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Viveiros E, Francisco BS, Dutra FB, de Souza LA, Inocente MC, Bastos ACV, da Costa GFL, Barbosa MC, Martins RP, Passaretti RA, Fernandes MJP, de Oliveira JST, Shiguehara APP, Manzoli EC, Teração BS, Piotrowski I, Piña-Rodrigues FCM, da Silva JMS. How the Adequate Choice of Plant Species Favors the Restoration Process in Areas Susceptible to Extreme Frost Events. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1369. [PMID: 37997968 PMCID: PMC10669021 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the impacts caused by extreme frost events in an ecological restoration area. We grouped the species in three ways: (1) type of trichome coverage; (2) shape of the seedling crown; and (3) functional groups according to the degree of damage caused by frost. The variables of the restored area and species characteristics were selected to be subjected to linear generalization analysis models (GLMs). A total of 104 individuals from seven species were sampled. The most affected species were Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (98% of leaves affected), followed by Cecropia pachystachia Trécul and Hymenea courbaril L. (both 97%), Inga vera Willd. (84%), and Senegalia polyphylla (DC.) Britton & Rose with 75%. Tapirira guianensis Aubl. was considered an intermediate species, with 62% of the crown affected. Only Solanum granulosoleprosum Dunal was classified as slightly affected, with only 1.5% of leaves affected. With the GLM analysis, it was verified that the interaction between the variables of leaf thickness (Χ² = 37.1, df = 1, p < 0.001), trichome coverage (Χ² = 650.5, df = 2, p < 0.001), and leaf structure culture (Χ² = 54.0, df = 2, p < 0.001) resulted in a model with high predictive power (AIC = 927,244, BIC = 940,735, Χ² = 6947, R² = 0.74, p < 0.001). Frost-affected crown cover was best explained by the interaction between the three functional attributes (74%). We found that there is a tendency for thicker leaves completely covered in trichomes to be less affected by the impact of frost and that the coverage of the affected crown was greatly influenced by the coverage of trichomes. Seedlings with leaves completely covered in trichomes, thicker leaves, and a funneled or more open crown structure are those that are most likely to resist frost events. The success of ecological restoration in areas susceptible to extreme events such as frost can be predicted based on the functional attributes of the chosen species. This can contribute to a better selection of species to be used to restore degraded areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Viveiros
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
- AES Brasil, Bauru 17064-868, Brazil; (R.P.M.); (R.A.P.); (M.J.P.F.)
| | - Bruno Santos Francisco
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Felipe Bueno Dutra
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Lindomar Alves de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Mariane Cristina Inocente
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Aline Cipriano Valentim Bastos
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Glória Fabiani Leão da Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Maycon Cristiano Barbosa
- Undergraduate Program in Forest Engineering, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil;
| | | | | | | | - Julia Siqueira Tagliaferro de Oliveira
- Undergraduate Program in Biologycal Sciences, Department of Biologycal Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula Ponce Shiguehara
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Enzo Coletti Manzoli
- Postgraduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (E.V.); (F.B.D.); (L.A.d.S.); (M.C.I.); (A.P.P.S.); (E.C.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.)
| | - Bruna Santos Teração
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (B.S.T.); (I.P.)
| | - Ivonir Piotrowski
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (B.S.T.); (I.P.)
| | - Fátima Conceição Márquez Piña-Rodrigues
- AES Brasil, Bauru 17064-868, Brazil; (R.P.M.); (R.A.P.); (M.J.P.F.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (B.S.T.); (I.P.)
| | - José Mauro Santana da Silva
- AES Brasil, Bauru 17064-868, Brazil; (R.P.M.); (R.A.P.); (M.J.P.F.)
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil; (B.S.T.); (I.P.)
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Amada G, Yoshiko K, Kitayama K, Onoda Y. Roles of lower-side leaf trichomes in diffusion resistance and gas-exchange characteristics across environmental gradients in Metrosideros polymorpha. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1400-1415. [PMID: 37098162 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf trichomes on the lower leaf surface are common in many plant species, especially those grown under dry and/or low-temperature conditions; however, their adaptive significance remains unclear. Lower-side leaf trichomes can directly decrease gas fluxes through increased gas-diffusion resistance but can indirectly increase gas fluxes through increased leaf temperature owing to increased heat-diffusion resistance. We examined whether the combined direct and indirect effects of trichome resistance increase photosynthetic rates and water-use efficiency (WUE) using Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud., which varies widely in the masses of lower-side non-glandular leaf trichomes across various environments on the Hawaiian Islands. We employed both field surveys, including ecophysiological measurements at five elevation sites, and simulation analyses to predict the gas-exchange rates of leaves with various trichome-layer thicknesses across a wide range of environmental conditions. Field surveys showed that the trichome-layer thickness was the largest at the coldest and driest site and the thinnest at the wettest site. Field surveys, experimental manipulations and simulation analyses demonstrated that leaf trichomes significantly increased leaf temperature owing to the increased heat resistance. Simulation analyses showed that the effect of leaf trichomes on heat resistance was much larger than that on gas-flux resistance. Leaf trichomes can increase daily photosynthesis only in cold dry areas by increasing the leaf temperature. However, the increased leaf temperature with leaf trichomes resulted in a consistent decrease in the daily WUE at all elevation sites. The magnitudes of trichome effects on gas-exchange rates were associated with the temperature difference across the elevational gradient, the strong light intensity in Hawaii, the leaf-size variation and the conservative stomatal behavior of M. polymorpha as well as the trichome-layer thickness. In summary, the lower-side leaf trichomes in M. polymorpha can be beneficial for carbon assimilation in low-temperature environments but not for water conservation in most environments in terms of diffusion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan
| | - Kosugi Yoshiko
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Ohlendorf R, Tan NYH, Nakayama N. Engineering Themes in Plant Forms and Functions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:777-801. [PMID: 37216204 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-061422-094751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Living structures constantly interact with the biotic and abiotic environment by sensing and responding via specialized functional parts. In other words, biological bodies embody highly functional machines and actuators. What are the signatures of engineering mechanisms in biology? In this review, we connect the dots in the literature to seek engineering principles in plant structures. We identify three thematic motifs-bilayer actuator, slender-bodied functional surface, and self-similarity-and provide an overview of their structure-function relationships. Unlike human-engineered machines and actuators, biological counterparts may appear suboptimal in design, loosely complying with physical theories or engineering principles. We postulate what factors may influence the evolution of functional morphology and anatomy to dissect and comprehend better the why behind the biological forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Ohlendorf
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | | | - Naomi Nakayama
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
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Faralli M, Cristofolini F, Cristofori A, Ferretti M, Gottardini E. Leaf trait plasticity and site-specific environmental variability modulate the severity of visible foliar ozone symptoms in Viburnum lantana. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270520. [PMID: 35881634 PMCID: PMC9321413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of Visible Foliar Symptoms (VFS) is commonly adopted by forest monitoring programs to evaluate ozone impact on vegetation. The occurrence of ozone VFS may differ among individuals of the same species at the same site, and within leaves of the same individual. The aim of this study was to identify site and plant characteristics as well as functional leaf traits associated with the occurrence and severity of VFS in Viburnum lantana (an ozone-sensitive species) and at the scale of an individual site. V. lantana plants growing at one site of the ViburNeT monitoring network (Trentino, North Italy) experiencing high ozone levels were surveyed in relation to 1) sun exposure, 2) shading effect from neighbor vegetation, 3) plant height and 4) presence and severity of VFS. Leaves from three different sections of each plant were subjected to a phenotypic characterization of leaf area, dry weight, specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content (ChlSPAD), percentage of VFS, and adaxial and abaxial trichome density (Tr). We showed that plants at high irradiation levels had significantly lower SLA (p<0.05), higher Tr (p<0.01) and greater ChlSPAD (p<0.01) when compared to shaded and/or west- and north-exposed plants, thus indicating a strong influence of site-specific characteristics on leaf trait plasticity. Similar differences were observed for taller vs. shorter plants and apical vs. basal branches (p<0.05). Ozone-induced VFS at leaf level were associated with lower SLA (p<0.001) and higher Tr in the abaxial leaf surface (p<0.05). Both leaf traits showed significant differences also within the south and east exposed plant category, thus suggesting the increase in leaf thickness and Tr as a potential adaptive strategy under multiple stress conditions. Our results provide evidence of a strong relationship between VFS, leaf traits and site-specific variables, offering new insights for interpreting data on the impact of ozone on vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Faralli
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- * E-mail: (MF); (EG)
| | - Fabiana Cristofolini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonella Cristofori
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Ferretti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, ZH, Switzerland
| | - Elena Gottardini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (MF); (EG)
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Slot M, Nardwattanawong T, Hernández GG, Bueno A, Riederer M, Winter K. Large differences in leaf cuticle conductance and its temperature response among 24 tropical tree species from across a rainfall gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1618-1631. [PMID: 34270792 PMCID: PMC9290923 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
More frequent droughts and rising temperatures pose serious threats to tropical forests. When stomata are closed under dry and hot conditions, plants lose water through leaf cuticles, but little is known about cuticle conductance (gmin ) of tropical trees, how it varies among species and environments, and how it is affected by temperature. We determined gmin in relation to temperature for 24 tropical tree species across a steep rainfall gradient in Panama, by recording leaf drying curves at different temperatures in the laboratory. In contrast with our hypotheses, gmin did not differ systematically across the rainfall gradient; species differences did not reflect phylogenetic patterns; and in most species gmin did not significantly increase between 25 and 50°C. gmin was higher in deciduous than in evergreen species, in species with leaf trichomes than in species without, in sun leaves than in shade leaves, and tended to decrease with increasing leaf mass per area across species. There was no relationship between stomatal and cuticle conductance. Large species differences in gmin and its temperature response suggest that more frequent hot droughts may lead to differential survival among tropical tree species, regardless of species' position on the rainfall gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado 0843‐03092BalboaAncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Tantawat Nardwattanawong
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado 0843‐03092BalboaAncónRepublic of Panama
- University of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Georgia G. Hernández
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado 0843‐03092BalboaAncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Amauri Bueno
- Julius‐von Sachs‐Institute for BiosciencesBotany IIUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 3WürzburgD‐97082Germany
| | - Markus Riederer
- Julius‐von Sachs‐Institute for BiosciencesBotany IIUniversity of WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 3WürzburgD‐97082Germany
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado 0843‐03092BalboaAncónRepublic of Panama
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Parker VT. Small-Scale Winter Damage on Plants: Wind and Ice can Remove Plant Pubescence. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.3398/064.081.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Thomas Parker
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
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Maslova NP, Karasev EV, Xu SL, Spicer RA, Liu XY, Kodrul TM, Spicer TEV, Jin JH. Variations in morphological and epidermal features of shade and sun leaves of two species: Quercus bambusifolia and Q. myrsinifolia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1441-1463. [PMID: 34431508 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Microclimatic differences between the periphery and the interior of tree crowns result in a variety of adaptive leaf macromorphological and anatomical features. Our research was designed to reveal criteria for sun/shade leaf identification in two species of evergreen oaks, applicable to both modern and fossil leaves. We compared our results with those in other species similarly studied. METHODS For both Quercus bambusifolia and Q. myrsinifolia (section Cyclobalanopsis), leaves from single mature trees with well-developed crowns were collected in the South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China. We focus on leaf characters often preserved in fossil material. SVGm software was used for macromorphological measurement. Quantitative analyses were performed and box plots generated using R software with IDE Rstudio. Leaf cuticles were prepared using traditional botanical techniques. RESULTS Principal characters for distinguishing shade and sun leaves in the studied oaks were identified as leaf lamina length to width ratio (L/W), and the degree of development of venation networks. For Q. myrsinifolia, shade and sun leaves differ in tooth morphology and the ratio of toothed lamina length to overall lamina length. The main epidermal characters are ordinary cell size and anticlinal wall outlines. For both species, plasticity within shade leaves exceeds that of sun leaves. CONCLUSIONS Morphological responses to sun and shade in the examined oaks are similar to those in other plant genera, pointing to useful generalizations for recognizing common foliar polymorphisms that must be taken into account when determining the taxonomic position of both modern and fossil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Maslova
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117647, Russia
| | - Eugeny V Karasev
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117647, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Respublika Tatarstan, 420000, Russia
| | - Sheng-Lan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Tatiana M Kodrul
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119017, Russia
| | - Teresa E V Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jian-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Epicormic bud protection traits vary along a latitudinal gradient in a neotropical savanna. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:11. [PMID: 33740167 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regrowth via production of epicormic shoots is an important strategy for many woody plants after environmental disturbances such as fire, drought, and herbivory. Populations spreading across a broad latitudinal gradient offer opportunities to investigate if essential traits vary with heterogenous environmental conditions, such as in savanna ecosystems. This information can help us predict plant responses to climate change. Here, we evaluated if epicormic bud protection traits varied among populations of three focal savanna species (Miconia albicans, Solanum lycocarpum, and Zeyheria montana) that have a wide distribution and grow under variable climatic conditions. We randomly sampled 225 individuals over five spatially independent sites (7°, 10°, 15°, 18°, and 24° S) in Brazil, totaling 15 individuals per species per area. We analyzed anatomical transverse sections of five buds per species per area to assess the relative area occupied by crystal and phenolic idioblasts, the thickness of the trichome boundary layer, and to test if these traits were associated with climatic conditions. The buds were protected by cataphylls and composed of a variable number of undeveloped leaves enveloping the shoot apex. For M. albicans, we found an association between maximum temperature and both phenolic idioblasts and trichome boundary layer, but no association with crystal idioblasts. In S. lycocarpum, only the trichome boundary layer was associated with maximum temperature plus high radiation. Z. montana showed no variation. Combination of two or more traits can lead to the development of adaptative strategies to different climatic conditions. We present for the first time an analysis of epicormic bud traits in plant populations occurring in an extensive latitudinal gradient and shed light on how maximum temperature is associated with these traits, contributing to a better understanding of plant resprouting capabilities in widespread savanna plant species.
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Ando S, Isagi Y, Kitayama K. Genecology and ecophysiology of the maintenance of foliar phenotypic polymorphisms of
Leptospermum recurvum
(Myrtaceae) under oscillating atmospheric desiccation in the tropical‐subalpine zone of Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Amada G, Kobayashi K, Izuno A, Mukai M, Ostertag R, Kitayama K, Onoda Y. Leaf trichomes in Metrosideros polymorpha can contribute to avoiding extra water stress by impeding gall formation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:533-542. [PMID: 31784739 PMCID: PMC7061171 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants inhabiting arid environments tend to have leaf trichomes, but their adaptive significance remains unclear. Leaf trichomes are known to play a role in plant defence against herbivores, including gall makers. Because gall formation can increase water loss partly through increased surface area, we tested the novel hypothesis that leaf trichomes could contribute to avoiding extra water stress by impeding gall formation, which would have adaptive advantages in arid environments. METHODS We focused on Metrosideros polymorpha, an endemic tree species in the Hawaiian Islands, whose leaves often suffer from galls formed by specialist insects, Hawaiian psyllids (Pariaconus spp.). There is large variation in the amount of leaf trichomes (0-40 % of leaf mass) in M. polymorpha. Three gall types are found on the island of Hawaii: the largest is the 'cone' type, followed by 'flat' and 'pit' types. We conducted laboratory experiments to quantify the extent to which gall formation is associated with leaf water relations. We also conducted a field census of 1779 individuals from 48 populations across the entire range of habitats of M. polymorpha on the island of Hawaii to evaluate associations between gall formation (presence and abundance) and the amount of leaf trichomes. KEY RESULTS Our laboratory experiment showed that leaf minimum conductance was significantly higher in leaves with a greater number of cone- or flat-type galls but not pit-type galls. Our field census suggested that the amount of trichomes was negatively associated with probabilities of the presence of cone- or flat-type galls but not pit-type galls, irrespective of environmental factors. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that leaf trichomes in M. polymorpha can contribute to the avoidance of extra water stress through interactions with some gall-making species, and potentially increase the fitness of plants under arid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keito Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Izuno
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mana Mukai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, 200 W. Kāwili St. Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Blessing CH, Mariette A, Kaloki P, Bramley H. Profligate and conservative: water use strategies in grain legumes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:349-369. [PMID: 29370385 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yields of grain legumes are constrained by available water. Thus, it is crucial to understand traits influencing water uptake and the efficiency of using water to produce biomass. Global comparisons and comparisons at specific locations reveal that water use of different grain legumes is very similar, which indicates that water use efficiency varies over a wide range due to differences in biomass and yield. Moreover, yield increases more per millimetre of water used in cool season grain legumes than warm season species. Although greater contrasts have been observed across species and genotypes at the pot and lysimeter level, agronomic factors need to be taken into account when scaling those studies to field-level responses. Conservative water use strategies in grain legumes such as low stomatal conductance as approximated by low photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination reduces yield potential, whereas temporal adjustments of stomatal conductance within the growing season and in response to environmental factors (such as vapour pressure deficit) helps to optimize the trade-off between carbon gain and water loss. Furthermore, improved photosynthetic capacity, reduced mesophyll conductance, reduced boundary layer, and re-fixation of respired CO2 were identified as traits that are beneficial without water deficit, but also under terminal and transient drought. Genotypic variability in some grain legume species has been observed for several traits that influence water use, water use efficiency, and yield, including root length and the temporal pattern of water use, but even more variation is expected from wild relatives. Albeit that N2 fixation decreases under drought, its impact on water use is still largely unknown, but the nitrogen source influences gas exchange and, thus, transpiration efficiency. This review concludes that conservative traits are needed under conditions of terminal drought to help maintain soil moisture until the pod-filling period, but profligate traits, if tightly regulated, are important under conditions of transient drought in order to profit from short intermittent periods of available soil moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola H Blessing
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alban Mariette
- The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia
- Biology Department, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Peter Kaloki
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Bramley
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia
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Oguchi R, Onoda Y, Terashima I, Tholen D. Leaf Anatomy and Function. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Amada G, Onoda Y, Ichie T, Kitayama K. Influence of leaf trichomes on boundary layer conductance and gas-exchange characteristics inMetrosideros polymorpha(Myrtaceae). Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; B200, Monobe Nankoku 783-8502 Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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