, MTV with a cutoff point of 96 mL was the biomarker associated with the highest predictive performance in univariable and multivariable models to predict failure to achieve complete metabolic response (OR, 5.42; P = 0.002), progression-free survival (HR, 2.68; P = 0.002), and overall survival (HR, 3.09; P < 0.0001). IMPI demonstrated an appropriate performance, however, not better than MTV alone. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment MTV demonstrated robust risk stratification, with those patients demonstrating high MTV achieving lower responses and survival to loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed/refractory DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Alderuccio
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Isildinha M. Reis
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Hamadani
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Muthiah Nachiappan
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Salman Leslom
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brad S. Kahl
- Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Weiyun Z. Ai
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John Radford
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Manchester and the Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Melhem Solh
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program at Northside Hospital, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kirit M. Ardeshna
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian T. Hess
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Matthew A. Lunning
- University of Nebraska Medical Center- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anastasios Stathis
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carmelo Carlo-Stella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, and Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Research Hospital–IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Izidore S. Lossos
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Paolo F. Caimi
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sunwoo Han
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Fei Yang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Russ A. Kuker
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Craig H. Moskowitz
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Karsten H, Matrisch L, Cichutek S, Fiedler W, Alsdorf W, Block A. Broadening the horizon: potential applications of CAR-T cells beyond current indications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285406. [PMID: 38090582 PMCID: PMC10711079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering immune cells to treat hematological malignancies has been a major focus of research since the first resounding successes of CAR-T-cell therapies in B-ALL. Several diseases can now be treated in highly therapy-refractory or relapsed conditions. Currently, a number of CD19- or BCMA-specific CAR-T-cell therapies are approved for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), multiple myeloma (MM), and follicular lymphoma (FL). The implementation of these therapies has significantly improved patient outcome and survival even in cases with previously very poor prognosis. In this comprehensive review, we present the current state of research, recent innovations, and the applications of CAR-T-cell therapy in a selected group of hematologic malignancies. We focus on B- and T-cell malignancies, including the entities of cutaneous and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (T-ALL, PTCL, CTCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), classical Hodgkin-Lymphoma (HL), Burkitt-Lymphoma (BL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). While these diseases are highly heterogenous, we highlight several similarly used approaches (combination with established therapeutics, target depletion on healthy cells), targets used in multiple diseases (CD30, CD38, TRBC1/2), and unique features that require individualized approaches. Furthermore, we focus on current limitations of CAR-T-cell therapy in individual diseases and entities such as immunocompromising tumor microenvironment (TME), risk of on-target-off-tumor effects, and differences in the occurrence of adverse events. Finally, we present an outlook into novel innovations in CAR-T-cell engineering like the use of artificial intelligence and the future role of CAR-T cells in therapy regimens in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Karsten
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Matrisch
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sophia Cichutek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Alsdorf
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Block
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Alderuccio JP, Kuker RA, Yang F, Moskowitz CH. Quantitative PET-based biomarkers in lymphoma: getting ready for primetime. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:640-657. [PMID: 37460635 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of functional quantitative biomarkers extracted from routine PET-CT scans to characterize clinical responses in patients with lymphoma is gaining increased attention, and these biomarkers can outperform established clinical risk factors. Total metabolic tumour volume enables individualized estimation of survival outcomes in patients with lymphoma and has shown the potential to predict response to therapy suitable for risk-adapted treatment approaches in clinical trials. The deployment of machine learning tools in molecular imaging research can assist in recognizing complex patterns and, with image classification, in tumour identification and segmentation of data from PET-CT scans. Initial studies using fully automated approaches to calculate metabolic tumour volume and other PET-based biomarkers have demonstrated appropriate correlation with calculations from experts, warranting further testing in large-scale studies. The extraction of computer-based quantitative tumour characterization through radiomics can provide a comprehensive view of phenotypic heterogeneity that better captures the molecular and functional features of the disease. Additionally, radiomics can be integrated with genomic data to provide more accurate prognostic information. Further improvements in PET-based biomarkers are imminent, although their incorporation into clinical decision-making currently has methodological shortcomings that need to be addressed with confirmatory prospective validation in selected patient populations. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge, challenges and opportunities in the integration of quantitative PET-based biomarkers in clinical trials and the routine management of patients with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Alderuccio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Russ A Kuker
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Medical Physics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Craig H Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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