1
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Sharma AK, Singh S, Bhat M, Gill K, Zaid M, Kumar S, Shakya A, Tantray J, Jose D, Gupta R, Yangzom T, Sharma RK, Sahu SK, Rathore G, Chandolia P, Singh M, Mishra A, Raj S, Gupta A, Agarwal M, Kifayat S, Gupta A, Gupta P, Vashist A, Vaibhav P, Kathuria N, Yadav V, Singh RP, Garg A. New drug discovery of cardiac anti-arrhythmic drugs: insights in animal models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16420. [PMID: 37775650 PMCID: PMC10541452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rhythm regulated by micro-macroscopic structures of heart. Pacemaker abnormalities or disruptions in electrical conduction, lead to arrhythmic disorders may be benign, typical, threatening, ultimately fatal, occurs in clinical practice, patients on digitalis, anaesthesia or acute myocardial infarction. Both traditional and genetic animal models are: In-vitro: Isolated ventricular Myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscles, Patch-Clamp Experiments, Porcine Atrial Myocytes, Guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscle: action potential and refractory period, Langendorff technique, Arrhythmia by acetylcholine or potassium. Acquired arrhythmia disorders: Transverse Aortic Constriction, Myocardial Ischemia, Complete Heart Block and AV Node Ablation, Chronic Tachypacing, Inflammation, Metabolic and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia. In-Vivo: Chemically induced arrhythmia: Aconitine antagonism, Digoxin-induced arrhythmia, Strophanthin/ouabain-induced arrhythmia, Adrenaline-induced arrhythmia, and Calcium-induced arrhythmia. Electrically induced arrhythmia: Ventricular fibrillation electrical threshold, Arrhythmia through programmed electrical stimulation, sudden coronary death in dogs, Exercise ventricular fibrillation. Genetic Arrhythmia: Channelopathies, Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Short QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome. Genetic with Structural Heart Disease: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Atrioventricular Block, Preexcitation Syndrome. Arrhythmia in Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Both traditional and genetic, experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias' characteristics and significance help in development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India.
| | - Shivam Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mehvish Bhat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Kartik Gill
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohammad Zaid
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anjali Shakya
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Junaid Tantray
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Divyamol Jose
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Tsering Yangzom
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | | | - Gulshan Rathore
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Priyanka Chandolia
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Shobhit Raj
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Archita Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sumaiya Kifayat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ankit Vashist
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Parth Vaibhav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Nancy Kathuria
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Vipin Yadav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ravindra Pal Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Arun Garg
- MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, India
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2
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Árpádffy-lovas T, Nagy N. ActionPytential: An open source tool for analyzing and visualizing cardiac action potential data. Heliyon 2023. [PMID: 36967904 PMCID: PMC10031321 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The action potential forms the basis of cardiac pacemaking, conduction, and contraction. Action potentials can be recorded from numerous preparation types, including ventricular or atrial trabecules, Purkinje fibers, isolated cardiac myocytes. Numerous techniques are also available as well, such as the conventional microelectrode and the single-cell current clamp techniques, optical mapping, or in silico modeling. With such a vast array of electrophysiological methods comes an array of available hardware and software solutions. In this work, we present a software with an intuitive graphical user interface, ActionPytential, that enables the analysis of any type of cardiac action potential, regardless of acquisition method or tissue type. In most available software tools, the analysis of continuous (gap-free) recordings often requires manual user interaction to segment the individual action potentials. We provide an automated solution for this, both for slow-response and for externally paced action potentials. As of now, ActionPytential calculates 34 parameters from each action potential. The most often utilized ones, including amplitude, maximal rate of depolarization, and action potential duration values, were validated on 1200 action potentials from human, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat cardiac preparations. We also provide new parameters that were previously only measurable manually, including the position and the depth of the notch in potentials showing a spike-and-dome morphology. Further notable features include a Butterworth-type low-pass filter, the averaging of multiple potentials, automated corrections for baseline drifting, aided manual analysis, high-quality plots, and batch processing for any number of potentials. ActionPytential is available for all major platforms (Windows, MacOS, GNU + Linux, BSD).
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3
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Yamashita MS, Melo EO. Animal Transgenesis and Cloning: Combined Development and Future Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:121-149. [PMID: 37041332 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The revolution in animal transgenesis began in 1981 and continues to become more efficient, cheaper, and faster to perform. New genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, are leading to a new era of genetically modified or edited organisms. Some researchers advocate this new era as the time of synthetic biology or re-engineering. Nonetheless, we are witnessing advances in high-throughput sequencing, artificial DNA synthesis, and design of artificial genomes at a fast pace. These advances in symbiosis with animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) allow the development of improved livestock, animal models of human disease, and heterologous production of bioproducts for medical applications. In the context of genetic engineering, SCNT remains a useful technology to generate animals from genetically modified cells. This chapter addresses these fast-developing technologies driving this biotechnological revolution and their association with animal cloning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Yamashita
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Animal Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O Melo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
- Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University of Tocantins, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Déri S, Hartai T, Virág L, Jost N, Labro AJ, Varró A, Baczkó I, Nattel S, Ördög B. A Possible Explanation for the Low Penetrance of Pathogenic KCNE1 Variants in Long QT Syndrome Type 5. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15. [PMID: 36559002 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac rhythm disorder associated with increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. LQTS type 5 (LQT5) is caused by dominant mutant variants of KCNE1, a regulatory subunit of the voltage-gated ion channels generating the cardiac potassium current IKs. While mutant LQT5 KCNE1 variants are known to inhibit IKs amplitudes in heterologous expression systems, cardiomyocytes from a transgenic rabbit LQT5 model displayed unchanged IKs amplitudes, pointing towards the critical role of additional factors in the development of the LQT5 phenotype in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that KCNE3, a candidate regulatory subunit of IKs channels minimizes the inhibitory effects of LQT5 KCNE1 variants on IKs amplitudes, while current deactivation is accelerated. Such changes recapitulate IKs properties observed in LQT5 transgenic rabbits. We show that KCNE3 accomplishes this by displacing the KCNE1 subunit within the IKs ion channel complex, as evidenced by a dedicated biophysical assay. These findings depict KCNE3 as an integral part of the IKs channel complex that regulates IKs function in cardiomyocytes and modifies the development of the LQT5 phenotype.
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5
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Blackwell DJ, Schmeckpeper J, Knollmann BC. Animal Models to Study Cardiac Arrhythmias. Circ Res 2022; 130:1926-1964. [PMID: 35679367 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 10% to 15% of all deaths. Although most arrhythmias are due to acquired heart disease, inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies disproportionately affect children and young adults. Arrhythmogenesis is complex, involving anatomic structure, ion channels and regulatory proteins, and the interplay between cells in the conduction system, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and the immune system. Animal models of arrhythmia are powerful tools for studying not only molecular and cellular mechanism of arrhythmogenesis but also more complex mechanisms at the whole heart level, and for testing therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes basic and clinical arrhythmia mechanisms followed by an in-depth review of published animal models of genetic and acquired arrhythmia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Blackwell
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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6
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Hou Y, Zhang X, Sun X, Qin Q, Chen D, Jia M, Chen Y. Genetically modified rabbit models for cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174890. [PMID: 35300995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) rabbits are outstanding animal models for studying human genetic and acquired diseases. As such, GM rabbits that express human genes have been extensively used as models of cardiovascular disease. Rabbits are genetically modified via prokaryotic microinjection. Through this process, genes are randomly integrated into the rabbit genome. Moreover, gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells is a powerful tool for understanding gene function. However, rabbits lack stable ES cell lines. Therefore, ES-dependent gene targeting is not possible in rabbits. Nevertheless, the RNA interference technique is rapidly becoming a useful experimental tool that enables researchers to knock down specific gene expression, which leads to the genetic modification of rabbits. Recently, with the emergence of new genetic technology, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), major breakthroughs have been made in rabbit gene targeting. Using these novel genetic techniques, researchers have successfully modified knockout (KO) rabbit models. In this paper, we aimed to review the recent advances in GM technology in rabbits and highlight their application as models for cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Qiaohong Qin
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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7
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Castiglione A, Hornyik T, Wülfers EM, Giammarino L, Edler I, Jowais JJ, Rieder M, Perez-Feliz S, Koren G, Bősze Z, Varró A, Zehender M, Brunner M, Bode C, Liin SI, Larsson HP, Baczkó I, Odening KE. Docosahexaenoic acid normalizes QT interval in long QT type 2 transgenic rabbit models in a genotype-specific fashion. Europace 2021; 24:511-522. [PMID: 34601592 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac channelopathy predisposing to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Since current therapies often fail to prevent arrhythmic events in certain LQTS subtypes, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, which enhances the repolarizing IKs current. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effects of DHA in wild type (WT) and transgenic long QT Type 1 (LQT1; loss of IKs), LQT2 (loss of IKr), LQT5 (reduction of IKs), and LQT2-5 (loss of IKr and reduction of IKs) rabbits. In vivo ECGs were recorded at baseline and after 10 µM/kg DHA to assess changes in heart-rate corrected QT (QTc) and short-term variability of QT (STVQT). Ex vivo monophasic action potentials were recorded in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, and action potential duration (APD75) and triangulation were assessed. Docosahexaenoic acid significantly shortened QTc in vivo only in WT and LQT2 rabbits, in which both α- and β-subunits of IKs-conducting channels are functionally intact. In LQT2, this led to a normalization of QTc and of its short-term variability. Docosahexaenoic acid had no effect on QTc in LQT1, LQT5, and LQT2-5. Similarly, ex vivo, DHA shortened APD75 in WT and normalized it in LQT2, and additionally decreased AP triangulation in LQT2. CONCLUSIONS Docosahexaenoic acid exerts a genotype-specific beneficial shortening/normalizing effect on QTc and APD75 and reduces pro-arrhythmia markers STVQT and AP triangulation through activation of IKs in LQT2 rabbits but has no effects if either α- or β-subunits to IKs are functionally impaired. Docosahexaenoic acid could represent a new genotype-specific therapy in LQT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Castiglione
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Buehlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tibor Hornyik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Buehlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eike M Wülfers
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucilla Giammarino
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Buehlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Iask Edler
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jessica J Jowais
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marina Rieder
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Buehlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Perez-Feliz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gideon Koren
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- Animal Biotechnology Department, NARIC Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Manfred Zehender
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara I Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Buehlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Translational Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Joukar S. A comparative review on heart ion channels, action potentials and electrocardiogram in rodents and human: extrapolation of experimental insights to clinic. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:25. [PMID: 34496976 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive valuable diagnostic tool that is used in clinics for investigation and monitoring of heart electrical rhythm/conduction, ischemia/injury of heart, electrolyte disturbances and agents/drugs induced cardiac toxicity. Nowadays using animal models to study heart diseases such as electrical and mechanical disturbance is common. In addition, given to ethical consideration and availability, the use of small rodents has been a top priority for cardiovascular researchers. However, extrapolation of experimental findings from the lab to the clinic needs sufficient basic knowledge of similarities and differences between heart action potential and ECG of rodents and humans in normal and disease conditions. This review compares types of human action potentials, the dominant ion currents during action potential phases, alteration in ion channels activities in channelopathies-induced arrhythmias and the ECG appearance of mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and human. Also, it briefly discusses the responsiveness and alterations in ECG following some interventions such as cardiac injury and arrhythmia induction. Overall, it provides a roadmap for researchers in selecting the best animal model/species whose studies results can be translated into clinical practice. In addition, this study will also be useful to biologists, physiologists, pharmacologists, veterinarians and physicians working in the fields of comparative physiology, pharmacology, toxicology and diseases.
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9
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Crotti L, Odening KE, Sanguinetti MC. Heritable arrhythmias associated with abnormal function of cardiac potassium channels. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1542-1556. [PMID: 32227190 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes express a surprisingly large number of potassium channel types. The primary physiological functions of the currents conducted by these channels are to maintain the resting membrane potential and mediate action potential repolarization under basal conditions and in response to changes in the concentrations of intracellular sodium, calcium, and ATP/ADP. Here, we review the diversity and functional roles of cardiac potassium channels under normal conditions and how heritable mutations in the genes encoding these channels can lead to distinct arrhythmias. We briefly review atrial fibrillation and J-wave syndromes. For long and short QT syndromes, we describe their genetic basis, clinical manifestation, risk stratification, traditional and novel therapeutic approaches, as well as insights into disease mechanisms provided by animal and cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Crotti
- Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Translational Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Sanguinetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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10
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Ellermann C, Wolfes J, Eckardt L, Frommeyer G. Role of the rabbit whole-heart model for electrophysiologic safety pharmacology of non-cardiovascular drugs. Europace 2021; 23:828-836. [PMID: 33200170 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plenty of non-cardiovascular drugs alter cardiac electrophysiology and may ultimately lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. In clinical practice, measuring the QT interval as a marker for the repolarization period is the most common tool to assess the electrophysiologic safety of drugs. However, the sole measurement of the QT interval may be insufficient to determine the proarrhythmic risk of non-cardiovascular agents. Several other markers are considered in pre-clinical safety testing to determine potential harm on cardiac electrophysiology. Besides measuring typical electrophysiologic parameters such as repolarization duration, whole-heart models allow the determination of potential predictors for proarrhythmia. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity as well as changes of shape of the action potential can be easily assessed. In addition, provocation manoeuvers (either by electrolyte imbalances or programmed pacing protocols) may induce sustained arrhythmias and thereby determine ventricular vulnerability to arrhythmias. Compared with the human heart, the rabbit heart possesses a similar distribution of ion currents that govern cardiac repolarization, resulting in a rectangular action potential configuration in both species. In addition, similar biophysical properties of rabbit and human cardiac ion channels lead to a comparable pharmacologic response in human and rabbit hearts. Of note, arrhythmia patterns resemble in both species due to the similar effective size of human and rabbit hearts. Thus, the rabbit heart is particularly suitable for testing the electrophysiologic safety of drugs. Several experimental setups have been developed for studying cardiac electrophysiology in rabbits, ranging from single cell to tissue preparations, whole-heart setups, and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ellermann
- Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Julian Wolfes
- Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Gerrit Frommeyer
- Department of Cardiology II (Electrophysiology), University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster D-48149, Germany
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11
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Odening KE, Gomez AM, Dobrev D, Fabritz L, Heinzel FR, Mangoni ME, Molina CE, Sacconi L, Smith G, Stengl M, Thomas D, Zaza A, Remme CA, Heijman J. ESC working group on cardiac cellular electrophysiology position paper: relevance, opportunities, and limitations of experimental models for cardiac electrophysiology research. Europace 2021; 23:1795-1814. [PMID: 34313298 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a major cause of death and disability. A large number of experimental cell and animal models have been developed to study arrhythmogenic diseases. These models have provided important insights into the underlying arrhythmia mechanisms and translational options for their therapeutic management. This position paper from the ESC Working Group on Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology provides an overview of (i) currently available in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo electrophysiological research methodologies, (ii) the most commonly used experimental (cellular and animal) models for cardiac arrhythmias including relevant species differences, (iii) the use of human cardiac tissue, induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived and in silico models to study cardiac arrhythmias, and (iv) the availability, relevance, limitations, and opportunities of these cellular and animal models to recapitulate specific acquired and inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, including atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, sinus node, and conduction disorders and channelopathies. By promoting a better understanding of these models and their limitations, this position paper aims to improve the quality of basic research in cardiac electrophysiology, with the ultimate goal to facilitate the clinical translation and application of basic electrophysiological research findings on arrhythmia mechanisms and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Odening
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Maria Gomez
- Signaling and cardiovascular pathophysiology-UMR-S 1180, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matteo E Mangoni
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristina E Molina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- National Institute of Optics and European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy, Italy.,Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Godfrey Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Milan Stengl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders (HCR), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antonio Zaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Hornyik T, Rieder M, Castiglione A, Major P, Baczko I, Brunner M, Koren G, Odening KE. Transgenic rabbit models for cardiac disease research. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:938-957. [PMID: 33822374 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the pathophysiology of human cardiac diseases and to develop novel treatment strategies, complex interactions of cardiac cells on cellular, tissue and on level of the whole heart need to be considered. As in vitro cell-based models do not depict the complexity of the human heart, animal models are used to obtain insights that can be translated to human diseases. Mice are the most commonly used animals in cardiac research. However, differences in electrophysiological and mechanical cardiac function and a different composition of electrical and contractile proteins limit the transferability of the knowledge gained. Moreover, the small heart size and fast heart rate are major disadvantages. In contrast to rodents, electrophysiological, mechanical and structural cardiac characteristics of rabbits resemble the human heart more closely, making them particularly suitable as an animal model for cardiac disease research. In this review, various methodological approaches for the generation of transgenic rabbits for cardiac disease research, such as pronuclear microinjection, the sleeping beauty transposon system and novel genome-editing methods (ZFN and CRISPR/Cas9)will be discussed. In the second section, we will introduce the different currently available transgenic rabbit models for monogenic cardiac diseases (such as long QT syndrome, short-QT syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) in detail, especially in regard to their utility to increase the understanding of pathophysiological disease mechanisms and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hornyik
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Rieder
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Castiglione
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Major
- Institute for Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Istvan Baczko
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katja E Odening
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Varró A, Tomek J, Nagy N, Virág L, Passini E, Rodriguez B, Baczkó I. Cardiac transmembrane ion channels and action potentials: cellular physiology and arrhythmogenic behavior. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:1083-1176. [PMID: 33118864 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are among the leading causes of mortality. They often arise from alterations in the electrophysiological properties of cardiac cells and their underlying ionic mechanisms. It is therefore critical to further unravel the pathophysiology of the ionic basis of human cardiac electrophysiology in health and disease. In the first part of this review, current knowledge on the differences in ion channel expression and properties of the ionic processes that determine the morphology and properties of cardiac action potentials and calcium dynamics from cardiomyocytes in different regions of the heart are described. Then the cellular mechanisms promoting arrhythmias in congenital or acquired conditions of ion channel function (electrical remodeling) are discussed. The focus is on human-relevant findings obtained with clinical, experimental, and computational studies, given that interspecies differences make the extrapolation from animal experiments to human clinical settings difficult. Deepening the understanding of the diverse pathophysiology of human cellular electrophysiology will help in developing novel and effective antiarrhythmic strategies for specific subpopulations and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jakub Tomek
- Department of Computer Science, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Nagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elisa Passini
- Department of Computer Science, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Rodriguez
- Department of Computer Science, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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14
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Matsuhisa F, Kitajima S, Nishijima K, Akiyoshi T, Morimoto M, Fan J. Transgenic Rabbit Models: Now and the Future. Applied Sciences 2020; 10:7416. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic rabbits have contributed to the progress of biomedical science as human disease models because of their unique features, such as the lipid metabolism system similar to humans and medium body size that facilitates handling and experimental manipulation. In fact, many useful transgenic rabbits have been generated and used in research fields such as lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, cardiac failure, immunology, and oncogenesis. However, there have been long-term problems, namely that the transgenic efficiency when using pronuclear microinjection is low compared with transgenic mice and production of knockout rabbits is impossible owing to the lack of embryonic stem cells for gene targeting in rabbits. Despite these limitations, the emergence of novel genome editing technology has changed the production of genetically modified animals including the rabbit. We are finally able to produce both transgenic and knockout rabbit models to analyze gain- and loss-of-functions of specific genes. It is expected that the use of genetically modified rabbits will extend to various research fields. In this review, we describe the unique features of rabbits as laboratory animals, the current status of their development and use, and future perspectives of transgenic rabbit models for human diseases.
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15
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Varga RS, Hornyik T, Husti Z, Kohajda Z, Krajsovszky G, Nagy N, Jost N, Virág L, Tálosi L, Mátyus P, Varró A, Baczkó I. Antiarrhythmic and cardiac electrophysiological effects of SZV-270, a novel compound with combined Class I/B and Class III effects, in rabbits and dogs. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:89-101. [PMID: 32970956 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality. Sudden cardiac death is most commonly caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF). Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a major cause of stroke and heart failure. Pharmacological management of VF and AF remains suboptimal due to limited efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs and their ventricular proarrhythmic adverse effects. In this study, the antiarrhythmic and cardiac cellular electrophysiological effects of SZV-270, a novel compound, were investigated in rabbit and canine models. SZV-270 significantly reduced the incidence of VF in rabbits subjected to coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion and reduced the incidence of burst-induced AF in a tachypaced conscious canine model of AF. SZV-270 prolonged the frequency-corrected QT interval, lengthened action potential duration and effective refractory period in ventricular and atrial preparations, blocked I Kr in isolated cardiomyocytes (Class III effects), and reduced the maximum rate of depolarization (V max) at cycle lengths smaller than 1000 ms in ventricular preparations (Class I/B effect). Importantly, SZV-270 did not provoke Torsades de Pointes arrhythmia in an anesthetized rabbit proarrhythmia model characterized by impaired repolarization reserve. In conclusion, SZV-270 with its combined Class I/B and III effects can prevent reentry arrhythmias with reduced risk of provoking drug-induced Torsades de Pointes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richárd S Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hornyik
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Husti
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kohajda
- MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Krajsovszky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Nagy
- MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Jost
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Tálosi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Mátyus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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16
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Hornyik T, Castiglione A, Franke G, Perez-Feliz S, Major P, Hiripi L, Koren G, Bősze Z, Varró A, Zehender M, Brunner M, Bode C, Baczkó I, Odening KE. Transgenic LQT2, LQT5, and LQT2-5 rabbit models with decreased repolarisation reserve for prediction of drug-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3744-3759. [PMID: 32436214 PMCID: PMC7393202 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Reliable prediction of pro‐arrhythmic side effects of novel drug candidates is still a major challenge. Although drug‐induced pro‐arrhythmia occurs primarily in patients with pre‐existing repolarisation disturbances, healthy animals are employed for pro‐arrhythmia testing. To improve current safety screening, transgenic long QT (LQTS) rabbit models with impaired repolarisation reserve were generated by overexpressing loss‐of‐function mutations of human HERG (HERG‐G628S, loss of IKr; LQT2), KCNE1 (KCNE1‐G52R, decreased IKs; LQT5), or both transgenes (LQT2‐5) in the heart. Experimental Approach Effects of K+ channel blockers on cardiac repolarisation and arrhythmia susceptibility were assessed in healthy wild‐type (WT) and LQTS rabbits using in vivo ECG and ex vivo monophasic action potential and ECG recordings in Langendorff‐perfused hearts. Key Results LQTS models reflect patients with clinically “silent” (LQT5) or “manifest” (LQT2 and LQT2‐5) impairment in cardiac repolarisation reserve: they were more sensitive in detecting IKr‐blocking (LQT5) or IK1/IKs‐blocking (LQT2 and LQT2‐5) properties of drugs compared to healthy WT animals. Impaired QT‐shortening capacity at fast heart rates was observed due to disturbed IKs function in LQT5 and LQT2‐5. Importantly, LQTS models exhibited higher incidence, longer duration, and more malignant types of ex vivo arrhythmias than WT. Conclusion and Implications LQTS models represent patients with reduced repolarisation reserve due to different pathomechanisms. As they demonstrate increased sensitivity to different specific ion channel blockers (IKr blockade in LQT5 and IK1 and IKs blockade in LQT2 and LQT2‐5), their combined use could provide more reliable and more thorough prediction of (multichannel‐based) pro‐arrhythmic potential of novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hornyik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alessandro Castiglione
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerlind Franke
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Perez-Feliz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Péter Major
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Hiripi
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Manfred Zehender
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Abstract
Drug-induced proarrhythmia constitutes a potentially lethal side effect of various drugs. Most often, this proarrhythmia is mechanistically linked to the drug's potential to interact with repolarizing cardiac ion channels causing a prolongation of the QT interval in the ECG. Despite sophisticated screening approaches during drug development, reliable prediction of proarrhythmia remains very challenging. Although drug-induced long-QT-related proarrhythmia is often favored by conditions or diseases that impair the individual's repolarization reserve, most cellular, tissue, and whole animal model systems used for drug safety screening are based on normal, healthy models. In recent years, several transgenic rabbit models for different types of long QT syndromes (LQTS) with differences in the extent of impairment in repolarization reserve have been generated. These might be useful for screening/prediction of a drug's potential for long-QT-related proarrhythmia, particularly as different repolarizing cardiac ion channels are impaired in the different models. In this review, we summarize the electrophysiological characteristics of the available transgenic LQTS rabbit models, and the pharmacological proof-of-principle studies that have been performed with these models—highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of LQTS models for proarrhythmia research. In the end, we give an outlook on potential future directions and novel models.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hornyik
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Institute of Physiology, Buehlplatz 4, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Istvan Baczko
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Dóm tér 12, University of Szeged, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Sautierstrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El-Sabrout
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah Aggag
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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20
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Qiu B, Wang Y, Li C, Guo H, Xu Y. Utility of the JT Peak Interval and the JT Area in Determining the Proarrhythmic Potential of QT-Shortening Agents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018; 24:160-171. [PMID: 30092655 DOI: 10.1177/1074248418791999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced long QT increases the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia known as torsades de pointes (TdP). Many biomarkers have been used to predict TdP. At present, however, there are few biomarkers for arrhythmias induced by QT-shortening drugs. The objective of the present study was to identify the best biomarkers for predicting arrhythmias caused by the 4 potassium channel openers ICA-105574, NS-1643, R-L3, and pinacidil. Our results showed that, at higher concentrations, all 4 potassium channel openers induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts, but not in rabbit hearts. The electrocardiography parameters were measured including QT/QTc, JT peak, Tp-e interval, JT area, short-term beat-to-beat QT interval variability (STV), and index of cardiac electrophysiological balance (iCEB). We found that the potassium channel openers at test concentrations shortened the QT/QTc and the JT peak interval and increased the JT area. Nevertheless, even at proarrhythmic concentrations, they did not always change STV, Tp-e, or iCEB. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the JT peak interval representing the early repolarization phase and the JT area reflecting the dispersion of ventricular repolarization were the best predictors of VT/VF. Action potential recordings in guinea pig papillary muscle revealed that except for pinacidil, the potassium channel openers shortened APD30 in a concentration-dependent manner. They also evoked early or delayed afterdepolarizations at fast pacing rates. Patch-clamp recordings in guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes showed that the potassium channel openers enhanced the total outward currents during the early phase of action potential repolarization, especially at proarrhythmic concentrations. We concluded that the JT peak interval and the JT area are surrogate biomarkers identifying the risk of proarrhythmia associated with the administration of QT-shortening agents. The acceleration of early-phase repolarization and the increased dispersion of ventricular repolarization may contribute to the occurrence of arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Beijing Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congxin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huicai Guo
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanfang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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21
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Ferdinandy P, Baczkó I, Bencsik P, Giricz Z, Görbe A, Pacher P, Varga ZV, Varró A, Schulz R. Definition of hidden drug cardiotoxicity: paradigm change in cardiac safety testing and its clinical implications. Eur Heart J 2018; 40:1771-1777. [PMID: 29982507 PMCID: PMC6554653 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unexpected cardiac adverse effects are the leading causes of discontinuation of clinical trials and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Since the original observations in the mid-90s, it has been well established that cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities (such as ageing, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes) and their medications (e.g. nitrate tolerance, adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium inhibitor antidiabetic drugs, statins, etc.) may interfere with cardiac ischaemic tolerance and endogenous cardioprotective signalling pathways. Indeed drugs may exert unwanted effects on the diseased and treated heart that is hidden in the healthy myocardium. Hidden cardiotoxic effects may be due to (i) drug-induced enhancement of deleterious signalling due to ischaemia/reperfusion injury and/or the presence of risk factors and/or (ii) inhibition of cardioprotective survival signalling pathways, both of which may lead to ischaemia-related cell death and/or pro-arrhythmic effects. This led to a novel concept of ‘hidden cardiotoxicity’, defined as cardiotoxity of a drug that manifests only in the diseased heart with e.g. ischaemia/reperfusion injury and/or in the presence of its major comorbidities. Little is known on the mechanism of hidden cardiotoxocity, moreover, hidden cardiotoxicity cannot be revealed by the routinely used non-clinical cardiac safety testing methods on healthy animals or tissues. Therefore, here, we emphasize the need for development of novel cardiac safety testing platform involving combined experimental models of cardiac diseases (especially myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion and ischaemic conditioning) in the presence and absence of major cardiovascular comorbidities and/or cotreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy u. 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 12, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy u. 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Hajnoczy u. 6, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 12, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Aulweg 129, Giessen, Germany
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22
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Giudicessi JR, Wilde AAM, Ackerman MJ. The genetic architecture of long QT syndrome: A critical reappraisal. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 28:453-464. [PMID: 29661707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Collectively, the completion of the Human Genome Project and subsequent development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing methodologies have revolutionized genomic research. However, the rapid sequencing and analysis of thousands upon thousands of human exomes and genomes has taught us that most genes, including those known to cause heritable cardiovascular disorders such as long QT syndrome, harbor an unexpected background rate of rare, and presumably innocuous, non-synonymous genetic variation. In this Review, we aim to reappraise the genetic architecture underlying both the acquired and congenital forms of long QT syndrome by examining how the clinical phenotype associated with and background genetic variation in long QT syndrome-susceptibility genes impacts the clinical validity of existing gene-disease associations and the variant classification and reporting strategies that serve as the foundation for diagnostic long QT syndrome genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Giudicessi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Cardiovascular Diseases Fellowship and Clinician-Investigator Training Programs), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; Department of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Ackerman
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (Division of Heart Rhythm Services), Pediatrics (Division of Pediatric Cardiology), and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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23
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Horváth A, Lemoine MD, Löser A, Mannhardt I, Flenner F, Uzun AU, Neuber C, Breckwoldt K, Hansen A, Girdauskas E, Reichenspurner H, Willems S, Jost N, Wettwer E, Eschenhagen T, Christ T. Low Resting Membrane Potential and Low Inward Rectifier Potassium Currents Are Not Inherent Features of hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:822-833. [PMID: 29429959 PMCID: PMC5918194 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cardiomyocytes (CMs) show less negative resting membrane potential (RMP), which is attributed to small inward rectifier currents (IK1). Here, IK1 was measured in hiPSC-CMs (proprietary and commercial cell line) cultured as monolayer (ML) or 3D engineered heart tissue (EHT) and, for direct comparison, in CMs from human right atrial (RA) and left ventricular (LV) tissue. RMP was measured in isolated cells and intact tissues. IK1 density in ML- and EHT-CMs from the proprietary line was similar to LV and RA, respectively. IK1 density in EHT-CMs from the commercial line was 2-fold smaller than in the proprietary line. RMP in EHT of both lines was similar to RA and LV. Repolarization fraction and IK,ACh response discriminated best between RA and LV and indicated predominantly ventricular phenotype in hiPSC-CMs/EHT. The data indicate that IK1 is not necessarily low in hiPSC-CMs, and technical issues may underlie low RMP in hiPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Horváth
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marc D Lemoine
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Löser
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingra Mannhardt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Flenner
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmet Umur Uzun
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Neuber
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kaja Breckwoldt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evaldas Girdauskas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Reichenspurner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Willems
- Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Jost
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6721 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erich Wettwer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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El-Bassossy HM, Al-Thubiani WS, Elberry AA, Mujallid MI, Ghareib SA, Azhar AS, Banjar ZM, Watson ML. Zingerone alleviates the delayed ventricular repolarization and AV conduction in diabetes: Effect on cardiac fibrosis and inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189074. [PMID: 29206854 PMCID: PMC5716606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aims to analyse the action of zingerone in diabetes-related cardiac arrhythmias. Methods Diabetes was induced by streptozocin while treatment groups received 20 mg/kg zingerone daily. Following extra seven weeks, electrocardiography, extraction of blood, urine and heart for biochemical analysis, histopathology and immunofluorescence were undertaken. Results The suppression of QT and QTc prolongation in diabetic rats was indicative of prolonged cardiac repolarisation that was greatly reduced by zingerone treatment. In addition, the reduction in PR interval attested that zingerone improved AV delay in diabetic rats. The fibrogenic transforming growth factor β1 upregulation in diabetic hearts was suppressed by zingerone. The marked glycogen deposition and muscle degeneration seen in diabetic heart sections were also alleviated by zingerone. Furthermore, zingerone prevented the decrease in of the serum anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin in diabetics. The heightened levels of oxidative stress markers 8-isoprostane and uric acid in diabetic rats were suppressed. In the diabetic heart, the reduced catalase activity was improved and the excessive expression of angiotensin receptor 1 was inhibited by zingerone. Conclusion Cardiac delayed repolarisation and AV conduction in rats with diabetes were halted by zingerone. It appears that inhibition of cardiac fibrosis and associated inflammation-oxidative stress signalling underpins the zingerone effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Wafaa S. Al-Thubiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah and Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Elberry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I. Mujallid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A. Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmad S. Azhar
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainy M. Banjar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malcolm L. Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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25
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Hagiwara M, Shibuta S, Takada K, Kambayashi R, Nakajo M, Aimoto M, Nagasawa Y, Takahara A. The anaesthetized rabbit with acute atrioventricular block provides a new model for detecting drug-induced Torsade de Pointes. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2591-2605. [PMID: 28547743 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several rabbit proarrhythmia models have been developed using genetic or pharmacological methods to suppress the slow component of delayed rectifier K+ currents in the ventricle, leading to reduction of the repolarization reserve. Here we have characterized a novel rabbit in vivo proarrhythmia model with severe bradycardia caused by acute atrioventricular block (AVB). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Bradycardia was induced in isoflurane-anaesthetized rabbits by inducing AVB with catheter ablation, and the ventricle was electrically driven at 60 beats min-1 throughout the experiment except when extrasystoles appeared. We assessed the effects of two antiarrhythmics, two quinolone antibiotics and one antipsychotic drug, which were chosen as positive drugs (dofetilide, sparfloxacin and haloperidol) and negative drugs (amiodarone and moxifloxacin) for induction of Torsades de Pointes (TdP). KEY RESULTS In our model, TdP arrhythmias appeared with high reproducibility after i.v. dofetilide (10-100 μg·kg-1 ) in five out of six rabbits, sparfloxacin (30 mg·kg-1 ) in three out of six rabbits and haloperidol (0.3-3 mg·kg-1 ) in two out of six rabbits. The lethal arrhythmias repeatedly appeared and were accompanied with prolongation of the QT interval and early afterdepolarization-like phenomena. Neither amiodarone (0.3-10 mg·kg-1 , n = 6) nor moxifloxacin (3-30 mg·kg-1 , n = 6) induced such arrhythmias, even when QT intervals were prolonged. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that our model of the unremodelled and bradycardic heart of the anaesthetized rabbit is a useful test system for the detection of drug-induced TdP arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Hagiwara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Shibuta
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Kambayashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misako Nakajo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megumi Aimoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nagasawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Takahara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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26
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Lipták N, Hoffmann OI, Kerekes A, Iski G, Ernszt D, Kvell K, Hiripi L, Bősze Z. Monitoring of Venus transgenic cell migration during pregnancy in non-transgenic rabbits. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:291-299. [PMID: 27832434 PMCID: PMC5350230 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell transfer between mother and fetus were demonstrated previously in several species which possess haemochorial placenta (e.g. in humans, mice, rats, etc.). Here we report the assessment of fetal and maternal microchimerism in non-transgenic (non-TG) New Zealand white rabbits which were pregnant with transgenic (TG) fetuses and in non-TG newborns of TG does. The TG construct, including the Venus fluorophore cDNA driven by a ubiquitous cytomegalovirus enhancer, chicken ß-actin promoter (CAGGS), was previously integrated into the rabbit genome by Sleeping Beauty transposon system. Three different methods [fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR)] were employed to search for TG cells and gene products in blood and other tissues of non-TG rabbits. Venus positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were not detected in the blood of non-TG littermates or non-TG does by flow cytometry. Tissue samples (liver, kidney, skeletal and heart muscle) also proved to be Venus negative examined with fluorescence microscopy, while histology sections and PBMCs of TG rabbits showed robust Venus protein expression. In case of genomic DNA (gDNA) sourced from tissue samples of non-TG rabbits, CAGGS promoter-specific fragments could not be amplified by QPCR. Our data showed the lack of detectable cell transfer between TG and non-TG rabbits during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lipták
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - O I Hoffmann
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - A Kerekes
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - G Iski
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - D Ernszt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - K Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - L Hiripi
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Z Bősze
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Abstract
Although ventricular arrhythmia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, available antiarrhythmic drugs have limited efficacy. Disappointing progress in the development of novel, clinically relevant antiarrhythmic agents may partly be attributed to discrepancies between humans and animal models used in preclinical testing. However, such differences are at present difficult to predict, requiring improved understanding of arrhythmia mechanisms across species. To this end, we presently review interspecies similarities and differences in fundamental cardiomyocyte electrophysiology and current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the generation of afterdepolarizations and reentry. We specifically highlight patent shortcomings in small rodents to reproduce cellular and tissue-level arrhythmia substrate believed to be critical in human ventricle. Despite greater ease of translation from larger animal models, discrepancies remain and interpretation can be complicated by incomplete knowledge of human ventricular physiology due to low availability of explanted tissue. We therefore point to the benefits of mathematical modeling as a translational bridge to understanding and treating human arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Edwards
- Center for Biomedical Computing, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway.,Center for Cardiological Innovation, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - William E Louch
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Cardiac Research Centre and Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Chiamvimonvat N, Chen-Izu Y, Clancy CE, Deschenes I, Dobrev D, Heijman J, Izu L, Qu Z, Ripplinger CM, Vandenberg JI, Weiss JN, Koren G, Banyasz T, Grandi E, Sanguinetti MC, Bers DM, Nerbonne JM. Potassium currents in the heart: functional roles in repolarization, arrhythmia and therapeutics. J Physiol 2017; 595:2229-2252. [PMID: 27808412 DOI: 10.1113/jp272883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the second of the two White Papers from the fourth UC Davis Cardiovascular Symposium Systems Approach to Understanding Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Arrhythmias (3-4 March 2016), a biennial event that brings together leading experts in different fields of cardiovascular research. The theme of the 2016 symposium was 'K+ channels and regulation', and the objectives of the conference were severalfold: (1) to identify current knowledge gaps; (2) to understand what may go wrong in the diseased heart and why; (3) to identify possible novel therapeutic targets; and (4) to further the development of systems biology approaches to decipher the molecular mechanisms and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. The sessions of the Symposium focusing on the functional roles of the cardiac K+ channel in health and disease, as well as K+ channels as therapeutic targets, were contributed by Ye Chen-Izu, Gideon Koren, James Weiss, David Paterson, David Christini, Dobromir Dobrev, Jordi Heijman, Thomas O'Hara, Crystal Ripplinger, Zhilin Qu, Jamie Vandenberg, Colleen Clancy, Isabelle Deschenes, Leighton Izu, Tamas Banyasz, Andras Varro, Heike Wulff, Eleonora Grandi, Michael Sanguinetti, Donald Bers, Jeanne Nerbonne and Nipavan Chiamvimonvat as speakers and panel discussants. This article summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge and controversies on the functional roles of cardiac K+ channels in normal and diseased heart. We endeavour to integrate current knowledge at multiple scales, from the single cell to the whole organ levels, and from both experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 6315, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, 95655, USA
| | - Ye Chen-Izu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 6315, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 3503, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 2303, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Colleen E Clancy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 3503, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isabelle Deschenes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.,Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leighton Izu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 3503, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhilin Qu
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 3645 MRL, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 3503, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jamie I Vandenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - James N Weiss
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 3645 MRL, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Cardiovascular Institute, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Tamas Banyasz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 3503, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michael C Sanguinetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Science Facility, Rm 3503, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jeanne M Nerbonne
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Bősze Z, Major P, Baczkó I, Odening K, Bodrogi L, Hiripi L, Varró A. The potential impact of new generation transgenic methods on creating rabbit models of cardiac diseases. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2016; 121:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Major P, Baczkó I, Hiripi L, Odening KE, Juhász V, Kohajda Z, Horváth A, Seprényi G, Kovács M, Virág L, Jost N, Prorok J, Ördög B, Doleschall Z, Nattel S, Varró A, Bősze Z. A novel transgenic rabbit model with reduced repolarization reserve: long QT syndrome caused by a dominant-negative mutation of the KCNE1 gene. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2046-61. [PMID: 27076034 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The reliable assessment of proarrhythmic risk of compounds under development remains an elusive goal. Current safety guidelines focus on the effects of blocking the KCNH2/HERG ion channel-in tissues and animals with intact repolarization. Novel models with better predictive value are needed that more closely reflect the conditions in patients with cardiac remodelling and reduced repolarization reserve. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have developed a model for the long QT syndrome type-5 in rabbits (LQT5 ) with cardiac-specific overexpression of a mutant (G52R) KCNE1 β-subunit of the channel that carries the slow delayed-rectifier K(+) -current (IKs ). ECG parameters, including short-term variability of the QT interval (STVQT ), a biomarker for proarrhythmic risk, and arrhythmia development were recorded. In vivo, arrhythmia susceptibility was evaluated by i.v. administration of the IKr blocker dofetilide. K(+) currents were measured with the patch-clamp technique. KEY RESULTS Patch-clamp studies in ventricular myocytes isolated from LQT5 rabbits revealed accelerated IKs and IKr deactivation kinetics. At baseline, LQT5 animals exhibited slightly but significantly prolonged heart-rate corrected QT index (QTi) and increased STVQT . Dofetilide provoked Torsade-de-Pointes arrhythmia in a greater proportion of LQT5 rabbits, paralleled by a further increase in STVQT . CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We have created a novel transgenic LQT5 rabbit model with increased susceptibility to drug-induced arrhythmias that may represent a useful model for testing proarrhythmic potential and for investigations of the mechanisms underlying arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death due to repolarization disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Major
- Rabbit Genome and Biomodel Group, NARIC - Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Hiripi
- Rabbit Genome and Biomodel Group, NARIC - Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Juhász
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kohajda
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Jost
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Prorok
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ördög
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Doleschall
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- Rabbit Genome and Biomodel Group, NARIC - Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Lang CN, Koren G, Odening KE. Transgenic rabbit models to investigate the cardiac ion channel disease long QT syndrome. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2016; 121:142-56. [PMID: 27210307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare inherited channelopathy caused mainly by different mutations in genes encoding for cardiac K(+) or Na(+) channels, but can also be caused by commonly used ion-channel-blocking and QT-prolonging drugs, thus affecting a much larger population. To develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve the clinical management of these patients, a thorough understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis and potential pharmacological targets is needed. Drug-induced and genetic animal models of various species have been generated and have been instrumental for identifying pro-arrhythmic triggers and important characteristics of the arrhythmogenic substrate in LQTS. However, due to species differences in features of cardiac electrical function, these different models do not entirely recapitulate all aspects of the human disease. In this review, we summarize advantages and shortcomings of different drug-induced and genetically mediated LQTS animal models - focusing on mouse and rabbit models since these represent the most commonly used small animal models for LQTS that can be subjected to genetic manipulation. In particular, we highlight the different aspects of arrhythmogenic mechanisms, pro-arrhythmic triggering factors, anti-arrhythmic agents, and electro-mechanical dysfunction investigated in transgenic LQTS rabbit models and their translational application for the clinical management of LQTS patients in detail. Transgenic LQTS rabbits have been instrumental to increase our understanding of the role of spatial and temporal dispersion of repolarization to provide an arrhythmogenic substrate, genotype-differences in the mechanisms for early afterdepolarization formation and arrhythmia maintenance, mechanisms of hormonal modification of arrhythmogenesis and regional heterogeneities in electro-mechanical dysfunction in LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Lang
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - K E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Baczkó I, Jost N, Virág L, Bősze Z, Varró A. Rabbit models as tools for preclinical cardiac electrophysiological safety testing: Importance of repolarization reserve. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2016; 121:157-68. [PMID: 27208697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to more reliably assess the pro-arrhythmic liability of compounds in development. Current guidelines for pre-clinical and clinical testing of drug candidates advocate the use of healthy animals/tissues and healthy individuals and focus on the test compound's ability to block the hERG current and prolong cardiac ventricular repolarization. Also, pre-clinical safety tests utilize several species commonly used in cardiac electrophysiological studies. In this review, important species differences in cardiac ventricular repolarizing ion currents are considered, followed by the discussion on electrical remodeling associated with chronic cardiovascular diseases that leads to altered ion channel and transporter expression and densities in pathological settings. We argue that the choice of species strongly influences experimental outcome and extrapolation of results to human clinical settings. We suggest that based on cardiac cellular electrophysiology, the rabbit is a useful species for pharmacological pro-arrhythmic investigations. In addition to healthy animals and tissues, the use of animal models (e.g. those with impaired repolarization reserve) is suggested that more closely resemble subsets of patients exhibiting increased vulnerability towards the development of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 12., 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Norbert Jost
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 12., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Dóm tér 12., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 12., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- Rabbit Genome and Biomodel Group, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 12., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Dóm tér 12., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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34
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Odening KE, Kohl P. Editorial to "Disturbances of cardiac wavelength and repolarization precede torsade de pointes and ventricular fibrillation in langendorff perfused rabbit hearts" by Luc Hondeghem: It is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future∗: Thoughts about forecasting cardiotoxicity of pharmacological interventions. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2016; 121:1-2. [PMID: 27137834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Odening
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Cardiac Biophysics and Systems Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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