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Zhu J, Meganathan I, MacAruthur R, Kassiri Z. Inflammation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: cause or co-morbidity? Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00926-7. [PMID: 39181326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.08.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm is a potentially deadly disease. It is chronic degeneration of the aortic wall that involves an inflammatory response and the immune system, aberrant remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and maladaptive transformation of the aortic cells. This review article focuses on the role of the inflammatory cells in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Studies in human aneurysmal specimens and animal models have identified various inflammatory cell types that could contribute to aneurysm formation and or expansion. These include the commonly studied leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) as well as the less commonly explored natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T- and B-cells. Despite the well-demonstrated contribution of inflammatory cells and the related signaling pathways to aneurysm development and expansion, anti-inflammatory therapy approaches have demonstrated limitations and may require additional considerations, such as a combinational approach in targeting multiple pathways for significant beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechun Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ilamaran Meganathan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roderick MacAruthur
- Department of Cardiac surgery, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Domagała D, Data K, Szyller H, Farzaneh M, Mozdziak P, Woźniak S, Zabel M, Dzięgiel P, Kempisty B. Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Aspects of Aortic Aneurysm-Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Cells 2024; 13:274. [PMID: 38334666 PMCID: PMC10854611 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A disturbance of the structure of the aortic wall results in the formation of aortic aneurysm, which is characterized by a significant bulge on the vessel surface that may have consequences, such as distention and finally rupture. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major pathological condition because it affects approximately 8% of elderly men and 1.5% of elderly women. The pathogenesis of AAA involves multiple interlocking mechanisms, including inflammation, immune cell activation, protein degradation and cellular malalignments. The expression of inflammatory factors, such as cytokines and chemokines, induce the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the wall of the aorta, including macrophages, natural killer cells (NK cells) and T and B lymphocytes. Protein degradation occurs with a high expression not only of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) but also of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and chymases. The loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) due to cell apoptosis and phenotype switching reduces tissue density and may contribute to AAA. It is important to consider the key mechanisms of initiating and promoting AAA to achieve better preventative and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Domagała
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.D.); (K.D.); (H.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Data
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.D.); (K.D.); (H.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Hubert Szyller
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.D.); (K.D.); (H.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27613, USA
| | - Sławomir Woźniak
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.D.); (K.D.); (H.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (P.D.)
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (P.D.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.D.); (K.D.); (H.S.); (S.W.)
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27613, USA
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Tan K, Jäger C, Geissler S, Schlenzig D, Buchholz M, Ramsbeck D. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrazole-based inhibitors of meprin α and β. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2165648. [PMID: 36661029 PMCID: PMC9870012 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2165648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting metalloproteinases has been in the focus of drug design for a long time. However, meprin α and β emerged as potential drug targets just recently and are linked to several diseases with different pathological background. Nevertheless, the validation of meprins as suitable drug targets still requires highly potent and selective inhibitors as chemical probes to elucidate their role in pathophysiology. Albeit highly selective inhibitors of meprin β have already been reported, only inhibitors of meprin α with modest activity or selectivity are known. Starting from recently reported heteroaromatic scaffolds, the aim of this study was the optimisation of meprin α and/or meprin β inhibition while keeping the favourable off-target inhibition profile over other metalloproteases. We report potent pan-meprin inhibitors as well as highly active inhibitors of meprin α with superior selectivity over meprin β. The latter are suitable to serve as chemical probes and enable further target validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Tan
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Biocenter, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Geissler
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Biocenter, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Schlenzig
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Biocenter, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Biocenter, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Ramsbeck
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Biocenter, Halle (Saale), Germany,CONTACT Daniel Ramsbeck Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
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Li S, Li J, Cheng W, He W, Dai SS. Independent and Interactive Roles of Immunity and Metabolism in Aortic Dissection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15908. [PMID: 37958896 PMCID: PMC10647240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a cardiovascular disease that seriously endangers the lives of patients. The mortality rate of this disease is high, and the incidence is increasing annually, but the pathogenesis of AD is complicated. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that immune cell infiltration in the media and adventitia of the aorta is a novel hallmark of AD. These cells contribute to changes in the immune microenvironment, which can affect their own metabolism and that of parenchymal cells in the aortic wall, which are essential factors that induce degeneration and remodeling of the vascular wall and play important roles in the formation and development of AD. Accordingly, this review focuses on the independent and interactive roles of immunity and metabolism in AD to provide further insights into the pathogenesis, novel ideas for diagnosis and new strategies for treatment or early prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Dai
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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Xu X, Wang J, Guo X, Chen Y, Ding S, Zou G, Zhu L, Li T, Zhang X. GPR30-mediated non-classic estrogen pathway in mast cells participates in endometriosis pain via the production of FGF2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106771. [PMID: 36845134 PMCID: PMC9945179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is one of the main clinical symptoms of endometriosis, but its underlying mechanism is still not clear. Recent studies have shown that the secretory mediators of mast cells activated by estrogen are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-related pain, but how estrogen-induced mast cell mediators are involved in endometriosis-related pain remains unclear. Here, mast cells were found to be increased in the ovarian endometriotic lesions of patients. They were also closely located closely to the nerve fibers in the ovarian endometriotic lesions from of patients with pain symptoms. Moreover, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-positive mast cells were upregulated in endometriotic lesions. The concentration of FGF2 in ascites and the protein level of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) were higher in patients with endometriosis than in those without endometriosis, and they were correlated with pain symptoms. In vitro, estrogen could promote the secretion of FGF2 through G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 (GPR30) via the MEK/ERK pathway in rodent mast cells. Estrogen-stimulated mast cells enhanced the concentration of FGF2 in endometriotic lesions and aggravated endometriosis-related pain in vivo. Targeted inhibition of the FGF2 receptor significantly restrained the neurite outgrowth and calcium influx in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Administration of FGFR1 inhibitor remarkably elevated the mechanical pain threshold (MPT) and prolonged the heat source latency (HSL) in a rat model of endometriosis. These results suggested that the up-regulated production of FGF2 by mast cells through non-classic estrogen receptor GPR30 plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianzhang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichen Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Gyneclogy, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaojie Ding
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gen Zou
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Libo Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Xinmei Zhang,
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Márquez-Sánchez AC, Koltsova EK. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989933. [PMID: 36275758 PMCID: PMC9583679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease. Immune-mediated infiltration and a destruction of the aortic wall during AAA development plays significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease. While various immune cells had been found in AAA, the mechanisms of their activation and function are still far from being understood. A better understanding of mechanisms regulating the development of aberrant immune cell activation in AAA is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the role of immune cells in AAA and discuss how pathogenic immune cell activation is regulated in this disease.
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Guo C, Liu Z, Yu Y, Zhou Z, Ma K, Zhang L, Dang Q, Liu L, Wang L, Zhang S, Hua Z, Han X, Li Z. EGR1 and KLF4 as Diagnostic Markers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Associated With Immune Infiltration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:781207. [PMID: 35224035 PMCID: PMC8863960 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.781207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Formation and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is fatal, and the pathological processes and molecular mechanisms underlying its formation and development are unclear. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has attracted extensive attention as a newly defined secretory organ, and we aim to explore the potential association between PVAT and AAA. Methods We analyzed gene expression and clinical data of 30 PVAT around AAA and 30 PVAT around normal abdominal aorta (NAA). The diagnostic markers and immune cell infiltration of PVAT were further investigated by WGCNA, CIBERSORT, PPI, and multiple machine learning algorisms (including LASSO, RF, and SVM). Subsequently, eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice (n = 10) were used to construct AAA models, and aorta samples were collected for molecular validation. Meanwhile, fifty-five peripheral venous blood samples from patients (AAA vs. normal: 40:15) in our hospital were used as an inhouse cohort to validate the diagnostic markers by qRT-PCR. The diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC (AUC), and concordance index (C-index). Results A total of 75 genes in the Grey60 module were identified by WGCNA. To select the genes most associated with PVAT in the grey60 module, three algorithms (including LASSO, RF, and SVM) and PPI were applied. EGR1 and KLF4 were identified as diagnostic markers of PVAT, with high accurate AUCs of 0.916, 0.926, and 0.948 (combined two markers). Additionally, the two biomarkers also displayed accurate diagnostic efficacy in the mice and inhouse cohorts, with AUCs and C-indexes all >0.8. Compared with the NAA group, PVAT around AAA was more abundant in multiple immune cell infiltration. Ultimately, the immune-related analysis revealed that EGR1 and KLF4 were associated with mast cells, T cells, and plasma cells. Conclusion EGR1 and KLF4 were diagnostic markers of PVAT around AAA and associated with multiple immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Guo
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Hua
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Gao R, Liu D, Guo W, Ge W, Fan T, Li B, Gao P, Liu B, Zheng Y, Wang J. Meprin-α (Mep1A) enhances TNF-α secretion by mast cells and aggravates abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2872-2885. [PMID: 32072633 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abdominal aorticaneurysm (AAA) rupture is mainly due to elastic lamina degradation. As a metalloendopeptidase, meprin-α (Mep1A) critically modulates the activity of proteins and inflammatory cytokines in various diseases. Here, we sought to investigate the functional role of Mep1A in AAA formation and rupture. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AAA tissues were detected by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR), western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemistry. Further mechanistic studies used RT-PCR, WB, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. KEY RESULTS Mep1A mediated AAA formation by regulating the mast cell (MC) secretion of TNF-α, which promoted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and apoptosis in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Importantly, increased Mep1A expression was found in human AAA tissues and in angiotensin II-induced mouse AAA tissues. Mep1A deficiency reduced AAA formation and increased the survival rate of AAA mice. Pathological analysis showed that Mep1A deletion decreased elastic lamina degradation and SMC apoptosis in AAA tissues. Furthermore, Mep1A was expressed mainly in MCs, wherein it mediated TNF-α expression. Mep1A inhibitor actinonin significantly inhibited TNF-α secretion in MCs. TNF-α secreted by MCs enhanced MMP2 expression in SMCs and promoted SMC apoptosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these data suggest that Mep1A may be vital in AAA pathophysiology by regulating TNF-α production by MCs. Knocking out Mep1A significantly decreased AAA diameter and improved AAA stability in mice. Therefore, Mep1A is a potential new therapeutic target in the development of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Liu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weipeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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