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Shen Y, Pan Y, Liang F, Song J, Yu X, Cui J, Cai G, EL-Newehy M, Abdulhameed MM, Gu H, Sun B, Yin M, Mo X. Development of 3D printed electrospun vascular graft loaded with tetramethylpyrazine for reducing thrombosis and restraining aneurysmal dilatation. BURNS & TRAUMA 2024; 12:tkae008. [PMID: 38596623 PMCID: PMC11002459 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Small-diameter vascular grafts have become the focus of attention in tissue engineering. Thrombosis and aneurysmal dilatation are the two major complications of the loss of vascular access after surgery. Therefore, we focused on fabricating 3D printed electrospun vascular grafts loaded with tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) to overcome these limitations. Methods Based on electrospinning and 3D printing, 3D-printed electrospun vascular grafts loaded with TMP were fabricated. The inner layer of the graft was composed of electrospun poly(L-lactic-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) nanofibers and the outer layer consisted of 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers. The characterization and mechanical properties were tested. The blood compatibility and in vitro cytocompatibility of the grafts were also evaluated. Additionally, rat abdominal aortas were replaced with these 3D-printed electrospun grafts to evaluate their biosafety. Results Mechanical tests demonstrated that the addition of PCL microfibers could improve the mechanical properties. In vitro experimental data proved that the introduction of TMP effectively inhibited platelet adhesion. Afterwards, rat abdominal aorta was replaced with 3D-printed electrospun grafts. The 3D-printed electrospun graft loaded with TMP showed good biocompatibility and mechanical strength within 6 months and maintained substantial patency without the occurrence of acute thrombosis. Moreover, no obvious aneurysmal dilatation was observed. Conclusions The study demonstrated that 3D-printed electrospun vascular grafts loaded with TMP may have the potential for injured vascular healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yanjun Pan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1678 Dongfang Road,Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200127, PR China
| | - Fubang Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1678 Dongfang Road,Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200127, PR China
| | - Jiahui Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Guangfang Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Mohamed EL-Newehy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meera Moydeen Abdulhameed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hongbing Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai 201600, PR China
| | - Binbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Meng Yin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1678 Dongfang Road,Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200127, PR China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Songjiang District, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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Chen XJ, Liu SY, Li SM, Feng JK, Hu Y, Cheng XZ, Hou CZ, Xu Y, Hu M, Feng L, Xiao L. The recent advance and prospect of natural source compounds for the treatment of heart failure. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27110. [PMID: 38444481 PMCID: PMC10912389 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a continuously developing syndrome of cardiac insufficiency caused by diseases, which becomes a major disease endangering human health as well as one of the main causes of death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The occurrence of heart failure is related to hemodynamic abnormalities, neuroendocrine hormones, myocardial damage, myocardial remodeling etc, lead to the clinical manifestations including dyspnea, fatigue and fluid retention with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Currently available drugs such as cardiac glycoside, diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, vasodilator and β receptor blocker etc are widely used for the treatment of heart failure. In particular, natural products and related active ingredients have the characteristics of mild efficacy, low toxicity, multi-target comprehensive efficacy, and have obvious advantages in restoring cardiac function, reducing energy disorder and improving quality of life. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent advance including mechanisms and active ingredients of natural products for the treatment of heart failure, which will provide the inspiration for the development of more potent clinical drugs against heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Juan Chen
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Si-Yuan Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Si-Ming Li
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | | | - Ying Hu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Cheng
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Hou
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yun Xu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mu Hu
- Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ling Feng
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang’anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
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Wu X, Ni S, Dai T, Li J, Shao F, Liu C, Wang J, Fan S, Tan Y, Zhang L, Jiang Q, Zhao H. Biomineralized tetramethylpyrazine-loaded PCL/gelatin nanofibrous membrane promotes vascularization and bone regeneration of rat cranium defects. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:423. [PMID: 37964381 PMCID: PMC10644548 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional electrospinning produces nanofibers with smooth surfaces that limit biomineralization ability. To overcome this disadvantage, we fabricated a tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)-loaded matrix-mimicking biomineralization in PCL/Gelatin composite electrospun membranes with bubble-shaped nanofibrous structures. PCL/Gelatin membranes (PG), PCL/Gelatin membranes containing biomineralized hydroxyapatite (HA) (PGH), and PCL/Gelatin membranes containing biomineralized HA and loaded TMP (PGHT) were tested. In vitro results indicated that the bubble-shaped nanofibrous surface increased the surface roughness of the nanofibers and promoted mineralization. Furthermore, sustained-release TMP had an excellent drug release efficiency. Initially released vigorously, it reached stabilization at day 7, and the slow-release rate stabilized at 61.0 ± 1.8% at 28 days. All membranes revealed an intact cytoskeleton, cell viability, and superior adhesion and proliferation when stained with Ghost Pen Cyclic Peptide, CCK-8, cell adhesion, and EdU. In PGHT membranes, the osteogenic and vascularized gene expression of BMSCs and human vascular endothelial cells was significantly upregulated compared with that in other groups, indicating the PGHT membranes exhibited an effective vascularization role. Subsequently, the membranes were implanted in a rat cranium defect model for 4 and 8 weeks. Micro-CT and histological analysis results showed that the PGHT membranes had better bone regenerative patterns. Additionally, the levels of CD31 and VEGF significantly increased in the PGHT membrane compared with those in other membranes. Thus, PGHT membranes could accelerate the repair of cranium defects in vivo via HA and TMP synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Su Ni
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Ting Dai
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Fang Shao
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Shijie Fan
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Yadong Tan
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Linxiang Zhang
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Orthopedic Center of Nanjing Jiangbei Hospital, Nanjiang, 210048, China
| | - Qiting Jiang
- Orthopedic Center of Nanjing Jiangbei Hospital, Nanjiang, 210048, China.
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- Laboratory of 3D Printing and Regeneration Medicine, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
- Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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Li S, Xu Y, He S, Li X, Shi J, Zhang B, Zhu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Liu C, Ma Y, Dong S, Yu J. Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by relieving Golgi stress via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:286. [PMID: 37550659 PMCID: PMC10408181 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease caused by an imbalanced host response to infection. It is necessary to explore novel mechanisms for the treatment of endotoxin-induced ALI. In endotoxin-induced ALI, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) provides protection through anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-pyroptosis effects. However, the mechanism of action of TMP in endotoxin-induced ALI remains unclear. Here, we aimed to determine whether TMP can protect the lungs by inhibiting Golgi stress via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated C57BL/6J mice and MLE12 alveolar epithelial cells, we observed that TMP pretreatment attenuated endotoxin-induced ALI. LPS + TMP group showed lesser lung pathological damage and a lower rate of apoptotic lung cells than LPS group. Moreover, LPS + TMP group also showed decreased levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress damage than LPS group (P < 0.05). Additionally, LPS + TMP group presented reduced Golgi stress by increasing the Golgi matrix protein 130 (GM130), Golgi apparatus Ca2+/Mn2+ ATPases (ATP2C1), and Golgin97 expression while decreasing the Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) expression than LPS group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, TMP pretreatment promoted Nrf2 and HO-1 expression (P < 0.05). Nrf2-knockout mice or Nrf2 siRNA-transfected MLE12 cells were pretreated with TMP to explore how the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway affected TMP-mediated Golgi stress in endotoxin-induced ALI models. We observed that Nrf2 gene silencing partially reversed the alleviating effect of Golgi stress and the pulmonary protective effect of TMP. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that TMP therapy reduced endotoxin-induced ALI by suppressing Golgi stress via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Yexiang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Simeng He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Youzhuang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangkun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Shuan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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Yu X, Wu M, Meng Q, Zhu W, Zhang C, Liu B, Qi Y, Gu S, Wang X, Wen J, Li Y, Qi X. Ligustrazine alleviates pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats by promoting the formation of myocardin transcription complex in the nucleus of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1369-1380. [PMID: 37186419 PMCID: PMC10432881 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a pathophysiological state of abnormally elevated pulmonary arterial pressure caused by drugs, inflammation, toxins, viruses, hypoxia, and other risk factors. We studied the therapeutic effect and target of tetramethylpyrazine (tetramethylpyrazine [TMP]; ligustrazine) in the treatment of PAH and we speculated that dramatic changes in myocardin levels can significantly affect the progression of PAH. In vivo, the results showed that administration of TMP significantly prolonged the survival of PAH rats by reducing the proliferative lesions, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), and the Fulton index in the heart and lung of PAH rats. In vitro, TMP can regulate the levels of smooth muscle protein 22-alpha (SM22-α), and myocardin as well as intracellular cytokines such as NO, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in a dose-dependent manner (25, 50, or 100 μM). Transfection of myocardin small interfering RNA (siRNA) aggravated the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PSMCs), and the regulatory effect of TMP on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and osteopontin (OPN) disappeared. The application of 10 nM estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) inhibitor MPP promoted the proliferation of PSMCs, but it does not affect the inhibition of TMP on PSMCs proliferation. Finally, we found that TMP promoted the nucleation of myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) and combined it with myocardin. In conclusion, TMP can inhibit the transformation of PSMCs from the contractile phenotype to the proliferative phenotype by promoting the formation of the nuclear (MRTF-A/myocardin) transcription complex to treat PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Yu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Mingjie Wu
- The Third Clinical Medical CollegeNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Qinhai Meng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Weijie Zhu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Chenyan Zhang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Bowen Liu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Yuewen Qi
- Craig High SchoolJanesvilleWisconsinUSA
| | - Shuqun Gu
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jingli Wen
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yu Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Xu Qi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Feng W, Chai L, Liu J, Li D, Chen H, Qiu Y, Shen N, Shi X, Xie X, Li M. HMGB1-induced activation of ER stress contributes to pulmonary artery hypertension in vitro and in vivo. Respir Res 2023; 24:149. [PMID: 37268944 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HMGB1 and ER stress have been considered to participate in the progression of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). However, the molecular mechanism underlying HMGB1 and ER stress in PAH remains unclear. This study aims to explore whether HMGB1 induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) functions and pulmonary artery remodeling through ER stress activation. METHODS Primary cultured PASMCs and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats were applied in this study. Cell proliferation and migration were determined by CCK-8, EdU and transwell assay. Western blotting was conducted to detect the protein levels of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4), seven in absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2) and homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2). Hemodynamic measurements, immunohistochemistry staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the development of PAH. The ultrastructure of ER was observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In primary cultured PASMCs, HMGB1 reduced HIPK2 expression through upregulation of ER stress-related proteins (PERK and ATF4) and subsequently increased SIAH2 expression, which ultimately led to PASMC proliferation and migration. In MCT-induced PAH rats, interfering with HMGB1 by glycyrrhizin, suppression of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid or targeting SIAH2 by vitamin K3 attenuated the development of PAH. Additionally, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), as a component of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, reversed hemodynamic deterioration and vascular remodeling by targeting PERK/ATF4/SIAH2/HIPK2 axis. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a novel insight to understand the pathogenesis of PAH and suggests that targeting HMGB1/PERK/ATF4/SIAH2/HIPK2 cascade might have potential therapeutic value for the prevention and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Limin Chai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanjie Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nirui Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinming Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Manxiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277, West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Hertel M, Preissner S, Gohlke BO, Kuebler WM, Hernandez G, Akyüz M, Preissner R. Real-world evidence for beneficial effects of dipyrone in 4,278 patients with pulmonary hypertension - Analysis of the risk of ventilation, hospitalization, and agranulocytosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 943:175567. [PMID: 36754194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dipyrone has been used as an analgesic for a century, but recently was proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention and therapy of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The aim of this study was to analyze whether the risk for ventilation procedures and hospitalization was lower among patients with PH who used dipyrone compared to subjects who did not use dipyrone. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially, patients with PH were retrieved from the TriNetX database, whereby subjects who used dipyrone were assigned to cohort I, and cohort II was formed by those individuals who did not use dipyrone. Both cohorts were matched for several variables. The outcomes were requirement for ventilation procedures and hospital admission, whereby the time window to record events was 5 years after diagnosis of PH. Subsequently, risk analysis was carried out, and risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated. In addition, the risk of agranulocytosis was determined for both cohorts. RESULTS Out of 741,875 individuals diagnosed with PH 4,282 and 737,593 patients were assigned to the cohorts I and II. After matching, each cohort accounted for 4,278 individuals. Among the cohorts I and II 10 and 187 individuals required ventilation procedures. The according risks of 0.2% vs. 4.4% were significantly different (p < 0.0001; Log-Rank test). RR and OR were 0.053 and 0.051. Within the cohorts I and II 10 and 1,195 subjects required hospital admission. The risks of hospitalization of 0,4% vs. 27.9% differed significantly (p < 0.0001). RR and OR were 0.016 and 0.012. Among the cohorts I and II 47 and 66 individuals were diagnosed with agranulocytosis, whereby no significance was found (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The risk for ventilation measures and hospitalization among patients with PH was found to be significantly lower when dipyrone was used. Even though the underlying mechanisms remain unknown to date, they are supposedly mediated by an active metabolite of dipyrone. The obtained results appear to be promising for patients suffering from PH. Hence, the present study may encourage further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Hertel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Björn O Gohlke
- Science-IT, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gema Hernandez
- Biomedical Informatics Group, Artificial Intelligence Department, E.T.S.I. Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany; Science-IT, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Nie X, Wu Z, Shang J, Zhu L, Liu Y, Qi Y. Curcumol suppresses endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via inhibiting the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and alleviates pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 943:175546. [PMID: 36706802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is essential in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pathogenesis and is considered to be a therapeutic target of PAH. Curcumol is a bioactive sesquiterpenoid with pharmacological properties including restoring endothelial cells damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumol on PAH rats and investigate its possible mechanisms. PAH was induced by subcutaneous injection of 60 mg/kg monocrotaline (MCT) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Curcumol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day) were administered by intragastric administration for 3 weeks. The results demonstrated that curcumol dose-dependently alleviated MCT-induced right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary arterial wall thickness. In addition, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the pulmonary arteries of MCT-challenged rats was inhibited after curcumol treatment, as evidenced by the restored expressions of endothelial and myofibroblast markers. The possible pharmacological mechanisms of curcumol were analyzed using network pharmacology. After screening the common therapeutic targets of PAH and curcumol by searching related databases and comparison, pathway enrichment was performed and AKT/GSK3β was screened out as a possible signaling pathway which was relevant to the therapeutic mechanism of curcumol on PAH. Western blot analysis verified this in lung tissues. Moreover, combination of TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-1β-induced EndMT in primary rat pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were blocked by curcumol, and this effect was resembled by PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002. Above all, our study suggested that curcumol inhibited EndMT via inhibiting the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway, which may contribute to its alleviated effect on PAH. Curcumol may be developed as a therapeutic for PAH in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Nie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhuhua Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junyi Shang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingli Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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9
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Zeng Z, Wang X, Cui L, Wang H, Guo J, Chen Y. Natural Products for the Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension: Mechanism, Progress, and Future Opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2351-2371. [PMID: 36975522 PMCID: PMC10047369 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal disease due to the remodeling of pulmonary vessels. Its pathophysiological characteristics include increased pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to right heart failure and death. The pathological mechanism of PH is complex and includes inflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction/diastolic imbalance, genetic factors, and ion channel abnormalities. Currently, many clinical drugs for the treatment of PH mainly play their role by relaxing pulmonary arteries, and the treatment effect is limited. Recent studies have shown that various natural products have unique therapeutic advantages for PH with complex pathological mechanisms owing to their multitarget characteristics and low toxicity. This review summarizes the main natural products and their pharmacological mechanisms in PH treatment to provide a useful reference for future research and development of new anti-PH drugs and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuomei Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidan Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yucai Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (Y.C.)
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10
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Deciphering the Mechanism of Wogonin, a Natural Flavonoid, on the Proliferation of Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells by Integrating Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Validation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:555-570. [PMID: 36661523 PMCID: PMC9858126 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Wogonin is one of the main active components of Scutellaria baicalensis, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-fibrosis effects. Nevertheless, the effect of wogonin on pulmonary hypertension (PH) still lacks systematic research. This study aims to elucidate the potential mechanism of wogonin against PH through network pharmacology and further verify it through biological experiments in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The potential targets and pathways of wogonin against PH were predicted and analyzed by network pharmacology methods and molecular docking technology. Subsequently, the proliferation of PASMCs was induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). Cell viability and migration ability were examined. The method of Western blot was adopted to analyze the changes in related signaling pathways. Forty potential targets related to the effect of wogonin against PH were obtained. Based on the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, gene-ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and molecular docking, it was shown that the effect of wogonin against PH is closely related to the proliferation of PASMCs and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway. A variety of results from biological experiments verified that wogonin can effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transformation of PDGF-BB-mediated PASMCs. In addition, the anti-proliferation effect of wogonin may be achieved by regulating HIF-1/ NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) pathway.
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11
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Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives of baicalin and baicalein on pulmonary hypertension: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113191. [PMID: 35643068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and fatal disease, for which new therapeutic drugs and approaches are needed urgently. Baicalein and baicalin, the active compounds of the traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. Numerous studies involving in vitro and in vivo models of PH have revealed that the treatment with baicalin and baicalein may be effective. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of baicalin and baicalein treatment on PH, including anti-inflammatory response, inhibition of pulmonary smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, stabilization of the extracellular matrix, and mitigation of oxidative stress. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds have also been reviewed. The therapeutic potential of baicalin and baicalein warrants their continued study as natural treatments for PH.
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12
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Pharmacological Mechanism of Shen Huang Chong Ji for Treating Alzheimer's Disease Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9243348. [PMID: 35656471 PMCID: PMC9155915 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9243348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, Sheng Huang Chong Ji (SHCJ) is largely applied for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), but not much is known regarding its active compounds, molecular targets, and mechanism of action. The current study aimed to predict the potential molecular mechanism of SHCJ against AD based on network pharmacology combined with in vitro validation. Using public databases, SHCJ's active compounds, their potential targets, and AD-related genes were screened, while Cytoscape Version 3.7.2 was used to build protein-protein interaction (PPI) and compound-disease-target (C-D-T) networks. Analysis of enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms was then carried out in R 4.0.2, including associated packages. Subsequently, molecular docking analysis was performed with AutoDock Vina 1.1.2, with intro experiments involving SH-SY5Y cells used to further investigate the mechanism of SHCJ against AD. Finally, a total of 56 active compounds of SHCJ and 192 SHCJ-AD-related targets were identified. Quercetin was identified as the top potential candidate agent. HSP90AA1, AKT1, and MAPK1 represent potential therapeutic targets. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway potentially represents a core one mediating the effects of SHCJ against AD. Additionally, molecular docking analysis indicated that quercetin could combine well with AKT1 and multiple apoptosis-related target genes. During cell experiments, a significant increase in cell viability along with a decrease in Aβ 25-35-induced apoptosis was observed after treatment with SHCJ. Furthermore, SHCJ significantly increased the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt while reversing Aβ 25-35-induced apoptosis-related protein expression downregulation.
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13
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Yang DP, Dong WP, Yang YC, Zeng YY, Liu Y, Dong Z, Ma XM, Cao YQ, Bai YZ, Yang B, Wang XW. Tetramethylpyrazine Improves Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension through the ROS/iNOS/PKG-1 Axis. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1890892. [PMID: 35368928 PMCID: PMC8970814 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1890892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a potent anti-free radical and anti-inflammations substance, has been demonstrated to possess a direct vessel relaxation property. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TMP treatment in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and test the hypothesis that TMP prevents or reverses the process of PH. Methods Rats (n = 36) injected with 50 mg/kg of monocrotaline (MCT) subcutaneously 4 weeks to develop PH were then randomized to TMP (5 mg/kg per day) for another 4 weeks. Hemodynamics was evaluated via the right ventricle. Pulmonary vessels structural remodeling and inflammation were examined by histologic and transmission electron microscopy observation. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cGMP-dependent protein kinases 1 (PKG-1) was detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidation species was measured by biochemical analyses. Results MCT increased PH and right ventricle hypertrophy. TMP alleviated pulmonary arterial pressure elevation, leukocyte infiltration, and structural remodeling of pulmonary arterials induced by MCT successfully. TMP treatment significantly increased the PKG-1 expression and suppressed the iNOS expression. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), and catalase (CAT) was significantly higher than control group, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lower compared with MCT group. Conclusion TMP can suppress established MCT-induced PH through the ROS/iNOS/PKG axis. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties in pulmonary arterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Peng Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, People's Liberation Army General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Peng Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Shushan District, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yong-Chao Yang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Cardiovascular Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, People's Liberation Army General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of TCM, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Zhu Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xi-Miao Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Qiu Cao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiao-Wu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, People's Liberation Army General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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14
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Li M, Liu X. Pitavastatin maintains MAPK7 expression and alleviates angiotensin II-induced vascular endothelial cell inflammation and injury. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:132. [PMID: 35069813 PMCID: PMC8756435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to suppress vascular remodeling in rats with spontaneous hypertension. However, the possible effects of the statin pitavastatin on hypertension-induced endothelial inflammation and injury remain to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of pitavastatin on HUVEC injury and inflammation. HUVECs were exposed to angiotensin (Ang) II with or without pitavastatin co-treatment, after which MAPK7 expression was detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. MAPK7 expression was additionally silenced in HUVECs via transfection with short hairpin RNA, followed by Ang II treatment with or without pitavastatin. Cell viability, inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell apoptosis were then measured by using Cell Conting Kit-8, ELISA, commercial corresponding kits and TUNEL staining, respectively. Western blotting was also used to determine the protein expression of endothelial NO synthase and endothelin 1, and the proteins involved in apoptosis. Results of the present study demonstrated that the expression levels of MAPK7 in Ang II-induced endothelial cells were decreased, which was reversed following treatment with pitavastatin. Pitavastatin reversed the Ang II-induced reduction in cell viability and reversed the Ang II-induced increase in inflammatory factor and ROS levels and apoptosis in HUVECs by activating MAPK7. Treatment with pitavastatin also increased the production of NO in addition to increasing the expression of endothelial NO synthase and endothelin-1 in Ang II-induced HUVECs through MAPK7 activation. Collectively, results from the present study demonstrated that treatment with pitavastatin preserves MAPK7 expression to alleviate Ang II-induced vascular endothelial cell inflammation and injury. Therefore, findings of the present study may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of pitavastatin on vascular endothelial cell inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Outpatient Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Nursing, Chengdu Shuangliu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, P.R. China
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15
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Huang Y, Lin F, Tang R, Bao C, Zhou Q, Ye K, Shen Y, Liu C, Hong C, Yang K, Tang H, Wang J, Lu W, Wang T. Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Aggravates Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:452-460. [PMID: 35100519 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0414oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite derived from intestine microbial flora, enhances vascular inflammation in a variety of cardiovascular disease, and the bacterial communities associated with trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metabolism is higher in pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. The effects of TMAO on PH, however, has not been elucidated. In the present study, we found that circulating TMAO was elevated in intermediate to high-risk PH patients when compared to healthy control or low-risk PH patients. In monocrotaline-induced rat PH models, circulating TMAO was elevated; and reduction of TMAO using 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) significantly decreased right ventricle systolic pressure, pulmonary vascular muscularization in both monocrotaline-induced rat PH and hypoxia induced mice PH models. RNA sequencing of rat lungs revealed that DMB treatment significant suppressed the pathways involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cytokine and chemokine signaling. Protein-protein interaction analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts regulated by DMB showed 5 hub genes with a strong connectivity of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including Kng1, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, CxcL6 and Il6. In vitro, TMAO significantly increased the expression of Kng1, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, CxcL6 and Il6 in bone marrow derived macrophage. And TMAO-treated conditioned medium from macrophage increased the proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells; but TMAO treatment did not change the proliferation or migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that TMAO is increased in severe PH, and the reduction of TMAO decreases pulmonary vascular muscularization and alleviates PH via suppressing the macrophage production of chemokines and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 555049, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 555049, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruidi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 555049, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changlei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 555049, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxun Zhou
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiwen Ye
- Guangzhou Medical University, 26468, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 555049, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, 518877, Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Hong
- Guangzhou Medical University The First Associated Hospital, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- The University of Arizona, 8041, Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Wenju Lu
- Guangzhou Medical University The First Associated Hospital, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, 518877, Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China;
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16
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She J, Gu T, Pang X, Liu Y, Tang L, Zhou X. Natural Products Targeting Liver X Receptors or Farnesoid X Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:772435. [PMID: 35069197 PMCID: PMC8766425 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.772435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors induced by ligands and also function as integrators of hormonal and nutritional signals. Among NRs, the liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) have been of significance as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In recent years, natural products targeting LXRs and FXR have received remarkable interests as a valuable source of novel ligands encompassing diverse chemical structures and bioactive properties. This review aims to survey natural products, originating from terrestrial plants and microorganisms, marine organisms, and marine-derived microorganisms, which could influence LXRs and FXR. In the recent two decades (2000-2020), 261 natural products were discovered from natural resources such as LXRs/FXR modulators, 109 agonists and 38 antagonists targeting LXRs, and 72 agonists and 55 antagonists targeting FXR. The docking evaluation of desired natural products targeted LXRs/FXR is finally discussed. This comprehensive overview will provide a reference for future study of novel LXRs and FXR agonists and antagonists to target human diseases, and attract an increasing number of professional scholars majoring in pharmacy and biology with more in-depth discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglian She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tanwei Gu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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17
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Yu Z, Xiao J, Chen X, Ruan Y, Chen Y, Zheng X, Wang Q. Bioactivities and mechanisms of natural medicines in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chin Med 2022; 17:13. [PMID: 35033157 PMCID: PMC8760698 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and rare disease without obvious clinical symptoms that shares characteristics with pulmonary vascular remodeling. Right heart failure in the terminal phase of PAH seriously threatens the lives of patients. This review attempts to comprehensively outline the current state of knowledge on PAH its pathology, pathogenesis, natural medicines therapy, mechanisms and clinical studies to provide potential treatment strategies. Although PAH and pulmonary hypertension have similar pathological features, PAH exhibits significantly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance caused by vascular stenosis and occlusion. Currently, the pathogenesis of PAH is thought to involve multiple factors, primarily including genetic/epigenetic factors, vascular cellular dysregulation, metabolic dysfunction, even inflammation and immunization. Yet many issues regarding PAH need to be clarified, such as the "oestrogen paradox". About 25 kinds monomers derived from natural medicine have been verified to protect against to PAH via modulating BMPR2/Smad, HIF-1α, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and eNOS/NO/cGMP signalling pathways. Yet limited and single PAH animal models may not corroborate the efficacy of natural medicines, and those natural compounds how to regulate crucial genes, proteins and even microRNA and lncRNA still need to put great attention. Additionally, pharmacokinetic studies and safety evaluation of natural medicines for the treatment of PAH should be undertaken in future studies. Meanwhile, methods for validating the efficacy of natural drugs in multiple PAH animal models and precise clinical design are also urgently needed to promote advances in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Yu
- Pharmacy Department, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Pharmacy Department, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yi Ruan
- Pharmacy Department, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Pharmacy Department, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- Pharmacy Department, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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18
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Xue Z, Li Y, Zhou M, Liu Z, Fan G, Wang X, Zhu Y, Yang J. Traditional Herbal Medicine Discovery for the Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720873. [PMID: 34899290 PMCID: PMC8660120 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling that may subsequently culminate in right heart failure and premature death. Although there are currently both non-pharmacological (lung transplantation, etc.) and pharmacological (Sildenafil, Bosentan, and new oral drugs on trial) therapies available, PAH remains a serious and fatal pulmonary disease. As a unique medical treatment, traditional herbal medicine (THM) treatment has gradually exerted its advantages in treating PAH worldwide through a multi-level and multi-target approach. Additionally, the potential mechanisms of THM were deciphered, including suppression of proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, controlling the processes of inflammation and oxidative stress, and regulating vasoconstriction and ion channels. In this review, the effects and mechanisms of the frequently studied compound THM, single herbal preparations, and multiple active components from THM are comprehensively summarized, as well as their related mechanisms on several classical preclinical PAH models. It is worth mentioning that sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium and tetramethylpyrazine are under clinical trials and are considered the most promoting medicines for PAH treatment. Last, reverse pharmacology, a strategy to discover THM or THM-derived components, has also been proposed here for PAH. This review discusses the current state of THM, their working mechanisms against PAH, and prospects of reverse pharmacology, which are expected to facilitate the natural anti-PAH medicine discovery and development and its bench-to-bedside transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
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19
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Wang F, Sun C, Lv X, Sun M, Si C, Zhen Y, Guo J, Sun W, Ye Z, Wen J, Liu P. Identification of a Novel Gene Correlated With Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Proliferation and Migration in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744219. [PMID: 34858201 PMCID: PMC8632225 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by thrombofibrotic obstruction of the proximal pulmonary arteries, which result in vascular remodeling of the distal pulmonary artery. While the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CTEPH pathogenesis remain incompletely understood, recent evidence implicates vascular remodeling. Here, we identify the molecular mechanisms that contribute to vascular remodeling in CTEPH. Methods: Microarray data (GSE130391) for patients with CTEPH and healthy controls were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs were functionally annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub genes. Finally, pulmonary artery samples were harvested from patients with CTEPH (n = 10) and from controls (n = 10) and primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultured. Effects of the proto-oncogene FOS on VSMC proliferation and migration were assessed using expression and knockdown studies. Results: We detected a total of 292 DEGs, including 151 upregulated and 141 downregulated genes. GO analysis revealed enrichment of DEGs in biological processes of signal transduction, response to lipopolysaccharide, signal transduction, and myeloid dendritic cell differentiation. Molecular function analysis revealed enrichment in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-activated receptor activity, transcriptional activator activity, and protein homodimerization activity. The expression of TNF-α and its receptor (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) were significantly higher in CTEPH group, compared with control group. KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment in salmonella infection, pathways in cancer, osteoclast differentiation, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Hub genes in the PPI included FOS, suggesting an important role for this gene in vascular remodeling in CTEPH. Primary VSMCs derived from patients with CTEPH showed increased FOS expression and high proliferation and migration, which was attenuated by FOS inhibition. In control VSMCs, TNF-α treatment increased proliferation and migration, which FOS inhibition likewise attenuated. Conclusion: TNF-α drives CTEPH pathogenesis by promoting VSMC proliferation and migration via increased FOS expression. These results advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling in CTEPH, and may inform the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congrui Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chaozeng Si
- Department of Operations and Information Management, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiliang Sun
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyan Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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20
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Natural ingredients from Chinese materia medica for pulmonary hypertension. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:801-814. [PMID: 34844719 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe pathophysiological condition characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling and continuous increases in pulmonary artery pressure, which may eventually develop to right heart failure and death. Although newly discovered and incredible treatment strategies in recent years have improved the prognosis of PH, limited types of effective and economical drugs for PH still makes it as a life-threatening disease. Some drugs from Chinese materia medica (CMM) have been traditionally applied in the treatment of lung diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) derived from those medicines brings promising future for the prevention and treatment of PH. In this review, we summarized the pharmacological effects of APIs derived from CMM which are potent in treating PH, so as to provide new thoughts for initial drug discovery and identification of potential therapeutic strategies in alternative medicine for PH.
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21
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Xue X, Wu J, Ding M, Gao F, Zhou F, Xu B, Lu M, Li J, Li X. Si-Wu-Tang ameliorates fibrotic liver injury via modulating intestinal microbiota and bile acid homeostasis. Chin Med 2021; 16:112. [PMID: 34736501 PMCID: PMC8570021 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrotic liver injury is a progressive scarring event, which may permanently affect liver function and progress into devastating end-stage liver diseases due to the absence of effective therapies. Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a traditional Chinese medicine formula used in clinic to treat gynecological disorders for centuries, has been investigated in recent preliminary findings for its role in alleviating chronic liver diseases. Here we aim to elucidate the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of SWT against fibrotic liver injury. Methods UHPLC-MS/MS was performed to investigate the chemical characterization of SWT. After intragastrically administered with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) every 3 days for 1-week, C57BL/6 mice were orally administered with SWT (5.2, 10.4 and 20.8 g/kg) once daily for 3 weeks along with CCl4 challenge. Liver function was determined by the measurement of serum biomarkers, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining. Intestinal inflammatory infiltration and the disruption of intestinal barrier were examined by H&E and E-cadherin immunohistochemical staining. The microbial composition of intestinal content was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. Serum bile acids (BAs) profiling was analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Simultaneously, the expression of genes of interest was determined by qPCR and western blot. Results SWT exhibited remarkable therapeutic effects on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, as indicated by improved collagen accumulation in livers, intestinal barrier injury and hepatic and intestinal inflammatory response. Results of 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that SWT treatment strikingly restructured intestinal microbiota in fibrotic mice by increasing the relative abundances of Bacteroides and Lachnoclostridium and decreasing the relative abundances of Alistipes and Rikenellaceae. UHPLC-MS/MS data suggested that SWT altered the composition of BAs in circulation as evidenced by increased unconjugated BAs like cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid but decreased conjugated BAs including taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid, compared to that in CCl4 mice. Notably, SWT efficiently improved the imbalance of BA homeostasis in livers caused by CCl4 via activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 15 enterohepatic and FXR-small heterodimer partner hepatic pathways. Conclusion SWT decreased inflammatory response, reconstructed gut microbiota-mediated BA homeostasis as well as activated FXR pathways, which eventually protected against CCl4-induced fibrotic liver injury. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00524-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianzhi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mingning Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mingjun Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Gynecology Department, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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22
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Li H, Yang M. Ligustrazine activate the PPAR-γ pathway and play a protective role in vascular calcification. Vascular 2021; 30:1224-1231. [PMID: 34670463 DOI: 10.1177/17085381211051477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the role of ligustrazine in vascular calcification. METHODS After β-GP stimulation, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were detected by Alizarin Red Staing staining. Calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were detected by intracellular calcium assay kit and ALP assay kit, respectively. The expression of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) pathway-related proteins was detected by Western blot. PPAR-γ, MSX2, osteopontin (OPN), sclerostin, and BGP were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS β-GP induced the decreased activity and expression of PPAR-γ and ALP in VSMCs, while ligustrazine activated the expression of PPAR-γ. Through activation of PPAR-γ, ligustrazine decreased β-GP-induced VSMC calcification, decreased the expression of markers of osteogenesis and chondrogenic differentiation, and increased the expression of VSMC markers. CONCLUSION Ligustrazine activates the PPAR-γ pathway and plays a protective role in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Chinese Medical Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliate Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Ion channels as convergence points in the pathology of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1855-1865. [PMID: 34346486 PMCID: PMC8421048 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease of the cardiopulmonary system that lacks curative treatments. The main pathological event in PAH is elevated vascular resistance in the pulmonary circulation, caused by abnormal vasoconstriction and vascular remodelling. Ion channels are key determinants of vascular smooth muscle tone and homeostasis, and four PAH channelopathies (KCNK3, ABCC8, KCNA5, TRPC6) have been identified so far. However, the contribution of ion channels in other forms of PAH, which account for the majority of PAH patients, has been less well characterised. Here we reason that a variety of triggers of PAH (e.g. BMPR2 mutations, hypoxia, anorectic drugs) that impact channel function may contribute to the onset of the disease. We review the molecular mechanisms by which these ‘extrinsic’ factors converge on ion channels and provoke their dysregulation to promote the development of PAH. Ion channels of the pulmonary vasculature are therefore promising therapeutic targets because of the modulation they provide to both vasomotor tone and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells.
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24
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Wang J, Li H, Xia T, Feng J, Zhou R. Pulmonary arterial hypertension and flavonoids: A role in treatment. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:115-124. [PMID: 34169916 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_25_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a high mortality progressive pulmonary vascular disease that can lead to right heart failure. The use of clinical drugs for the treatment of PAH is limited to a great extent because of its single target and high price. Flavonoids are widely distributed in nature, and have been found in fruits, vegetables, and traditional Chinese medicine. They have diverse biological activities and various pharmacological effects such as antitumor, antioxidation, and anti-inflammatory. This review summarizes the progress in pharmacodynamics and mechanism of flavonoids in the treatment of PAH in recent years, in order to provide some theoretical references for relevant researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hailong Li
- The Third People's Hospital of Ningxia, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education; Ningxia Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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25
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Wu P, Xie X, Chen M, Sun J, Cai L, Wei J, Yang L, Huang X, Wang L. Elucidation of the Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Qishen Yiqi Formula for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension using a Bioinformatics/Network Topology-based Strategy. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:701-715. [PMID: 33076804 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666201019145354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Qishen Yiqi formula (QSYQ) is used to treat cardiovascular disease in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. However, few studies have explored whether QSYQ affects pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and the mechanisms of action and molecular targets of QSYQ for the treatment of PAH are unclear. A bioinformatics/network topology-based strategy was used to identify the bioactive ingredients, putative targets, and molecular mechanisms of QSYQ in PAH. METHODS A network pharmacology-based strategy was employed by integrating active component gathering, target prediction, PAH gene collection, network topology, and gene enrichment analysis to systematically explore the multicomponent synergistic mechanisms. RESULTS In total, 107 bioactive ingredients of QSYQ and 228 ingredient targets were identified. Moreover, 234 PAH-related differentially expressed genes with a |fold change| >2 and an adjusted P value < 0.005 were identified between the PAH patient and control groups, and 266 therapeutic targets were identified. The pathway enrichment analysis indicated that 85 pathways, including the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and HIF-1 signaling pathways, were significantly enriched. TP53 was the core target gene, and 7 other top genes (MAPK1, RELA, NFKB1, CDKN1A, AKT1, MYC, and MDM2) were the key genes in the gene-pathway network based on the effects of QSYQ on PAH. CONCLUSION An integrative investigation based on network pharmacology may elucidate the multicomponent synergistic mechanisms of QSYQ in PAH and lay a foundation for further animal experiments, human clinical trials and rational clinical applications of QSYQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaona Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Mayun Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Junwei Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Luqiong Cai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jinqiu Wei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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26
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Huang H, Kong L, Luan S, Qi C, Wu F. Ligustrazine Suppresses Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB-Induced Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Inflammation by Regulating the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:437-459. [PMID: 33622214 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious pulmonary vascular disease. Excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) plays an important role in the course of this disease. Ligustrazine is an alkaloid monomer extracted from the rhizome of the herb Ligusticum chuanxiong. It is often used to treat cardiovascular diseases, but its effect on PAH has rarely been reported. This study aims to explore the protective effect and mechanism of ligustrazine on PAH. In the in vivo experiment, monocrotaline (MCT) was used to induce PAH in rats, and then ligustrazine (40, 80, 160 mg/kg/day) or sildenafil (25 mg/kg/day) was administered. Four weeks later, hemodynamic changes, right ventricular hypertrophy index, lung morphological characteristics, inflammatory factors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and AKT expression were evaluated. In addition, primary rat PASMCs were extracted by the tissue adhesion method, a proliferation model was established with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and the cells were treated with ligustrazine to investigate its effects on cell proliferation, inflammation, and cell cycle distribution. The results indicate that ligustrazine can markedly alleviate right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and inflammation caused by MCT, and that it decreased PI3K and AKT phosphorylation expression. Moreover, ligustrazine can inhibit the proliferation and inflammation of PASMCs and arrest the progression of G0/G1 to S phase through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, we conclude that ligustrazine may inhibit the proliferation and inflammation of PASMCs by regulating the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby attenuating MCT-induced PAH in rats. Collectively, these findings suggest that ligustrazine may be a promising therapeutic for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Huang
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, P. R. China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Lingjin Kong
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, P. R. China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Luan
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, P. R. China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Chuanzong Qi
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, P. R. China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Fanrong Wu
- Institute for Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, P. R. China.,Institute for the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
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27
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Cui DY, Wei YN, Lin LC, Chen SJ, Feng PP, Xiao DG, Lin X, Zhang CY. Increasing Yield of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine in Baijiu Through Saccharomyces cerevisiae Metabolic Engineering. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596306. [PMID: 33324376 PMCID: PMC7726194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Baijiu is a traditional distilled beverage in China with a rich variety of aroma substances. 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) is an important component in Baijiu and has the function of promoting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health. During the brewing of Baijiu, the microorganisms in jiuqu produce acetoin and then synthesize TTMP, but the yield of TTMP is very low. In this work, 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH) coding gene BDH1 and another BDH2 gene were deleted or overexpressed to evaluate the effect on the content of acetoin and TTMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that the acetoin synthesis of strain α5-D1B2 was significantly enhanced by disrupting BDH1 and overexpressing BDH2, leading to a 2.6-fold increase of TTMP production up to 10.55 mg/L. To further improve the production level of TTMP, the α-acetolactate synthase (ALS) of the pyruvate decomposition pathway was overexpressed to enhance the synthesis of diacetyl. However, replacing the promoter of the ILV2 gene with a strong promoter (PGK1p) to increase the expression level of the ILV2 gene did not result in further increased diacetyl, acetoin and TTMP production. Based on these evidences, we constructed the diploid strains AY-SB1 (ΔBDH1:loxP/ΔBDH1:loxP) and AY-SD1B2 (ΔBDH1:loxP-PGK1p-BDH2-PGK1t/ΔBDH1:loxP-PGK1p-BDH2-PGK1t) to ensure the fermentation performance of the strain is more stable in Baijiu brewing. The concentration of TTMP in AY-SB1 and AY-SD1B2 was 7.58 and 9.47 mg/L, respectively, which represented a 2.3- and 2.87-fold increase compared to the parental strain. This work provides an example for increasing TTMP production in S. cerevisiae by genetic engineering, and highlight a novel method to improve the quality and beneficial health attributes of Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang-Cai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng-Peng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong-Guang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cui-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Wuliangye-flavor Liquor Solid-state Fermentation, China National Light Industry, Yibin, China
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28
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Chen Y, Lu W, Yang K, Duan X, Li M, Chen X, Zhang J, Kuang M, Liu S, Wu X, Zou G, Liu C, Hong C, He W, Liao J, Hou C, Zhang Z, Zheng Q, Chen J, Zhang N, Tang H, Vanderpool RR, Desai AA, Rischard F, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Makino A, Yuan JXJ, Zhong N, Wang J. Tetramethylpyrazine: A promising drug for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2743-2764. [PMID: 31976548 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) was originally isolated from the traditional Chinese herb ligusticum and the fermented Japanese food natto and has since been synthesized. TMP has a long history of beneficial effects in the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. Here we have evaluated the therapeutic effects of TMP on pulmonary hypertension (PH) in animal models and in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three well-defined models of PH -chronic hypoxia (10% O2 )-induced PH (HPH), monocrotaline-induced PH (MCT-PH) and Sugen 5416/hypoxia-induced PH (SuHx-PH) - were used in Sprague-Dawley rats, and assessed by echocardiography, along with haemodynamic and histological techniques. Primary cultures of rat distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were used to study intracellular calcium levels. Western blots and RT-qPCR assays were also used. In the clinical cohort, patients with PAH or CTEPH were recruited. The effects of TMP were evaluated in all systems. KEY RESULTS TMP (100 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) prevented rats from developing experimental PH and ameliorated three models of established PH: HPH, MCT-PH and SuHx-PH. The therapeutic effects of TMP were accompanied by inhibition of intracellular calcium homeostasis in PASMCs. In a small cohort of patients with PAH or CTEPH, oral administration of TMP (100 mg, t.i.d. for 16 weeks) increased the 6-min walk distance and improved the 1-min heart rate recovery. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that TMP is a novel and inexpensive medication for treatment of PH. Clinical trial is registered with www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR-IPR-14005379).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenju Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meidan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofa Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Hou
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nuofu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rebecca R Vanderpool
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Franz Rischard
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, China.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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