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Hőgye F, Farkas LB, Balogh ÁK, Szilágyi L, Alnukari S, Bajza I, Borbás A, Fehér K, Illyés TZ, Timári I. Saturation Transfer Difference NMR and Molecular Docking Interaction Study of Aralkyl-Thiodigalactosides as Potential Inhibitors of the Human-Galectin-3 Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1742. [PMID: 38339036 PMCID: PMC10855533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Galectin-3 (hGal-3) is a protein that selectively binds to β-galactosides and holds diverse roles in both normal and pathological circumstances. Therefore, targeting hGal-3 has become a vibrant area of research in the pharmaceutical chemistry. As a step towards the development of novel hGal-3 inhibitors, we synthesized and investigated derivatives of thiodigalactoside (TDG) modified with different aromatic substituents. Specifically, we describe a high-yielding synthetic route of thiodigalactoside (TDG); an optimized procedure for the synthesis of the novel 3,3'-di-O-(quinoline-2-yl)methyl)-TDG and three other known, symmetric 3,3'-di-O-TDG derivatives ((naphthalene-2yl)methyl, benzyl, (7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-on-4-yl)methyl). In the present study, using competition Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy, we determined the dissociation constant (Kd) of the former three TDG derivatives produced to characterize the strength of the interaction with the target protein (hGal-3). Based on the Kd values determined, the (naphthalen-2-yl)methyl, the (quinolin-2-yl)methyl and the benzyl derivatives bind to hGal-3 94, 30 and 24 times more strongly than TDG. Then, we studied the binding modes of the derivatives in silico by molecular docking calculations. Docking poses similar to the canonical binding modes of well-known hGal-3 inhibitors have been found. However, additional binding forces, cation-π interactions between the arginine residues in the binding pocket of the protein and the aromatic groups of the ligands, have been established as significant features. Our results offer a molecular-level understanding of the varying affinities observed among the synthesized thiodigalactoside derivatives, which can be a key aspect in the future development of more effective ligands of hGal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Hőgye
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.H.); (L.B.F.); (L.S.)
| | - László Bence Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.H.); (L.B.F.); (L.S.)
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.K.B.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (K.F.)
| | - Álex Kálmán Balogh
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.K.B.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (K.F.)
| | - László Szilágyi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.H.); (L.B.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Samar Alnukari
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.K.B.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (K.F.)
| | - István Bajza
- GlycOptim Kft., Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Anikó Borbás
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.K.B.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Fehér
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.K.B.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (K.F.)
| | - Tünde Zita Illyés
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.H.); (L.B.F.); (L.S.)
| | - István Timári
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.H.); (L.B.F.); (L.S.)
- HUN-REN-UD Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Á.K.B.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (K.F.)
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Hareeri RH, Alam AM, Bagher AM, Alamoudi AJ, Aldurdunji MM, Shaik RA, Eid BG, Ashour OM. Protective Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol on Acute Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Injury in Rats. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101787. [PMID: 37766820 PMCID: PMC10520946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial injury (MI) is an important pathological driver of mortality worldwide., and arises as a result of imbalances between myocardial oxygen demand and supply. In MI, oxidative stress often leads to inflammatory changes and apoptosis. Current therapies for MI are known to cause various adverse effects. Consequently, the development of new therapeutic agents with a reduced adverse event profile is necessary. In this regard, 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME), the metabolic end-product of oestradiol, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this research is to assess the impact of 2ME on cardiac injury caused by isoproterenol (ISO) in rats. Animals were separated into six groups; controls, and those receiving 2ME (1 mg/kg), ISO (85 mg/kg), ISO + 2ME (0.25 mg/kg), ISO + 2ME (0.5 mg/kg), and ISO + 2ME (1 mg/kg). 2ME significantly attenuated ISO-induced changes in electrocardiographic changes and the cardiac histological pattern. This compound also decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity, creatine kinase myocardial band and troponin levels. The ability of 2ME to act as an antioxidant was shown by a decrease in malondialdehyde concentration, and the restoration of glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity. Additionally, 2ME antagonized inflammation and cardiac cell apoptosis, a process determined to be mediated, at least partially, by suppression of Gal-3/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. 2ME offers protection against acute ISO-induced MI in rats and offers a novel therapeutic management option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan H. Hareeri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Alam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina M. Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Aldurdunji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasheed A. Shaik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zaborska B, Sikora-Frąc M, Smarż K, Pilichowska-Paszkiet E, Budaj A, Sitkiewicz D, Sygitowicz G. The Role of Galectin-3 in Heart Failure-The Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential-Where Do We Stand? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13111. [PMID: 37685918 PMCID: PMC10488150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with high morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of HF, mainly due to its role in cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and ventricular remodeling. Fibrosis is a hallmark of cardiac remodeling, HF, and atrial fibrillation development. This review aims to explore the involvement of Gal-3 in HF and its role in the pathogenesis and clinical diagnostic and prognostic significance. We report data on Gal-3 structure and molecular mechanisms of biological function crucial for HF development. Over the last decade, numerous studies have shown an association between echocardiographic and CMR biomarkers in HF and Gal-3 serum concentration. We discuss facts and concerns about Gal-3's utility in acute and chronic HF with preserved and reduced ejection fraction for diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification. Finally, we present attempts to use Gal-3 as a therapeutic target in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Zaborska
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Sikora-Frąc
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Krzysztof Smarż
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Ewa Pilichowska-Paszkiet
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland; (B.Z.); (M.S.-F.); (E.P.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Dariusz Sitkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Grażyna Sygitowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (G.S.)
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Făgărășan A, Săsăran M, Gozar L, Crauciuc A, Bănescu C. The Role of Galectin-3 in Predicting Congenital Heart Disease Outcome: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10511. [PMID: 37445687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a novel pro-fibrotic biomarker that can predict both right and left cardiac dysfunction caused by various cardiovascular conditions. Its expression seems to be progressively altered with evolving cardiac remodeling processes, even before the onset of heart failure. Hence, Gal-3 has been found to be an individual predictor of acute and chronic heart failure or to serve as part of an integrated biomarker panel that can foresee adverse cardiac outcomes. In congenital heart disease (CHD), Gal-3 correlates with cardiac mortality and complications in both children and adults and is proposed as a therapeutic target in order to reverse the activation of pro-fibrosis pathways that lead to heart failure. Positive associations between serum Gal-3 levels, post-operatory hospitalization rates, complications and ventricular dysfunction have also been reported within studies conducted on patients with CHD who underwent corrective surgery. Thus, this review tried to address the potential utility of Gal-3 in patients with CHD and particularly in those who undergo corrective surgery. The heterogeneity of the literature data and the lack of validation of the results obtained by the current studies on larger cohorts cannot be neglected, though. Further longitudinal research is required to establish how Gal-3 can relate to long-term outcomes in pediatric CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Făgărășan
- Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Maria Săsăran
- Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Liliana Gozar
- Department of Pediatrics III, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Andrei Crauciuc
- Department of Medical Genetics, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
| | - Claudia Bănescu
- Genetics Department, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Gheorghe Marinescu Street no 38, 540136 Târgu Mures, Romania
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Pu TT, Wu W, Liang PD, Du JC, Han SL, Deng XL, Du XJ. Evaluation of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Deficiency and Therapy in Mouse Models of Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 81:259-269. [PMID: 36668724 PMCID: PMC10079299 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of heart failure, but targeted therapeutic interventions remain elusive. Previous studies have shown coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) insufficiency in patients with heart disease with undefined mechanism and modest effectiveness of CoQ10 supplement therapy. Using 2 transgenic mouse models of cardiomyopathy owing to cardiac overexpression of Mst1 (Mst1-TG) or β 2 -adrenoceptor (β 2 AR-TG), we studied changes in cardiac CoQ10 content and alterations in CoQ10 biosynthesis genes. We also studied in Mst1-TG mice effects of CoQ10, delivered by oral or injection regimens, on both cardiac CoQ10 content and cardiomyopathy phenotypes. High performance liquid chromatography and RNA sequencing revealed in both models significant reduction in cardiac content of CoQ10 and downregulation of most genes encoding CoQ10 biosynthesis enzymes. Mst1-TG mice with 70% reduction in cardiac CoQ10 were treated with CoQ10 either by oral gavage or i.p. injection for 4-8 weeks. Oral regimens failed in increasing cardiac CoQ10 content, whereas injection regimen effectively restored the cardiac CoQ10 level in a time-dependent manner. However, CoQ10 restoration in Mst1-TG mice did not correct mitochondrial dysfunction measured by energy metabolism, downregulated expression of marker proteins, and oxidative stress nor to preserve cardiac contractile function. In conclusion, mouse models of cardiomyopathy exhibited myocardial CoQ10 deficiency likely due to suppressed endogenous synthesis of CoQ10. In contrast to ineffectiveness of oral administration, CoQ10 administration by injection regimen in cardiomyopathy mice restored cardiac CoQ10 content, which, however, failed in achieving detectable efficacy at molecular and global functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Pu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Pei-Da Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Chan Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Sheng-Li Han
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; and
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; and
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Pang ZD, Sun X, Bai RY, Han MZ, Zhang YJ, Wu W, Zhang Y, Lai BC, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Du XJ, Deng XL. YAP-galectin-3 signaling mediates endothelial dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:38. [PMID: 36629913 PMCID: PMC11072047 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an early event of hypertension. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is known to participate in various pathological processes. Whilst previous studies showed that inhibition of Gal-3 effectively ameliorates angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced atherosclerosis or hypertension, it remains unclear whether Ang II regulates Gal-3 expression and actions in vascular endothelium. METHODS Using techniques of molecular biology and myograph, we investigated Ang II-mediated changes in Gal-3 expression and activity in thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries from wild-type and Gal-3 gene deleted (Gal-3-/-) mice and cultured endothelial cells. RESULTS The serum level of Gal-3 was significantly higher in hypertensive patients or in mice with chronic Ang II-infusion. Ang II infusion to wild-type mice enhanced Gal-3 expression in the aortic and mesenteric arteries, elevated systolic blood pressure and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of the thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries, changes that were abolished in Gal-3-/- mice. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Ang II significantly upregulated Gal-3 expression by promoting nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its interaction with transcription factor Tead1 with enhanced YAP/Tead1 binding to Gal-3 gene promoter region. Furthermore, Gal-3 deletion augmented the bioavailability of nitric oxide, suppressed oxidative stress, and alleviated inflammation in the thoracic aorta of Ang II-infused mice or endothelial cells exposed to Ang II. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate for the first time that Ang II upregulates Gal-3 expression via increment in YAP nuclear localization in vascular endothelium, and that Gal-3 mediates endothelial dysfunction contributing to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Da Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xinwang Road, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ru-Yue Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Zhuan Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Jian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao-Chang Lai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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She G, Du JC, Wu W, Pu TT, Zhang Y, Bai RY, Zhang Y, Pang ZD, Wang HF, Ren YJ, Sadoshima J, Deng XL, Du XJ. Hippo pathway activation mediates chemotherapy-induced anti-cancer effect and cardiomyopathy through causing mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. Theranostics 2023; 13:560-577. [PMID: 36632235 PMCID: PMC9830444 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Chemotherapy is a common clinical strategy for cancer treatment. However, the accompanied cardiomyopathy renders cancer patients under risk of another life-threatening condition. Whereas Hippo pathway is known to play key roles in both cancerogenesis and heart disease, it remains unclear whether Hippo pathway activation mediates chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results: In human breast cancer cells, doxorubicin (DOX) significantly induced upregulation of Hippo kinase Mst1, inhibitory phosphorylation of YAP, mitochondrial damage, reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. Hippo pathway inactivation by Mst1-siRNA transfection effectively improved cell survival and mitigated mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis. Another anti-cancer drug YAP inhibitor verteporfin also induced lower cancer cell viability, apoptosis and mitochondrial injury. Chronic treatment with DOX in vivo (4 mg/kg/week for 6 weeks) caused mitochondrial damage and dysfunction, oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis, while acute DOX treatment (16 mg/kg single bolus) also induced myocardial oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities. Chronic treatment with verteporfin (2 months) resulted in cardiomyopathy phenotypes comparable to that by chronic DOX regimen. In transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of kinase-dead mutant Mst1 gene, these adverse cardiac effects of DOX were significantly attenuated relative to wild-type littermates. Conclusions: Anti-cancer action of both DOX and verteporfin is associated with Hippo pathway activation. Such action on cardiac Hippo pathway mediates mitochondrial damage and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang She
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Chan Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian-Tian Pu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ru-Yue Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng-Da Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui-Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, 710005, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Jie Ren
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an People's Hospital (Xi'an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an, 710005, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,✉ Corresponding author: Xiao-Jun Du, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center. E-mail:
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Haid ME, Zylla S, Paulista Markus MR, Friedrich N, Ewert R, Gläser S, Felix SB, Dörr M, Bahls M. Sex-specific associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and galectin-3 in the general population. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:4240-4249. [PMID: 36113868 PMCID: PMC9773777 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with greater mortality and morbidity. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a prognostic biomarker for fibrosis and heart failure. Gal-3 is also associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular mortality. Whether CRF is related with Gal-3 is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the sex-specific associations of CRF and Gal-3 levels in the general population. METHODS Gal-3 concentrations were determined using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). Sex-stratified linear regression models adjusted for age, current smoking status, and renal function were used. Individuals with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic lung disease, severe renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/mm2 ), a history of cancer, and extreme values for Gal-3 (<1st percentile; >99th percentile) were excluded. RESULTS A total of n = 1515 participants with a median age of 49 (IQR: 39-60 years, 48% males) were included. In men, a 1 L/min greater VO2 peak was significantly related to 0.50 ng/mL (95% CI -0.8068 to -0.1938, P < 0.01) less Gal-3. In males, a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2 peak adjusted for body weight was associated with -0.0286 ng/mL (95% CI -0.0052 to -0.0005, P = 0.02) less Gal-3. When VO2 peak was adjusted for lean mass 1 mL/kg/min more was correlated with a -0.0022 ng/mL (95% CI -0.0043 to -0.0007, P = 0.04) less Gal-3. In women, VO2 peak (β -0.2046 95% CI -0.6541 to 0.2449, P = 0.37) and VO2 peak adjusted for lean mass (β -0.0019 95% CI -0.0421 to -0.0050, P = 0.12) were not related with Gal-3, whereas a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2 peak adjusted for body weight was significantly associated with a -0.0064 ng/mL lower Gal-3 (95% CI -0.0092 to -0.0035, P < 0.01). There were no differences between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. CONCLUSIONS VO2 peak was associated with Gal-3 only in men, but VO2 peak adjusted for body weight in women and men. Our results suggest that the adverse consequences of low CRF may be mediated by Gal-3. Further research is needed to understand the sex-specific association between CRF and Gal-3 and whether they are clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena E. Haid
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Stephanie Zylla
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Sven Gläser
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,Vivantes Klinikum SpandauBerlinGermany,Vivantes Klinikum NeuköllnBerlinGermany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Internal Medicine BUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany,German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
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9
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Luo J, Wang S, Liu X, Zheng Q, Wang Z, Huang Y, Shi J. Galectin-3 promotes calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells via the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2022; 12:196-207. [PMID: 35433352 PMCID: PMC9011093 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-21-506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an active pathobiological process that takes place at the cellular and molecular levels. It involves fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets, which eventually contributes to heart failure. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, is involved in myocardial fibrosis and remodeling. Our study aimed to explore how Gal-3 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (hVICs) along with elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS To determine the Gal-3 expression in this study, we included the blood samples and aortic valves (AVs) from patients with CAVD (n=20) and normal controls (n=20). The hVICs were stimulated by Osteogenic medium (OM) and were treated with or without recombinant human Gal-3. Calcified transformation of hVICs was assessed by Alizarin Red S staining and osteogenic gene/protein expression. RNA-sequencing was performed for all different treatments to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) along with exploring the enriched pathways for potential molecular targets of Gal-3. The targets were further detected using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Gal-3 levels were found to be significantly increased in CAVD patients. Treatment of valve interstitial cells (VICs) with Gal-3 led to a marked increase in Runx2 and ALP-mRNA/protein expression levels as well as calcification. Gene expression profiles of hVICs cultured with or without Gal-3 revealed 79 upregulated genes and 82 down-regulated genes, which were highly enriched in TNF and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, Gal-3 could activate the phosphorylation of IκBα and interfere with the translocation of p65 into the cell nucleus of hVICs. However, inhibition of this pathway can suppress the osteogenic differentiation by Gal-3. CONCLUSIONS Gal-3 acts as a positive regulator of osteogenic differentiation by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway in hVICs. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the critical role of Gal-3 in the CAVD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuming Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Wu Q, Sun S, Wei L, Liu M, Liu H, Liu T, Zhou Y, Jia Q, Wang D, Yang Z, Duan M, Yang X, Gao P, Ning X. Twist1 regulates macrophage plasticity to promote renal fibrosis through galectin-3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:137. [PMID: 35182235 PMCID: PMC8858306 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is the pathological basis of end-stage renal disease, in which the heterogeneity of macrophages in renal microenvironment plays an important role. However, the molecular mechanisms of macrophage plasticity during renal fibrosis progression remain unclear. In this study, we found for the first time that increased expression of Twist1 in macrophages was significantly associated with the severity of renal fibrosis in IgA nephropathy patients and mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Ablation of Twist1 in macrophages markedly alleviated renal tubular injury and renal fibrosis in UUO mice, accompanied by a lower extent of macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization in the kidney. The knockdown of Twist1 inhibited the chemotaxis and migration of macrophages, at least partially, through the CCL2/CCR2 axis. Twist1 downregulation inhibited M2 macrophage polarization and reduced the secretion of the profibrotic factors Arg-1, MR (CD206), IL-10, and TGF-β. Galectin-3 was decreased in the macrophages of the conditional Twist1-deficient mice, and Twist1 was shown to directly activate galectin-3 transcription. Up-regulation of galectin-3 recovered Twist1-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. In conclusion, Twist1/galectin-3 signaling regulates macrophage plasticity (M2 phenotype) and promotes renal fibrosis. This study could suggest new strategies for delaying kidney fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Chang le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an City, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Menglu Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 2B. 71B, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 3B.71, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Ning
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Chang le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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Bian W, Wang Z, Li X, Jiang X, Zhang H, Liu Z, Zhang D. Identification of vital modules and genes associated with heart failure based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:1370-1379. [PMID: 35128826 PMCID: PMC8934958 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Heart failure (HF) is a chronic heart disease with a high incidence and mortality. Due to the regulatory complexity of gene coexpression networks, the underlying hub genes regulation in HF remain incompletely appreciated. We aimed to explore potential key modules and genes for HF using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Methods and results The expression profiles by high throughput sequencing of heart tissues samples from HF and non‐HF samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HF and non‐HF samples were firstly identified. Then, a coexpression network was constructed to identify key modules and potential hub genes. The biological functions of potential hub genes were analysed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING online tool. A total of 135 DEGs (133 up‐regulated and 2 down‐regulated DEGs) between HF and non‐HF samples were identified in the GSE135055 and GSE123976 datasets. Moreover, a total of 38 modules were screened based on WGCNA in the GSE135055 dataset, and six potential hub genes (UCK2, ASB1, CCNI, CUX1, IRX6, and STX16) were screened from the key module by setting the gene significance over 0.2 and the module membership over 0.8. Furthermore, 78 potential hub genes were obtained by taking the intersection of the 135 DEGs and all genes in the key module, and enrichment analysis revealed that they were mainly involved in the MAPK and PI3K‐AKT signalling pathways. Finally, in a PPI network constructed with the 78 potential hub genes, CUX1 and ASB1 were identified as hub genes in HF because they were also identified as potential hub genes in the WGCNA. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to employ WGCNA to identify the key module and hub genes for HF. Our study identified a module and two genes that might play important roles in HF, which may provide potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of HF and improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Bian
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Xiao‐Xin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Hongsong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
| | - Dai‐Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University 68 Changle Road Nanjing 210006 China
- Department of Cardiology Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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12
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Lu Q, Zhang RC, Chen SP, Li T, Wang Y, Xue YB, Liu J, Han X, Su YD, Bai L, Du XJ, Ma AQ. The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Plasma Galectin 3 in HFrEF Related to the Etiology of Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:748875. [PMID: 35004876 PMCID: PMC8727364 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.748875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of present study is to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma galectin 3 (Gal-3) for HF originating from different causes. Methods: We investigated the plasma levels and expression of Gal-3 in cardiac tissues in two transgenic (TG) strains of mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted overexpression of either β2- adrenergic receptor (β2- AR TG) or Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (Mst1-TG) in the present study. Additionally, 166 patients suffering from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in two hospitals within the Shaanxi province were examined in this study. All these patients were treated according to the Chinese HF guidelines of 2014; subsequently, they were followed up for 50 months, and we analyzed the prediction value of baseline Gal-3 to endpoints in these patients. Results: Gal-3 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cardiomyocytes, often formed aggregates in Mst1-TG mice. Extracellular Gal-3 staining was uncommon in Mst1-TG hearts. However, in β2-AR TG mice, although Gal-3 was also expressed in myocardial cells, it was more highly expressed in interstitial cells (e.g., fibroblasts and macrophages). Plasma Gal-3 was comparable between nTG and Mst1-TG mice. However, plasma Gal-3 was higher in β2-AR TG mice than in nTG mice. In the cohort of HFrEF patients, the median plasma Gal-3 concentration was 158.42 pg/mL. All participants were divided into two groups according to Gal-3 levels. Patients with Gal-3 concentrations above the median were older, and had lower plasma hemoglobin, but higher plasma creatinine, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular end-systolic volumes (LVESV) and end-diastolic, as well as left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (LVEDV). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Gal-3 was positively correlated with TIMP-1 (r = 0.396, P < 0.001), LVESV (r = 0.181, P = 0.020) and LVEDV (r = 0.190, P = 0.015). The 50-month clinical follow-up revealed 43 deaths, 97 unplanned re-hospitalizations, and 111 composite endpoint events. Cox analysis demonstrated that although Gal-3 did not provide any prognostic value in either total-HF subjects or coronary-heart-disease (CHD) patients, it did provide prognostic value in non-CHD patients. Conclusion: Although plasma Gal-3 is associated with TIMP-1 and echocardiographic parameters, the diagnostic and prognostic value of Gal-3 in HFrEF is determined by the etiology of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruo-Chen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Ping Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Bo Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiu Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Dan Su
- Experimental Cardiology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ling Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Experimental Cardiology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ai-Qun Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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13
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The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Galectin-3 in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010046. [PMID: 35053194 PMCID: PMC8774137 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 plays a prominent role in chronic inflammation and has been implicated in the development of many disease conditions, including heart disease. Galectin-3, a regulatory protein, is elevated in both acute and chronic heart failure and is involved in the inflammatory pathway after injury leading to myocardial tissue remodelling. We discussed the potential utility of galectin-3 as a diagnostic and disease severity/prognostic biomarker in different cardio/cerebrovascular diseases, such as acute ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Over the last decade there has been a marked increase in the understanding the role of galectin-3 in myocardial fibrosis and inflammation and as a therapeutic target for the treatment of heart failure and myocardial infarction.
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14
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Du X. Sympatho-adrenergic mechanisms in heart failure: new insights into pathophysiology. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:47-77. [PMID: 37724075 PMCID: PMC10388789 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system is activated in the setting of heart failure (HF) to compensate for hemodynamic instability. However, acute sympathetic surge or sustained high neuronal firing rates activates β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling contributing to myocardial remodeling, dysfunction and electrical instability. Thus, sympatho-βAR activation is regarded as a hallmark of HF and forms pathophysiological basis for β-blocking therapy. Building upon earlier research findings, studies conducted in the recent decades have significantly advanced our understanding on the sympatho-adrenergic mechanism in HF, which forms the focus of this article. This review notes recent research progress regarding the roles of cardiac β2AR or α1AR in the failing heart, significance of β1AR-autoantibodies, and βAR signaling through G-protein independent signaling pathways. Sympatho-βAR regulation of immune cells or fibroblasts is specifically discussed. On the neuronal aspects, knowledge is assembled on the remodeling of sympathetic nerves of the failing heart, regulation by presynaptic α2AR of NE release, and findings on device-based neuromodulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The review ends with highlighting areas where significant knowledge gaps exist but hold promise for new breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Du
- Faculty of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi’an710061, Shaanxi, China
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC3004, Australia
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15
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Wu W, Ziemann M, Huynh K, She G, Pang ZD, Zhang Y, Duong T, Kiriazis H, Pu TT, Bai RY, Li JJ, Zhang Y, Chen MX, Sadoshima J, Deng XL, Meikle PJ, Du XJ. Activation of Hippo signaling pathway mediates mitochondria dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy in mice. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8993-9008. [PMID: 34522223 PMCID: PMC8419046 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mitochondrial dysfunction facilitates heart failure development forming a therapeutic target, but the mechanism involved remains unclear. We studied whether the Hippo signaling pathway mediates mitochondrial abnormalities that results in onset of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods: Mice with DCM due to overexpression of Hippo pathway kinase Mst1 were studied. DCM phenotype was evident in adult animals but contractile dysfunction was identified as an early sign of DCM at 3 weeks postnatal. Electron microscopy, multi-omics and biochemical assays were employed. Results: In 3-week and adult DCM mouse hearts, cardiomyocyte mitochondria exhibited overt structural abnormalities, smaller size and greater number. RNA sequencing revealed comprehensive suppression of nuclear-DNA (nDNA) encoded gene-sets involved in mitochondria turnover and all aspects of metabolism. Changes in cardiotranscriptome were confirmed by lower protein levels of multiple mitochondrial proteins in DCM heart of both ages. Mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes were also downregulated; due apparently to repression of nDNA-encoded transcriptional factors. Lipidomics identified remodeling in cardiolipin acyl-chains, increased acylcarnitine content but lower coenzyme Q10 level. Mitochondrial dysfunction was featured by lower ATP content and elevated levels of lactate, branched-chain amino acids and reactive oxidative species. Mechanistically, inhibitory YAP-phosphorylation was enhanced, which was associated with attenuated binding of transcription factor TEAD1. Numerous suppressed mitochondrial genes were identified as YAP-targets. Conclusion: Hippo signaling activation mediates mitochondrial damage by repressing mitochondrial genes, which causally promotes the development of DCM. The Hippo pathway therefore represents a therapeutic target against mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyopathy.
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16
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Pietrzak R, Książczyk TM, Górska E, Małek ŁA, Werner B. Evaluation of Galectin-3 Plasma Concentration in Adolescents with Ventricular Arrhythmia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052410. [PMID: 33801193 PMCID: PMC7967785 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (G3) is a biomarker known as an inflammatory state exponent. The aim of this paper was to analyze the G3 in adolescents with ventricular arrhythmia (VES) in order to evaluate its impact on myocardial tissue preservation. The study group (SG) consisted of 25 VES adolescents. The control group (CG) was 21 healthy children. G3 was assessed in the SG and CG. In the SG electrocardiography, Holter monitoring, echocardiography and CMR were performed. The G3 in SG was 13.45 ± 11.4 ng/mL and in CG 7.2 ± 2.0 ng/mL, p < 0.001. Moderate positive correlation between the G3 and z-score of the left ventricular diameter (r = 0.47, p = 0.041) and moderate negative correlation between the G3 and the left ventricular ejection fraction in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR EF) (-0.49, p = 0.032) were found. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, CMR EF and VES were independent predictors for G3 elevation. Conclusion: Galectin-3 plasma concentration is elevated and correlates with the chosen left ventricular dysfunction parameters in adolescents suffering from ventricular arrhythmia. Further investigation is necessary to establish if elevated G3 is a useful biomarker for screening young individuals with ventricular arrhythmia who are at risk of structural cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Pietrzak
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.K.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz M. Książczyk
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.K.); (B.W.)
| | - Elżbieta Górska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz A. Małek
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska Street 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (T.M.K.); (B.W.)
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17
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Song B, Yao B, Dang H, Dong R. Soluble ST2, Galectin-3 and clinical prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing ventricular septal myectomy: a correlation analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:145-152. [PMID: 32420094 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2020.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common chromosomal abnormal heart disease. The pathophysiological mechanism of HCM is complex. Several studies have suggested that the level of Soluble ST2 (sST2) may be a biomarker of chronic systolic heart failure, however, the role of sST2 in HCM remains unclear. So we performed this study to analyze the role of Soluble ST2 (sST2), Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and its correlations with clinical prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) undergoing ventricular septal myectomy. Methods HCM patients who underwent modified Morrow surgery in our hospital during June 2016-June 2018 were included. We divided the patients into different groups stratified by sST2 and Gal-3 level. Besides, we included volunteers without heart disease for medical examination as normal controls. Biochemical analyses were conducted to identify the biomarkers difference. The predictive value of sST2 and Gal-3 on all-cause mortality was evaluated with Cox regression analysis. Results A total of 125 HCM patients were included in this present study. The sST2 and Gal-3 levels in HCM patients were significantly higher than that in control group (all P<0.001); there were significant differences in the incidence of all-cause mortality for HCM patients stratified by the sST2 and Gal-3 level; Cox univariate regression survival analysis showed that the hypertension (HR =1.19, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38), maximum wall thickness (HR =1.48, 95% CI: 1.04-1.98), Log sST2 (HR =1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.05), Log Gal-3 (HR =1.17, 95% CI: 1.09-1.32) were the predictors for all-cause mortality in patients with HCM, and Cox multivariate risk regression showed that maximum wall thickness was the independent predictors of all-cause mortality in patients with HCM (HR =1.63, 95% CI: 1.35-1.97). Conclusions Even through sST2 and Gal-3 were not associated with clinical prognosis of patients with HCM undergoing ventricular septal myectomy, it may be involved in the progress of HCM, more studies are warranted to identify the potential mechanism and reverence value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangrong Song
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Cardiology Section 2, Zibo City Linzi District People's Hospital, Zibo 255400, China
| | - Haiming Dang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Dong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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She G, Hou MC, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang HF, Lai BC, Zhao WB, Du XJ, Deng XL. Gal-3 (Galectin-3) and K Ca3.1 Mediate Heterogeneous Cell Coupling and Myocardial Fibrogenesis Driven by βAR (β-Adrenoceptor) Activation. Hypertension 2019; 75:393-404. [PMID: 31838908 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is associated with sympatho-βAR (β-adrenoceptor) activation and cardiac fibrosis. Gal-3 (galectin-3) and KCa3.1 channels that are upregulated in diverse cells of diseased heart are implicated in mediating myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. It remains unclear whether Gal-3 interacts with KCa3.1 leading to cardiac fibrosis in the setting of βAR activation. We tested the effect of KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 on cardiac fibrosis and inflammation in cardiac-restricted β2-TG (β2AR overexpressed transgenic) mice and determined KCa3.1 expression in β2-TG×Gal-3-/- mouse hearts. Mechanisms of KCa3.1 in mediating Gal-3 induced fibroblast activation were studied ex vivo. Expression of Gal-3 and KCa3.1 was elevated in β2-TG hearts. Gal-3 gene deletion in β2-TG mice decreased KCa3.1 expression in inflammatory cells but not in fibroblasts. Treatment of β2-TG mice with TRAM-34 for 1 or 2 months significantly ameliorated cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and reduced Gal-3 level. In cultured fibroblasts, Gal-3 upregulated KCa3.1 expression and channel currents with enhanced membrane potential and Ca2+ entry through TRPV4 (transient receptor potential V4) and TRPC6 (transient receptor potential C6) channels leading to fibroblast activation. In conclusion, βAR stimulation promotes Gal-3 production that upregulates KCa3.1 channels in noncardiomyocyte cells and activates KCa3.1 channels in fibroblasts leading to hyperpolarization of membrane potential and Ca2+ entry via TRP channels. Gal-3-KCa3.1 signaling mobilizes diverse cells facilitating regional inflammation and fibroblast activation and hence myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang She
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Chen Hou
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Pathology, Xi'an Guangren Hospital (M.-C.H., H.-F.W.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui-Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Guangren Hospital (M.-C.H., H.-F.W.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao-Chang Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences (B.-C.L., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Bo Zhao
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (W.-B.Z., X.-J.D.)
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (G.S., M.-C.H., Yu Zhang, Yi Zhang, Y.W., X.-J.D., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences (B.-C.L., X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education (X.-L.D.), Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (W.-B.Z., X.-J.D.)
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Abstract
LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C. Michel
- Department of PharmacologyJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Richard A. Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexas
| | - Roger J. Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Du XJ, Zhao WB, Nguyen MN, Lu Q, Kiriazis H. β-Adrenoceptor activation affects galectin-3 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in heart disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2449-2464. [PMID: 30756388 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a key histopathological component that drives the progression of heart disease leading to heart failure and constitutes a therapeutic target. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have implicated galectin-3 (Gal-3) as a pro-fibrotic molecule and a biomarker of heart disease and fibrosis. However, our knowledge is poor on the mechanism(s) that determine the blood level or regulate cardiac expression of Gal-3. Recent studies have demonstrated that enhanced β-adrenoceptor activity is a determinant of both circulating concentration and cardiac expression of Gal-3. Pharmacological or transgenic activation of β-adrenoceptors leads to increased blood levels of Gal-3 and up-regulated cardiac Gal-3 expression, effect that can be reversed with the use of β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Conversely, Gal-3 gene deletion confers protection against isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxicity and fibrogenesis. At the transcription level, β-adrenoceptor stimulation activates cardiac mammalian sterile-20-like kinase 1, a pivotal kinase of the Hippo signalling pathway, which is associated with Gal-3 up-regulation. Recent studies have suggested a role for the β-adrenoceptor-Hippo signalling pathway in the regulation of cardiac Gal-3 expression thereby contributing to the onset and progression of heart disease. This implies a therapeutic potential of the suppression of Gal-3 expression. In this review, we discuss the effects of β-adrenoceptor activity on Gal-3 as a biomarker and causative mediator in the setting of heart disease and point out pivotal knowledge gaps. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Du
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei-Bo Zhao
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - My-Nhan Nguyen
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qun Lu
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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