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Ji Y, Bolhuis A, Watson ML. Staphylococcus aureus products subvert the Burkholderia cenocepacia-induced inflammatory response in airway epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1813-1822. [PMID: 31674896 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Chronic pulmonary infection is associated with colonization with multiple micro-organisms but host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions are poorly understood.Aim. This study aims to investigate the differences in host responses to mono- and co-infection with S. aureus and B. cenocepacia in human airway epithelial cells.Methodology. We assessed the effect of co-infection with B. cenocepacia and S. aureus on host signalling and inflammatory responses in the human airway epithelial cell line 16HBE, using ELISA and western blot analysis.Results. The results show that B. cenocepacia activates MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways, subsequently eliciting robust interleukin (IL)-8 production. However, when airway epithelial cells were co-treated with live B. cenocepacia bacteria and S. aureus supernatants (conditioned medium), the pro-inflammatory response was attenuated. This anti-inflammatory effect was widely exhibited in the S. aureus isolates tested and was mediated via reduced MAPK and NF-κB signalling, but not via IL-1 receptor or tumour necrosis factor receptor modulation. The staphylococcal effectors were characterized as small, heat-stable, non-proteinaceous and not cell wall-related factors.Conclusion. This study demonstrates for the first time the host response in a S. aureus/B. cenocepacia co-infection model and provides insight into a staphylococcal immune evasion mechanism, as well as a therapeutic intervention for excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ji
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Albert Bolhuis
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Malcolm L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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El-Bassossy HM, Neamatallah T, Balamash KS, Abushareb AT, Watson ML. Arginase overexpression and NADPH oxidase stimulation underlie impaired vasodilation induced by advanced glycation end products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:992-997. [PMID: 29627571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) play a major role in the development of many vascular complications that are mediated by endothelial dysfunction. The present work aimed to investigate the mechanism by which AGEs impair vasodilation. METHODS The effect of AGEs on vasodilation induced by acetylcholine or D NONOate was examined by incubating isolated rat aortae with different AGEs concentrations. ACh-induced nitric oxide generation was assessed using the fluorescent probe diaminofluorecein (DAF-FM). The effect of AGEs on expression of mRNA for arginase 2, NADPH oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS One-hour in vitro incubation of rat aortae with AGEs impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation produced by ACh, while increasing D NONOate-induced vasodilation. Preincubation of aortae with l-ornithine, an arginase 2-inhibitor, prevented the impairment effect induced by AGEs on endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Superoxide scavenging by tempol or NADPH oxidase inhibition by apocynin also blocked the effect of AGEs. AGEs decreased ACh-induced NO production and this was inhibited by both l-ornithine and apocynin. Furthermore, AGEs exposure increased arginase mRNA expression but decreased mRNA expression for eNOS in isolated rat aortae. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that AGEs impairs endothelial-dependent vasodilation, and this effect is mediated via arginase overexpression and NADPH oxidase stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah S Balamash
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani T Abushareb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
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El-Bassossy HM, Al-Thubiani WS, Elberry AA, Mujallid MI, Ghareib SA, Azhar AS, Banjar ZM, Watson ML. Zingerone alleviates the delayed ventricular repolarization and AV conduction in diabetes: Effect on cardiac fibrosis and inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189074. [PMID: 29206854 PMCID: PMC5716606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aims to analyse the action of zingerone in diabetes-related cardiac arrhythmias. Methods Diabetes was induced by streptozocin while treatment groups received 20 mg/kg zingerone daily. Following extra seven weeks, electrocardiography, extraction of blood, urine and heart for biochemical analysis, histopathology and immunofluorescence were undertaken. Results The suppression of QT and QTc prolongation in diabetic rats was indicative of prolonged cardiac repolarisation that was greatly reduced by zingerone treatment. In addition, the reduction in PR interval attested that zingerone improved AV delay in diabetic rats. The fibrogenic transforming growth factor β1 upregulation in diabetic hearts was suppressed by zingerone. The marked glycogen deposition and muscle degeneration seen in diabetic heart sections were also alleviated by zingerone. Furthermore, zingerone prevented the decrease in of the serum anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin in diabetics. The heightened levels of oxidative stress markers 8-isoprostane and uric acid in diabetic rats were suppressed. In the diabetic heart, the reduced catalase activity was improved and the excessive expression of angiotensin receptor 1 was inhibited by zingerone. Conclusion Cardiac delayed repolarisation and AV conduction in rats with diabetes were halted by zingerone. It appears that inhibition of cardiac fibrosis and associated inflammation-oxidative stress signalling underpins the zingerone effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M. El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Wafaa S. Al-Thubiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah and Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Elberry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I. Mujallid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A. Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmad S. Azhar
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainy M. Banjar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malcolm L. Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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El-Bassossy HM, Elberry AA, Ghareib SA, Azhar A, Banjar ZM, Watson ML. Cardioprotection by 6-gingerol in diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:908-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ghareib SA, El-Bassossy HM, Elberry AA, Azhar A, Watson ML, Banjar ZM, Alahdal AM. Protective effect of zingerone on increased vascular contractility in diabetic rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 780:174-9. [PMID: 27020549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of action of zingerone, the main constituent of ginger, on vascular reactivity in isolated aorta from diabetic rats. The results show that incubation of aortae with zingerone alleviates the exaggerated vasoconstriction of diabetic aortae to phenylephrine, as well as the impaired relaxatory response to acetylcholine in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, Zingerone directly relax phenylephrine-precontracted aortae. The vasorelaxatory response is significantly attenuated by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue but no effect of either the potassium channels blocker tetraethylammonium chloride, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin was observed. Zingerone had no effect on advanced glycation end product formation as well. In conclusion, zingerone ameliorates enhanced vascular contraction in diabetic aortae which may be mediated by its vasodilator effect through NO- and guanylate cyclase stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Elberry
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad Azhar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malcolm L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Zainy M Banjar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Alahdal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Ghareib SA, El-Bassossy HM, Elberry AA, Azhar A, Watson ML, Banjar ZM. 6-Gingerol alleviates exaggerated vasoconstriction in diabetic rat aorta through direct vasodilation and nitric oxide generation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:6019-26. [PMID: 26609223 PMCID: PMC4644177 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s94346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of action of 6-gingerol on alterations of vascular reactivity in the isolated aorta from diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into two experimental groups, control and diabetics. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg kg−1), and the rats were left for 10 weeks to develop vascular complications. The effect of in vitro incubation with 6-gingerol (0.3–3 μM) on the vasoconstrictor response of the isolated diabetic aortae to phenylephrine and the vasodilator response to acetylcholine was examined. Effect of 6-gingerol was also examined on aortae incubated with methylglyoxal as an advanced glycation end product (AGE). To investigate the mechanism of action of 6-gingerol, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (100 μM), guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (5 μM), calcium-activated potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium chloride (10 mM), and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (5 μM) were added 30 minutes before assessing the direct vasorelaxant effect of 6-gingerol. Moreover, in vitro effects of 6-gingerol on NO release and the effect of 6-gingerol on AGE production were examined. Results showed that incubation of aortae with 6-gingerol (0.3–10 μM) alleviated the exaggerated vasoconstriction of diabetic aortae to phenylephrine in a concentration-dependent manner with no significant effect on the impaired relaxatory response to acetylcholine. Similar results were seen in the aortae exposed to methylglyoxal. In addition, 6-gingerol induced a direct vasodilation effect that was significantly inhibited by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and methylene blue. Furthermore, 6-gingerol stimulated aortic NO generation but had no effect on AGE formation. In conclusion, 6-gingerol ameliorates enhanced vascular contraction in diabetic aortae, which may be partially attributed to its ability to increase the production of NO and stimulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Elberry
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Azhar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malcolm L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Zainy Mohammed Banjar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Watson ML, Cumming AD, Lambie AT, Robson JS. Prostaglandins and Kallikrein during Volume Expansion in Normal Man1. Contributions to Nephrology 2015; 41:31-4. [PMID: 6570094 DOI: 10.1159/000429261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mackay IG, Watson ML, Nath KA, Cumming AD, Muir AL. Urinary Kallikrein and Prostaglandin Response to Frusemide in Mild Hypertension1. Contributions to Nephrology 2015; 41:160-2. [PMID: 6570092 DOI: 10.1159/000429279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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El-Bassossy HM, Watson ML. Xanthine oxidase inhibition alleviates the cardiac complications of insulin resistance: effect on low grade inflammation and the angiotensin system. J Transl Med 2015; 13:82. [PMID: 25889404 PMCID: PMC4355989 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that hyperuricemia plays an important role in the vascular complications of insulin resistance (IR). Here we investigated the effect of xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition on the cardiac complications of IR. METHODS IR was induced in rats by a high fructose high fat diet for 12 weeks. Allopurinol, a standard XO inhibitor, was administered in the last 4 weeks before cardiac hemodynamics and electrocardiography, serum glucose, insulin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), 8-isoprostane, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and XO activity were measured. Expression of cardiac angiotensin II (AngII) and angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) were assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS IR animals had significant hyperuricemia which was inhibited by allopurinol administration. IR was associated with impaired ventricular relaxation (reflected by a decreased diastolic pressure increment and prolonged diastolic duration) and XO inhibition greatly attenuated impaired relaxation. IR was accompanied by cardiac ischemia (reflected by increased QTc and T peak trend intervals) while XO inhibition alleviated the ECG abnormalities. When subjected to isoproterenol-induced ischemia, IR hearts were less resistant (reflected by larger ST height depression and higher LDH level) while XO inhibition alleviated the accompanying ischemia. In addition, XO inhibition prevented the elevation of serum 8-isoprostane and TNFα, and blocked elevated AngII and AT1 receptor expression in the heart tissue of IR animals. However, XO inhibition did not affect the developed hyperinsulinemia or dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS XO inhibition alleviates cardiac ischemia and impaired relaxation in IR through the inhibition of low grade inflammation and the angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Malcolm L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Carter E, Miron-Buchacra G, Goldoni S, Danahay H, Westwick J, Watson ML, Tosh D, Ward SG. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha-dependent regulation of branching morphogenesis in murine embryonic lung: evidence for a role in determining morphogenic properties of FGF7. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113555. [PMID: 25460003 PMCID: PMC4251986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching morphogenesis is a critical step in the development of many epithelial organs. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been identified as a central component of this process but the precise role has not been fully established. Herein we sought to determine the role of PI3K in murine lung branching using a series of pharmacological inhibitors directed at this pathway. The pan-class I PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 greatly enhanced the branching potential of whole murine lung explants as measured by an increase in the number of terminal branches compared with controls over 48 hours. This enhancement of branching was also observed following inhibition of the downstream signalling components of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. Isoform selective inhibitors of PI3K identified that the alpha isoform of PI3K is a key driver in branching morphogenesis. To determine if the effect of PI3K inhibition on branching was specific to the lung epithelium or secondary to an effect on the mesenchyme we assessed the impact of PI3K inhibition in cultures of mesenchyme-free lung epithelium. Isolated lung epithelium cultured with FGF7 formed large cyst-like structures, whereas co-culture with FGF7 and ZSTK474 induced the formation of defined branches with an intact lumen. Together these data suggest a novel role for PI3K in the branching program of the murine embryonic lung contradictory to that reported in other branching organs. Our observations also point towards PI3K acting as a morphogenic switch for FGF7 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Carter
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Miron-Buchacra
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Goldoni
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Danahay
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - John Westwick
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm L. Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen G. Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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El-Bassossy HM, El-Fawal R, Fahmy A, Watson ML. Arginase inhibition alleviates hypertension in the metabolic syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:693-703. [PMID: 23441715 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have previously shown that arginase inhibition alleviates hypertension associated with in a diabetic animal model. Here, we investigated the protective effect of arginase inhibition on hypertension in metabolic syndrome. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Metabolic syndrome was induced in rats by administration of fructose (10% in drinking water) for 12 weeks to induce vascular dysfunction. Three arginase inhibitors (citrulline, norvaline and ornithine) were administered daily in the last 6 weeks of study before and tail BP was recorded in conscious animals. Concentration response curves for phenylephrine (PE), KCl and ACh in addition to ACh-induced NO generation were obtained in thoracic aorta rings. Serum glucose, insulin, uric acid and lipid profile were determined as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and arginase activity. KEY RESULTS Arginase activity was elevated in metabolic syndrome while significantly inhibited by citrulline, norvaline or ornithine treatment. Metabolic syndrome was associated with elevations in systolic and diastolic BP, while arginase inhibition significantly reduced elevations in diastolic and systolic BP. Metabolic syndrome increased vasoconstriction responses of aorta to PE and KCl and decreased vasorelaxation to ACh, while arginase inhibition completely prevented impaired responses to ACh. In addition, arginase inhibition prevented impaired NO generation and exaggerated ROS formation in metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, arginase inhibition significantly reduced hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia without affecting hyperuricaemia or hypercholesterolaemia associated with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Arginase inhibition alleviates hypertension in metabolic syndrome directly through endothelial-dependent relaxation/NO signalling protection and indirectly through inhibition of insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Pirson Y, Chauveau D, Watson ML, Zeier M, Breuning M. La polykystose autosomique dominante : progrès cliniques et génétiques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4267/10608/298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shefner JM, Watson ML, Simionescu L, Caress JB, Burns TM, Maragakis NJ, Benatar M, David WS, Sharma KR, Rutkove SB. Multipoint incremental motor unit number estimation as an outcome measure in ALS. Neurology 2011; 77:235-41. [PMID: 21676915 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225aabf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved outcome measures are necessary to reduce sample size and increase power in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinical trials. Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) is a potentially attractive tool. MUNE methods previously employed in multicenter trials exhibited excessive variability and were prone to artifact. OBJECTIVE To evaluate a modification of standard incremental MUNE in a multicenter natural history study of subjects with ALS. METHODS Fifty healthy subjects were evaluated twice and 71 subjects with ALS were studied repeatedly for up to 500 days. Side and nerve studied was based on clinical examination findings. Nerves were stimulated at 3 specified locations and 3 increments were obtained at each location. Average single motor unit action potential (SMUP) amplitude was calculated by adding the amplitude of the third increment at each location and dividing by 9; SMUP was divided into maximum CMAP amplitude to determine the MUNE. RESULTS Test-retest variability was 9% in normal subjects. Average MUNE for normal subjects was 225 (±87), and was 41.9 (±39) among subjects with ALS at baseline. Subjects with ALS showed clear decrements over time, with an overage rate of decline of approximately 9% per month. SMUP amplitude increased with time in a fashion consistent with the known pathophysiology of ALS. CONCLUSION Multipoint incremental MUNE has a number of attributes that make it attractive as an outcome measure in ALS and other diseases characterized by motor unit loss. It can be rapidly performed on any EMG machine and has repeatability and rates of decline that favorably compare to other previously described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Shefner
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 are involved in variety of inflammatory disorders including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and sarcoidosis. Two alternatively spliced variants of the human CXCR3-A receptor have been described, termed CXCR3-B and CXCR3-alt. Human CXCR3-B binds CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 as well as an additional ligand CXCL4. In contrast, CXCR3-alt only binds CXCL11. We report that CXCL4 induces intracellular calcium mobilization as well as Akt and p44/p42 extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, in activated human T lymphocytes. These responses have similar concentration dependence and time-courses to those induced by established CXCR3 agonists. Moreover, phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42 is inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting coupling to Gα(i) protein. Surprisingly, and in contrast with the other CXCR3 agonists, stimulation of T lymphocytes with CXCL4 failed to elicit migratory responses and did not lead to loss of surface CXCR3 expression. Taken together, our findings show that, although CXCL4 is coupled to downstream biochemical machinery, its role in T cells is probably distinct from that of CXCR3-A agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Korniejewska
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
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El-Bassossy HM, El-Maraghy NN, El-Fayoumi HM, Watson ML. Haem oxygenase-1 induction protects against tumour necrosis factor alpha impairment of endothelial-dependent relaxation in rat isolated pulmonary artery. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1527-35. [PMID: 19845678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Disturbances in pulmonary vascular reactivity are important components of inflammatory lung disease. Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an important homeostatic enzyme upregulated in inflammation. Here we have investigated the potentially protective effect of HO-1 against cytokine-induced impairment in pulmonary artery relaxation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Haem oxygenase-1 protein levels were assessed by immunofluorescence. HO activity was assessed by conversion of haemin to bilirubin. Rings of rat isolated pulmonary artery in organ baths were used to measure relaxant responses to the endothelium-dependent agent ACh and the endothelium-independent agent sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent probes. KEY RESULTS Haem oxygenase-1 protein expression was strongly induced in pulmonary artery after 24-h incubation with either haemin (5 microM) or curcumin (2 microM), accompanied by a significant increase in HO activity. Incubation with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, 1 ng.mL(-1), 2 h) significantly decreased relaxation of arterial rings to ACh, without affecting responses to SNP. Induction of HO-1 by curcumin or haemin protected against TNFalpha-induced hyporesponsiveness to ACh. The competitive HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (20 microM), abolished the protective effect of haemin. HO-1 induction prevented a TNFalpha-induced increase in NO generation without affecting the TNFalpha-induced increase in ROS generation. HO-1 induction prevented the TNFalpha-induced decrease in ACh-stimulated NO generation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Induction of HO-1 protected against TNFalpha impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation in pulmonary artery, by a mechanism involving a reduction in inducible NO synthase-derived NO production.
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El-Awady MSH, Smirnov SV, Watson ML. Voltage-independent calcium channels mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced hyporeactivity to endothelin-1 in the rat aorta. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1408-15. [PMID: 19286939 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01305.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The roles of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and Ca(2+) sensitization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular smooth muscle (VSM) hyporesponsiveness are incompletely understood. To investigate these roles, contraction responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1) and 80 mM KCl; relaxation responses to nifedipine; the expression levels of mRNAs of ET-1 and its receptors (ET(A) or ET(B)); the expression levels of protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphorylation of Rho kinase (ROKalpha), CPI-17, and myosin phosphatase target subunit-1 (MYPT1); and changes in aortic VSM cell [Ca(2+)](i) were measured in LPS-treated aortic rings from male Wistar rats (250-300 g). LPS (10 mug/ml, 20 h) decreased contraction induced by ET-1 (0.3-100 nM) or 80 mM KCl. LPS-induced hypocontractility was not observed in the absence of external Ca(2+), but LPS-treated aorta remained hypocontractile on subsequent stepwise restoration of extracellular Ca(2+) (0.01-10 mM). Vascular relaxation to nifedipine; mRNA expression levels of ET-1, ET(A), or ET(B); protein expression levels of PKC; and phosphorylation levels of ROKalpha, CPI-17, and MYPT1 were not affected by LPS. In isolated aortic VSM cells, ET-1 caused a transient initial increase in [Ca(2+)](i), followed by a maintained tonic increase in [Ca(2+)](i), which was decreased by LPS pretreatment and was dependent on external Ca(2+). Subsequent restoration of extracellular Ca(2+) increased [Ca(2+)](i), but this increase was lower in the LPS-treated group. This difference in response to extracellular Ca(2+) addition was not affected by diltiazem, but was abolished by SKF-96365. Therefore, LPS induces hyporeactivity to ET-1 in rat aorta that depends on external Ca(2+) influx through non-voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels, but not on ET-1 receptor expression or Ca(2+) sensitization.
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Farghaly HSM, Blagbrough IS, Medina-Tato DA, Watson ML. Interleukin 13 increases contractility of murine tracheal smooth muscle by a phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110delta-dependent mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1530-7. [PMID: 18276774 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.045419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL) 13 can elicit a number of responses consistent with a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We have used pharmacological and genetic approaches to demonstrate the role of signaling via the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110delta isoform in IL-13-induced hyper-responsiveness of murine tracheal smooth muscle contractility in vitro. IL-13 treatment of tracheal tissue is associated with an early activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), as assessed by phosphorylation of Akt. Tracheal smooth muscle contractility is enhanced by overnight incubation with IL-13, resulting in increased maximal contractions (E(max)) to carbachol (CCh) and KCl. Inhibition of PI3K by the non-isoform-selective inhibitors wortmannin or 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002), or the selective inhibitor of the PI3K p110delta isoform 2-(6-aminopurin-9-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-3-O-tolyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (IC87114), prevented IL-13-induced hyper-responsiveness. Consistent with a role for PI3K p110delta in IL-13-induced hyper-responsiveness, IL-13 was unable to induce hyper-responsiveness in tissues from mice expressing the catalytically inactive form of p110delta (p110delta(D910A)). These data indicate that IL-13 contributes to tracheal smooth muscle hyper-responsiveness via the PI3K p110delta isoform. In addition to previously reported effects on airway inflammation, inhibition of PI3K p110delta may be a useful target for the treatment of asthma by preventing IL-13-induced airway smooth muscle hyper-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S M Farghaly
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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18
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Abstract
The family of lipid kinases termed phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) is known to contribute at multiple levels to innate and adaptive immune responses, and is hence an attractive target for drug discovery in inflammatory and autoimmune disease, including respiratory diseases. The development of isoform-selective pharmacological inhibitors, targeted gene manipulation and short interfering RNA (siRNA) target validation have facilitated a better understanding of the role that each member of this family of kinases plays in the physiology and pathology of the respiratory system. In this review, we will evaluate the evidence for the roles of specific PI3K isoforms in the lung and airways, and discuss their potential as targets for novel drug therapies.
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Medina-Tato DA, Watson ML, Ward SG. Leukocyte navigation mechanisms as targets in airway diseases. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:866-79. [PMID: 16997136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most significant diseases in terms of their disabling effects and healthcare burden. A characteristic feature of almost all respiratory diseases is the accumulation and activation of inflammatory leukocytes in the lung or airway. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecules and intracellular signalling events controlling these processes are now translating to new therapeutic entities. In this article, the process of leukocyte accumulation is summarized, together with the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the utility of the individual components of this process as targets for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Medina-Tato
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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20
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Beckett D, Malins A, Watson ML, Kelly CA. An unusual cause of fitting in a 20 year old girl. Acute Med 2006; 5:65-67. [PMID: 21611636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Native renal artery stenosis resulting in hypertensive encephalopathy is exceptionally rare, with only 3 previous case reports in adults. We report such a case in a previously well 20 year old female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beckett
- High Dependency Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA
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21
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Patel KM, Wright KL, Whittaker P, Chakravarty P, Watson ML, Ward SG. Differential modulation of COX-2 expression in A549 airway epithelial cells by structurally distinct PPARγ agonists: evidence for disparate functional effects which are independent of NF-κB and PPARγ. Cell Signal 2005; 17:1098-110. [PMID: 15993751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR(gamma)) are thought to possess anti-inflammatory properties mediated via both PPAR(gamma) dependent and independent mechanisms. This work investigates the effects of PPAR(gamma) ligands on the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the human lung epithelial cell line, A549. The synthetic ligand troglitazone activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK), whereas the endogenous ligand, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), only activated the PI3K pathway. 15d-PGJ2 had no detectable effects on COX-2, mPGES expression, or PGE2 production. However, troglitazone induced time-dependent COX-2 expression, which was insensitive to PPAR(gamma) antagonists, but was abrogated by inhibitors of PI3K and the ERK MAP kinase pathway. Furthermore, troglitazone induced mPGES expression and PGE2 production. Neither troglitazone nor 15d-PGJ2 was able to convincingly activate NF-kappaB in A549 cells. Further heterogeneity in the responses to troglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 was observed in the regulation of gene expression as assessed by microarray analysis. In summary, this study provides compelling evidence that troglitazone (like 15d-PGJ2) can exert functional effects independently of actions via PPAR(gamma). Moreover, we have identified unique biochemical and functional actions of troglitazone that are not shared by 15d-PGJ2, which may influence the therapeutic potential of this compound in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal M Patel
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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22
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Anderson DC, Gomez-Mancilla B, Spear BB, Barnes DM, Cheeseman K, Shaw PM, Friedman J, McCarthy A, Brazell C, Ray SC, McHale D, Hashimoto L, Sandbrink R, Watson ML, Salerno RA, Cohen N, Lister CE. Elements of informed consent for pharmacogenetic research; perspective of the pharmacogenetics working group. Pharmacogenomics J 2003; 2:284-92. [PMID: 12439734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Anderson
- Pharmacia Corporation, Pharmacogenomics, Kalamazoo, MI 49001-0199, USA.
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23
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Watson ML. Chemokines--linking receptors to response. Immunology 2002; 105:121-4. [PMID: 11872086 PMCID: PMC1782658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2001] [Revised: 11/19/2001] [Accepted: 11/20/2001] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Kokkinakis DM, Watson ML, Honig LS, Rushing EJ, Mickey BE, Schold SC. Characterization of initiated cells in N-methylnitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis of the CNS in the adult rat. Neuro Oncol 2001; 3:99-112. [PMID: 11296486 PMCID: PMC1920609 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/3.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial tumors may originate from the malignant transformation of multipotent glial progenitor cells, but tools to study malignant transformation leading to gliomas are limited by the lack of biological systems that represent early stages of this disease in adult animals. In order to characterize the initiated cells that give rise to gliomas, we have employed the N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) model for induction of brain tumors in adult rats (Rushing et al., 1998). Specifically, we have isolated and cultured transformed (premalignant) cells from normal-appearing brains of rats exposed to MNU for 10 weeks and from histologically abnormal brains of rats exposed to MNU for 15 weeks. We compared them with cells cultured from control animals under identical conditions. Cultured cells were classified according to their morphology, immunophenotype, karyotype, proliferation capacity, and tumorigenicity in athymic mice. Cultures from untreated normal rat brains grew as monolayers and had normal karyotypes (42 X,Y), epithelioid morphology, and slow proliferative capacity (doubling time > 120 h). In contrast, cultured cells from brains of MNU-exposed animals had karyotypes that ranged from normal to highly aneuploid. Aneuploid lines grew rapidly in multilayers (doubling time < 24 h), had differentiated astrocytic or oligodendroglial morphology and immunohistochemical staining profile, and yielded tumors in athymic mice. Initiated cells with minor chromosomal aberrations assumed mixed bipolar or tripolar morphologies in high density cultures, proliferated rapidly, but showed contact inhibition and failed to induce tumors when injected s.c. in athymic mice. In general, lines showing no evidence of chromosomal aberrations had the most epithelioid morphology, proliferated slowly (doubling time > 72 h), and retained strict contact growth inhibition. The presumed undifferentiated glial progenitor cells in culture from either control or MNU-treated rats variably expressed markers such as vimentin, nestin, and NG2 proteoglycan, and they weakly expressed the mature astrocytic or oligodendroglial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein or galactocerbroside, respectively. These cultures differentiated to bipolar-tripolar morphology with concomitant maturation to a GFAP+ or GalC+ phenotype upon exposure to secondary messengers such as dibutyryl-cyclic-AMP and/or growth factors such as basic fibrillary growth factor. Continuous stimulation with these messengers resulted in terminal differentiation and consequent death upon withdrawal of the stimulus. These results provide information that could lead to detailed characterization of initiated, premalignant cells in the adult brain and to a better understanding of glial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kokkinakis
- University of Texas, Department of Neurological Surgery, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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25
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Inoue N, Wei F, Seldin MF, Zinn AR, Watson ML. Assignment of microrchidia (Morc) to mouse chromosome 16 by interspecific backcross linkage analysis and human chromosome 3q13 using somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001; 90:123-5. [PMID: 11060461 DOI: 10.1159/000015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Inoue
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas TX, USA
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26
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Raghavan R, Krumerman J, Rushing EJ, White CL, Chason DP, Watson ML, Coimbra C. Recurrent (nonfamilial) hemangioblastomas involving spinal nerve roots: case report. Neurosurgery 2000; 47:1443-8. [PMID: 11126917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE Spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas are rare and are reported mainly in patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. The pathogenesis of so-called nonfamilial lesions is virtually unknown. We discuss, mainly from a molecular perspective, a unique patient with sporadic, recurrent hemangioblastomas restricted to spinal nerve roots. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 53-year-old man who had had a surgically corrected lumbosacral meningomyelocele presented on at least three occasions during a 17-year period with multifocal capillary hemangioblastomas involving spinal nerve roots. On each occasion, tumors appeared on a different nerve root, with the majority located in the midcervical segments. The patient had no clinical features or family history of VHL syndrome. TECHNIQUE To obtain a clearer understanding of the pathogenesis of this unusual case and its relationship to VHL syndrome, molecular analysis of the VHL gene was performed by use of complete sequence analysis and loss of heterozygosity studies on deoxyribonucleic acid derived from the patient's blood leukocytes and three separately resected hemangioblastomas. CONCLUSION Germ-line molecular analysis performed on all three exons in the VHL gene coding region did not indicate that any mutations were present. Loss of heterozygosity analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid from the three hemangioblastoma resections showed normal heterozygosity in the 3p25-26 region. Complete VHL gene sequence analysis did not demonstrate a somatic mutation in the coding region of the VHL gene in any of the three tumors, thereby supporting the loss of heterozygosity data that a molecular event directly involving the VHL gene may not be the causative factor in their tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raghavan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9073, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Tooth substance loss, an increasing problem, may result from erosion, abrasion and attrition, often with more than one of these acting together. Investigation requires a detailed history and examination. The aim of treatment may be prevention of further damage in less affected cases. The treatment of severe tooth substance loss may be complex, especially in view of the reduced amounts of tooth substance which may be available and the need to find space because of the compensatory over-eruption of worn teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Watson
- Adult Dental Care, Glasgow Dental School
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Baird RM, Brown H, Smith AW, Watson ML. Burkholderia cepacia is resistant to the antimicrobial activity of airway epithelial cells. Immunopharmacology 1999; 44:267-72. [PMID: 10598883 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been much interest recently in the antimicrobial properties of cationic peptides called beta-defensins from epithelial cells. Human beta-defensin (hBD)-1 and -2 have been particularly implicated in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, where their inhibition by high salt concentrations may explain in part the susceptibility of the CF lung to bacterial infection. In this work, we have employed a simple co-culture system using the 16-HBE human bronchial epithelial cell line to assess growth inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia. In medium alone, P. aeruginosa proliferated more than 100,000-fold, whereas in the presence of 16-HBE cells or 16-HBE-conditioned medium, bacterial proliferation was less than 100-fold. Raising the salt concentration of cell-free 16-HBE conditioned medium to approximately 200 mM significantly reduced this growth inhibitory activity. In contrast, there was no evidence of epithelial-derived growth inhibitory activity against two strains of B. cepacia. RT-PCR analysis indicated expression of the hBD-2 mRNA in 16-HBE cells, but not hBD-1. These data demonstrate for the first time that B. cepacia is resistant to epithelial-derived antimicrobial substances and argue against them being important in the defense against this organism in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Baird
- Department of Pharmnnacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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29
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Watson ML, Walker K, Gaskell S, Hope L, Graham M, Taylor S, Parker C, Abernethy A. A tale of two tribes. Nurs Times 1999; 95:34-5. [PMID: 10732622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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30
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Inoue N, Hess KD, Moreadith RW, Richardson LL, Handel MA, Watson ML, Zinn AR. New gene family defined by MORC, a nuclear protein required for mouse spermatogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:1201-7. [PMID: 10369865 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.7.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process. The analysis of mouse mutations has provided insight into biochemical pathways required for completion of this process. We previously described the autosomal recessive mouse morc TgN(Tyr)1Az(microrchidia) mutation, a serendipitous transgenic insertional mutation which causes arrest of spermatogenesis prior to the pachytene stage of meiosis prophase I. We now report the molecular characterization of the morc locus and positional cloning of a gene disrupted by the morc TgN(Tyr)1Az mutation. This gene, which we term Morc, encodes a 108 kDa protein expressed specifically in male germ cells. The transgene integrated within the first intron of Morc and was accompanied by an intragenic deletion of approximately 13 kb of genomic sequences, removing exons 2-4 and abrogating expression of the wild-type transcript. Analysis of the MORC protein sequence revealed putative nuclear localization signals, two predicted coiled-coil structural motifs and limited homology to GHL (GyraseB, Hsp90, MutL) ATPase. Epitope-tagged MORC protein expressed in COS7 cells localized to the nucleus. We also cloned the human MORC homolog and show that it too is testis-specific, but closely related human genes are transcribed in multiple somatic tissues. Homologous proteins are also present in zebrafish, nematodes, slime mold and plants. Thus, cloning of Morc defines a novel gene family whose members are likely to serve important biological functions in both meiotic and mitotic cells of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Inoue
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235, USA
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31
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Watson ML, White AM, Campbell EM, Smith AW, Uddin J, Yoshimura T, Westwick J. Anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-13: suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and antigen-induced leukocyte accumulation in the guinea pig lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:1007-12. [PMID: 10226071 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 is believed to play an important role in the development of allergy, although it has also been ascribed anti-inflammatory roles in several experimental models. In this study, we have examined the effects of human recombinant IL-13 on eosinophilic lung inflammation in the guinea pig. IL-13 (1 to 100 ng, given by intratracheal instillation) did not elicit airway eosinophil recruitment. A pronounced accumulation of eosinophils, as well as monocyte/macrophages, was elicited by intratracheal instillation of guinea pig tumor necrosis factor alpha (gpTNF-alpha). Intratracheal administration of IL-13 (1 to 100 ng) given immediately prior to exposure to gpTNF-alpha resulted in a dose-related suppression of eosinophil and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the airways, as assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and eosinophil peroxidase activity in whole-lung homogenates. IL-13 treatment also reduced BAL fluid (BALF) leukocyte accumulation induced by subsequent aerosol antigen challenge of sensitized guinea pigs. Antigen challenge also resulted in elevated levels of immunoreactive eotaxin and eosinophil-stimulating activity in BALF, although only the latter was reduced significantly by IL-13 instillation prior to challenge. In contrast to the suppressive effects of IL-13, instillation of human recombinant IL-4 (100 ng) alone elicited an increase in BALF monocyte/macrophage numbers, and IL-4 was unable to inhibit gpTNF-alpha-induced leukocyte accumulation. Hence, IL-13 (but not human IL-4) exhibits an anti-inflammatory action in the airways of gpTNF-alpha- or antigen-challenged guinea pigs, by mechanisms that may involve the decreased generation of eosinophil-stimulating activity in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath; Leukocyte Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Smith AW, Green J, Eden CE, Watson ML. Nitric oxide-induced potentiation of the killing of Burkholderia cepacia by reactive oxygen species: implications for cystic fibrosis. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48:419-423. [PMID: 10229538 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-48-5-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia (formerly Pseudomonas) cepacia has emerged as an important pulmonary pathogen in cystic fibrosis, and survives within the lung despite a vigorous neutrophil-dominated immune response. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the antimicrobial activity of reactive oxygen species in the normal lung, but recent evidence suggests that inducible NO synthase is not expressed in the airway epithelial cells of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. This may explain the failure of the neutrophil response to eliminate B. cepacia. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined the combined effect of NO, superoxide and H2O2 against B. cepacia. There was no killing of a highly transmissible strain by either superoxide or NO alone, but their combination reduced the bacterial count by >1000-fold over 75 min. This bactericidal activity was not sensitive to addition of superoxide dismutase, but was abrogated completely by catalase, suggesting that NO and hydrogen peroxide were the bactericidal mediators. Increased killing by NO in combination with H2O2 was seen for seven of a further 11 strains examined. The lack of NO in the lungs of CF patients may contribute to the survival of B. cepacia.
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Berger A, Havet N, Vial D, Arbibe L, Dumarey C, Watson ML, Touqui L. Dioleylphosphatidylglycerol inhibits the expression of type II phospholipase A2 in macrophages. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:613-8. [PMID: 9927381 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9805053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that modified natural pulmonary surfactant Curosurf inhibits the synthesis of type II phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-II) by cultured guinea-pig alveolar macrophages (AM). The goal of the present study was to identify the surfactant components and the mechanisms involved in this process. We show that protein-free artificial surfactant (AS) mimicked the inhibitory effect of Curosurf, suggesting that phospholipid components of surfactant play a role in the inhibition of sPLA2-II expression. Among surfactant phospholipids, dioleylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) was the most effective in inhibiting the synthesis of sPLA2-II. By contrast, the concentrations of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-acetylhydrolase and lysophospholipase activities remained unchanged, indicating that inhibition of sPLA2-II synthesis was caused by a specific effect of surfactant. The effect of DOPG on sPLA2-II synthesis was concentration-dependent and was accompanied by a rapid and time-dependent uptake of DOPG by AM whereas dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) was only marginally taken up. Curosurf, AS, and DOPG inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion, a key step in the induction of sPLA2-II synthesis by AM, in contrast to DPPC which had only a marginal effect. We conclude that phospholipid components, especially DOPG, play a major role in the inhibition of sPLA2-II synthesis by surfactant and that this effect can be explained, at least in part, by an impairment of TNF-alpha secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berger
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Unité Associée Institut Pasteur-INSERM No. 485, Paris, France
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34
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Watson ML, Zinn AR, Inoue N, Hess KD, Cobb J, Handel MA, Halaban R, Duchene CC, Albright GM, Moreadith RW. Identification of morc (microrchidia), a mutation that results in arrest of spermatogenesis at an early meiotic stage in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14361-6. [PMID: 9826705 PMCID: PMC24378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microrchidia, or morc, autosomal recessive mutation results in the arrest of spermatogenesis early in prophase I of meiosis. The morc mutation arose spontaneously during the development of a mouse strain transgenic for a tyrosinase cDNA construct. Morc -/- males are infertile and have grossly reduced testicular mass, whereas -/- females are normal, indicating that the Morc gene acts specifically during male gametogenesis. Immunofluorescence to synaptonemal complex antigens demonstrated that -/- male germ cells enter meiosis but fail to progress beyond zygotene or leptotene stage. An apoptosis assay revealed massive numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis in testes of -/- mice. No other abnormal phenotype was observed in mutant animals, with the exception of eye pigmentation caused by transgene expression in the retina. Spermatogenesis is normal in +/- males, despite significant transgene expression in germ cells. Genomic analysis of -/- animals indicates the presence of a deletion adjacent to the transgene. Identification of the gene inactivated by the transgene insertion may define a novel biochemical pathway involved in mammalian germ cell development and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Watson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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Rushing EJ, Watson ML, Schold SC, Land KJ, Kokkinakis DM. Glial tumors in the MNU rat model: induction of pure and mixed gliomas that do not require typical missense mutations of p53. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57:1053-60. [PMID: 9825942 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199811000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas were induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by continuous exposure to 100 ppm of N-nitrosmethylurea (MNU) in drinking water. Latency periods for such tumors were 20 and 50 weeks following completion of exposure intervals of 20, 15, and 10 weeks, respectively. Based on histomorphology and the pattern of GFAP immunoreactivity, a large percentage of MNU-induced tumors (>40%) were anaplastic mixed gliomas, having both neoplastic astrocytic and oligodendroglial components. Typical oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas also occurred less frequently. Unlike the majority of tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea (ENU), MNU yielded glial tumors that did not express synaptophysin. Anaplastic mixed gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBMs) had no missense p53 mutations in the commonly mutated exons 4 through 8 and did not overexpress wild-type p53, suggesting that MNU-induced oncogenesis in rat brain tumors may not require inactivation/alteration of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The K-ras gene was also analyzed and found to have no activating mutations in brain tumors. This model is suitable for studying genetic events leading to the majority of gliomas that apparently express functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Rushing
- Neuropathology Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
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Watson ML, Bell D. The future of general medicine. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1998; 32:489. [PMID: 9819746 PMCID: PMC9663095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Watson ML, Grix SP, Jordan NJ, Place GA, Dodd S, Leithead J, Poll CT, Yoshimura T, Westwick J. Interleukin 8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 production by cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. Cytokine 1998; 10:346-52. [PMID: 9619372 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1997.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte accumulation and activation are key events in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung disease. The ability of human airway smooth muscle cells (HASM) to contribute to the inflammatory process by its ability to produce the chemokines interleukin (IL) 8, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was investigated. Cultured HASM, when stimulated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha (0.01-1 ng/ml) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha, 0.3-30 ng/ml), synthesize and release substantial amounts of IL-8, as assessed by specific immunoassay, bioasssay (elevation of intracellular free calcium in human neutrophils), and upregulation of mRNA. These stimuli also increased MCP-1 production and mRNA expression, but RANTES mRNA expression was not detected at 24 h. The smooth muscle spasmogen endothelin 1 (1 microM) was unable to stimulate IL-8 or MCP-1 release or mRNA expression. These data indicate that HASM may constitute an important source of leukocyte attractants in the inflamed lung, where the inducing stimuli, IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha, are also likely to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Watson
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, UK.
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Jordan NJ, Watson ML, Williams RJ, Roach AG, Yoshimura T, Westwick J. Chemokine production by human vascular smooth muscle cells: modulation by IL-13. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:749-57. [PMID: 9375973 PMCID: PMC1564990 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The production of chemokines by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, although the factors regulating chemokine production by these cells are incompletely characterized. 2. We describe the differential stimulation of interleukin-(IL)-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) synthesis following treatment of human vascular SMC with IL-1alpha or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Under basal conditions, cultured SMC release very low amounts of IL-8, MCP-1 and RANTES as assessed by specific ELISA. Concentration-response studies with IL-1alpha or TNFalpha revealed that each stimulus induced a similar amount of MCP-1. In contrast approximately three fold more IL-8 was induced by IL-1alpha than by TNFalpha whereas significant RANTES production was induced only by TNFalpha. These findings point to a divergence in the regulation of synthesis of the different chemokines in response to IL-1alpha or TNFalpha stimulation. 3. The T-cell derived cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 were also found to have differential effects on chemokine production by SMC. IL-13, but not IL-10, significantly enhanced IL-8 and MCP-1 release in response to IL-1alpha or TNFalpha. This increase in chemokine release appeared to be accounted for by increased mRNA expression. 4. These findings provide support for the concept that smooth muscle cells can have an active role in a local immune response via the production of chemokines which can be selectively modulated by T-cell derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down
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Li Kam Wa TC, Macnicol AM, Watson ML. Ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:2075-80. [PMID: 9351068 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/12.10.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambulatory blood pressure is more closely correlated with various indices of hypertensive target-organ damage, and is a better prognostic predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than conventional methods of blood pressure measurement. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is complicated by hypertension, progressive renal failure, and an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. This study investigated the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure profile in patients with ADPKD in view of the sparsity of such data in these patients and the possibility that abnormal diurnal blood pressure variations may have prognostic consequences. METHODS Ambulatory blood pressure was measured over a 24-h period by the oscillometric method with an automatic non-invasive recorder (SpaceLabs 90207 system) in matched groups of 25 hypertensive patients with ADPKD and 25 patients with essential hypertension. RESULTS Both groups showed a nocturnal decrease in blood pressure, but this was significantly smaller in patients with ADPKD. There was no evidence of enhanced lability of blood pressure in ADPKD. CONCLUSIONS The nocturnal fall in blood pressure was attenuated in patients with ADPKD. Further studies are required to assess the importance of this finding and its possible contribution to the progression of renal failure or increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Li Kam Wa
- Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
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White AM, Yoshimura T, Smith AW, Westwick J, Watson ML. Airway inflammation induced by recombinant guinea pig tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:L524-30. [PMID: 9316485 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1997.273.3.l524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and expressed recombinant guinea pig tumor necrosis factor-alpha (gpTNF-alpha) and examined its inflammatory activities after tracheal instillation in guinea pigs. A 1,071-bp cDNA, including the region encoding the full-length 234-amino acid gpTNF-alpha protein, was cloned from concanavalin A-stimulated guinea pig splenocytes. The 154-amino acid protein corresponding to secreted gpTNF-alpha was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and cleaved to yield a 17-kDa protein. gpTNF-alpha had a cytotoxic effect on WEHI 164 cells and was detected by goat anti-murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) antibody in Western blots. Intratracheal instillation of gpTNF-alpha (50-150 ng) caused pronounced and dose-dependent airway eosinophilia. Incubation of gpTNF-alpha with rabbit anti-murine TNF-alpha sera or heating the gpTNF-alpha before instillation reduced bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils to near control levels. Maximum BAL eosinophilia was observed at 24 h, but eosinophil numbers remained significantly above vehicle-treated animals for 72 h. Hence, gpTNF-alpha elicits a pronounced and protracted eosinophil accumulation in the guinea pig lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M White
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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Campbell EM, Proudfoot AE, Yoshimura T, Allet B, Wells TN, White AM, Westwick J, Watson ML. Recombinant guinea pig and human RANTES activate macrophages but not eosinophils in the guinea pig. The Journal of Immunology 1997. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.159.3.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To characterize the biologic activities of potential mediators of allergic inflammation, we have cloned, expressed, and purified guinea pig RANTES (gpRANTES). cDNA for gpRANTES was cloned from Con A-stimulated guinea pig spleen cells. A high level of gpRANTES expression in Escherichia coli was achieved by mutation of a human RANTES (hRANTES) expression construct to obtain a 68-amino acid protein identical with the predicted guinea pig amino acid sequence, assuming an equivalent amino terminus as the human protein. Purified gpRANTES was an effective stimulus of human eosinophils as assessed by increases in intracellular free calcium in fura-2-loaded cells and chemotactic responses in vitro. gpRANTES exhibits similar potency and efficacy to hRANTES. In marked contrast, neither gpRANTES nor hRANTES was able to activate guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils in these assays, even in the presence of IL-5. However, gpRANTES was found to be a potent stimulator of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Following tracheal instillation of gpRANTES, a dose-dependent increase in macrophages, but not eosinophils, was observed in gpBAL. Macrophage accumulation was detectable by 6 h and sustained for at least 48 h. These results indicate that RANTES in the guinea pig may have a different cellular selectivity than that described in the human, which may be important in the use of animal models in the analysis of allergic disorders. These selectivities do not appear to be accounted for by differences in guinea pig and human RANTES sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A E Proudfoot
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - B Allet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T N Wells
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A M White
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J Westwick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - M L Watson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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Campbell EM, Proudfoot AE, Yoshimura T, Allet B, Wells TN, White AM, Westwick J, Watson ML. Recombinant guinea pig and human RANTES activate macrophages but not eosinophils in the guinea pig. J Immunol 1997; 159:1482-9. [PMID: 9233647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the biologic activities of potential mediators of allergic inflammation, we have cloned, expressed, and purified guinea pig RANTES (gpRANTES). cDNA for gpRANTES was cloned from Con A-stimulated guinea pig spleen cells. A high level of gpRANTES expression in Escherichia coli was achieved by mutation of a human RANTES (hRANTES) expression construct to obtain a 68-amino acid protein identical with the predicted guinea pig amino acid sequence, assuming an equivalent amino terminus as the human protein. Purified gpRANTES was an effective stimulus of human eosinophils as assessed by increases in intracellular free calcium in fura-2-loaded cells and chemotactic responses in vitro. gpRANTES exhibits similar potency and efficacy to hRANTES. In marked contrast, neither gpRANTES nor hRANTES was able to activate guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils in these assays, even in the presence of IL-5. However, gpRANTES was found to be a potent stimulator of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Following tracheal instillation of gpRANTES, a dose-dependent increase in macrophages, but not eosinophils, was observed in gpBAL. Macrophage accumulation was detectable by 6 h and sustained for at least 48 h. These results indicate that RANTES in the guinea pig may have a different cellular selectivity than that described in the human, which may be important in the use of animal models in the analysis of allergic disorders. These selectivities do not appear to be accounted for by differences in guinea pig and human RANTES sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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Palfreyman RW, Watson ML, Eden C, Smith AW. Induction of biologically active interleukin-8 from lung epithelial cells by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia products. Infect Immun 1997; 65:617-22. [PMID: 9009321 PMCID: PMC176104 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.2.617-622.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of isolation of Burkholderia cepacia from the sputum of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is increasing. Using the human A549 lung epithelial cell line, we have investigated the ability of B. cepacia exoproducts to stimulate interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. Cell-free supernatants from a panel of CF clinical, non-CF clinical, and nonclinical B. cepacia isolates were found to stimulate IL-8 release, with levels ranging from 11.8 +/- 2.8 to 80.0 +/- 3.5 ng/ml. A similar pattern was seen at the level of the IL-8 mRNA. The bioactivity of the IL-8 was confirmed by examining its effect on the intracellular free calcium in neutrophils and inhibition by a neutralizing anti-IL-8 antibody. B. cepacia lipopolysaccharide, which was able to stimulate IL-8 release from monocytes, did not release IL-8 from the A549 cells. Furthermore, the stimulating ability of the bacterial cell-free supernatant was not diminished by polymyxin B, was markedly reduced by boiling, and appeared unrelated to N-acylhomoserine lactones. The ability of B. cepacia to elicit IL-8 release from epithelial cells may be important in the pathology of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Palfreyman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The Dental Emergency Assistance Program is a collaboration between Michigan dentists and a United Way agency. The program's goal is to provide timely, accessible dental care to underserved people in a large metropolitan area. The authors analyzed the program's 1993 activities to determine sources of patient referrals, patients' demographic characteristics, and the types and value of services provided by participating dentists. The evaluation indicated that the Dental Emergency Assistance Program was successfully addressing the emergency dental needs of an underserved portion of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Watson
- University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA
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Jordan NJ, Watson ML, Yoshimura T, Westwick J. Differential effects of protein kinase C inhibitors on chemokine production in human synovial fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 117:1245-53. [PMID: 8882622 PMCID: PMC1909813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb16722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with the accumulation and activation of selected populations of inflammatory cells within the arthritic joint. One putative signal for this process is the production, by resident cells, of a group of inflammatory mediators known as the chemokines. 2. The chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and presumably secreted) are target-cell specific chemoattractants produced by synovial fibroblasts in response to stimulation with interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). The signalling pathways involved in their production are not well defined. We therefore used four different protein kinase C inhibitors to investigate the role of this kinase in the regulation of chemokine mRNA and protein expression in human cultured synovial fibroblasts. 3. The non-selective PKC inhibitor, staurosporine (1-300 nM) significantly increased the production of IL-1 alpha-induced IL-8 mRNA and protein. A specific PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine chloride (0.1-3 microM), also caused a small concentration-dependent increase in IL-8 mRNA and protein production. In contrast, 3-[1-[3-(amidinothio)propyl]-3-indoly]-4-(1-methyl-3-indolyl )- 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione methanesulphonate (Ro 31-8220) and 2[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3- yl)-maleimide (GF 109203X), two selective PKC inhibitors of the substituted bisindolylmaleimide family had a concentration-dependent biphasic effect on IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha-induced chemokine expression. At low concentrations they caused a stimulation in chemokine production, which was especially evident at the mRNA level. At higher concentrations both inhibited IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha-induced chemokine mRNA and protein production. Ro 31-8220 was 10 fold more potent than GF 109203X, with an IC50 of 1.6 +/- 0.08 microM (mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 4) for IL-1 alpha induced IL-8 production. Ro 31-8220 also inhibited the expression of IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha-induced MCP-1 and RANTES mRNA with a similar potency. 4. The stimulatory effect of staurosporine is discussed in relation to the known poor selectivity of this inhibitor for PKC. It is proposed that activation of an isoform of PKC, possibly PKC epsilon or zeta, which is inhibited by higher concentrations of the bisinodolylmaleimides, plays a role in the regulation of chemokine expression induced by IL-1 alpha or TNF alpha in synovial cells. 5. The inhibition of chemokine production by bisindolylmaleimide compounds heralds a novel approach for future anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bath
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