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Nishimura K, Saika W, Inoue D. Minor introns impact on hematopoietic malignancies. Exp Hematol 2024; 132:104173. [PMID: 38309573 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In the intricate orchestration of the central dogma, pre-mRNA splicing plays a crucial role in the post-transcriptional process that transforms DNA into mature mRNA. Widely acknowledged as a pivotal RNA processing step, it significantly influences gene expression and alters the functionality of gene product proteins. Although U2-dependent spliceosomes efficiently manage the removal of over 99% of introns, a distinct subset of essential genes undergo splicing with a different intron type, denoted as minor introns, using U12-dependent spliceosomes. Mutations in spliceosome component genes are now recognized as prevalent genetic abnormalities in cancer patients, especially those with hematologic malignancies. Despite the relative rarity of minor introns, genes containing them are evolutionarily conserved and play crucial roles in functions such as the RAS-MAPK pathway. Disruptions in U12-type minor intron splicing caused by mutations in snRNA or its regulatory components significantly contribute to cancer progression. Notably, recurrent mutations associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the minor spliceosome component ZRSR2 underscore its significance. Examination of ZRSR2-mutated MDS cells has revealed that only a subset of minor spliceosome-dependent genes, such as LZTR1, consistently exhibit missplicing. Recent technological advancements have uncovered insights into minor introns, raising inquiries beyond current understanding. This review comprehensively explores the importance of minor intron regulation, the molecular implications of minor (U12-type) spliceosomal mutations and cis-regulatory regions, and the evolutionary progress of studies on minor, aiming to provide a sophisticated understanding of their intricate role in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koutarou Nishimura
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Wataru Saika
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daichi Inoue
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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Hannes L, Atzori M, Goldenberg A, Argente J, Attie-Bitach T, Amiel J, Attanasio C, Braslavsky DG, Bruel AL, Castanet M, Dubourg C, Jacobs A, Lyonnet S, Martinez-Mayer J, Pérez Millán MI, Pezzella N, Pelgrims E, Aerden M, Bauters M, Rochtus A, Scaglia P, Swillen A, Sifrim A, Tammaro R, Mau-Them FT, Odent S, Thauvin-Robinet C, Franco B, Breckpot J. Differential alternative splicing analysis links variation in ZRSR2 to a novel type of oral-facial-digital syndrome. Genet Med 2024; 26:101059. [PMID: 38158857 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndromes are genetically heterogeneous developmental disorders, caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in primary cilia formation and function. We identified a previously undescribed type of OFD with brain anomalies, ranging from alobar holoprosencephaly to pituitary anomalies, in 6 unrelated families. METHODS Exome sequencing of affected probands was supplemented with alternative splicing analysis in patient and control lymphoblastoid and fibroblast cell lines, and primary cilia structure analysis in patient fibroblasts. RESULTS In 1 family with 2 affected males, we identified a germline variant in the last exon of ZRSR2, NM_005089.4:c.1211_1212del NP_005080.1:p.(Gly404GlufsTer23), whereas 7 affected males from 5 unrelated families were hemizygous for the ZRSR2 variant NM_005089.4:c.1207_1208del NP_005080.1:p.(Arg403GlyfsTer24), either occurring de novo or inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. ZRSR2, located on chromosome Xp22.2, encodes a splicing factor of the minor spliceosome complex, which recognizes minor introns, representing 0.35% of human introns. Patient samples showed significant enrichment of minor intron retention. Among differentially spliced targets are ciliopathy-related genes, such as TMEM107 and CIBAR1. Primary fibroblasts containing the NM_005089.4:c.1207_1208del ZRSR2 variant had abnormally elongated cilia, confirming an association between defective U12-type intron splicing, OFD and abnormal primary cilia formation. CONCLUSION We introduce a novel type of OFD associated with elongated cilia and differential splicing of minor intron-containing genes due to germline variation in ZRSR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Hannes
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Atzori
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBEROBN de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | | | - Débora G Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- INSERM, U1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Lipides, Nutrition, Dijon, France; UF Innovation diagnostique des maladies rares, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR, UMR 6290, ERL U1305, Rennes, France
| | - An Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques, Paris, France; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Julian Martinez-Mayer
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Inés Pérez Millán
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (IB3), Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nunziana Pezzella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, Naples, Italy
| | - Elise Pelgrims
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mio Aerden
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Bauters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Roberta Tammaro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy
| | - Frederic Tran Mau-Them
- INSERM, U1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Lipides, Nutrition, Dijon, France; UF Innovation diagnostique des maladies rares, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies rares, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, CNRS, INSERM, IGDR, UMR 6290, ERL U1305, Rennes, France; Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Ouest, ERN ITHACA, FHU GenOmedS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- INSERM, U1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR Lipides, Nutrition, Dijon, France; UF Innovation diagnostique des maladies rares, FHU TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement de l'Est, Centre de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine-TIGEM, Naples, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Genomics and Experimental Medicine program, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Genetics Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Shi W, Tang J, Xiang J. Therapeutic strategies for aberrant splicing in cancer and genetic disorders. Clin Genet 2024; 105:345-354. [PMID: 38165092 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Accurate pre-mRNA splicing is essential for proper protein translation; however, aberrant splicing is commonly observed in the context of cancer and genetic disorders. Notably, in genetic diseases, these splicing abnormalities often play a pivotal role. Substantial challenges persist in accurately identifying and classifying disease-induced aberrant splicing, as well as in development of targeted therapeutic strategies. In this review, we examine prevalent forms of aberrant splicing and explore potential therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing these splicing-related diseases. This summary contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities about aberrant splicing and provide a foundation for the development of effective therapeutic interventions in the field of genetic disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Hunan Key laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precise Treatment of Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Fukuchi K, Koyama D, Takada M, Mori H, Hayashi K, Asano N, Sato Y, Fukatsu M, Takano M, Takahashi H, Shirado-Harada K, Kimura S, Yamamoto T, Ikezoe T. Mutated ZRSR2 and CUL3 accelerate clonal evolution and confer venetoclax resistance via RAS signaling pathway in blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. Int J Hematol 2023; 118:489-493. [PMID: 37029861 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-023-03597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive subtype of myeloid malignancy characterized by skin, lymph node and central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Although various regimens are used, a standard therapeutic strategy for BPDCN has not been established. Recent studies revealed that BPDCN patients frequently have a mutation in ZRSR2, which is a minor spliceosome component. However, the association between the clinical features of BPDCN and ZRSR2 mutational status remains unknown. A 70-year-old man was referred to our hospital with skin rash and enlarged lymph nodes, as well as blasts in the peripheral blood. BPDCN was diagnosed based on the immunophenotype of the blasts derived from bone marrow. Whole exome sequencing revealed that BPDCN cells collected at diagnosis had mutations in ZRSR2, ZBTB33, CUL3, TET2 and NRAS. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that U12-type intron retention occurred in LZTR1, caused by ZRSR2 loss. After seven cycles of venetoclax combined with azacitidine therapy, BPDCN cells appeared in the peripheral blood and infiltrated the CNS. Two KRAS mutated clones appeared at BPDCN recurrence. These findings are important for understanding the pathogenesis of BPDCN, which will inform development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Maki Takada
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Mori
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Hayashi
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Naomi Asano
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masahiko Fukatsu
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Motoki Takano
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kayo Shirado-Harada
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Pallauf M, Ged Y, Singla N. Molecular differences in renal cell carcinoma between males and females. World J Urol 2023; 41:1727-1739. [PMID: 36905442 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The disparity in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk and treatment outcome between males and females is well documented, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. METHODS We performed a narrative review synthesizing contemporary evidence on sex-specific molecular differences in healthy kidney tissue and RCC. RESULTS In healthy kidney tissue, gene expression differs significantly between males and females, including autosomal and sex-chromosome-linked genes. The differences are most prominent for sex-chromosome-linked genes and attributable to Escape from X chromosome-linked inactivation and Y chromosome loss. The frequency distribution of RCC histologies varies between the sexes, particularly for papillary, chromophobe, and translocation RCC. In clear-cell and papillary RCC, sex-specific gene expressions are pronounced, and some of these genes are amenable to pharmacotherapy. However, for many, the impact on tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. In clear-cell RCC, molecular subtypes and gene expression pathways have distinct sex-specific trends, which also apply to the expression of genes implicated in tumor progression. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests meaningful genomic differences between male and female RCC, highlighting the need for sex-specific RCC research and personalized sex-specific treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Pallauf
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Park 213, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yasser Ged
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nirmish Singla
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Park 213, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Li Y, Zhu Q, Zhou S, Chen J, Du A, Qin C. Combined bulk RNA and single-cell RNA analyses reveal TXNL4A as a new biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202732. [PMID: 37305572 PMCID: PMC10248245 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high mortality rate worldwide. The dysregulation of RNA splicing is a major event leading to the occurrence, progression, and drug resistance of cancer. Therefore, it is important to identify new biomarkers of HCC from the RNA splicing pathway. Methods We performed the differential expression and prognostic analyses of RNA splicing-related genes (RRGs) using The Cancer Genome Atlas-liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC)-LIHC dataset was used to construct and validate prognostic models, and the PubMed database was used to explore genes in the models to identify new markers. The screened genes were subjected to genomic analyses, including differential, prognostic, enrichment, and immunocorrelation analyses. Single-cell RNA (scRNA) data were used to further validate the immunogenetic relationship. Results Of 215 RRGs, we identified 75 differentially expressed prognosis-related genes, and a prognostic model incorporating thioredoxin like 4A (TXNL4A) was identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis. ICGC-LIHC was used as a validation dataset to confirm the validity of the model. PubMed failed to retrieve HCC-related studies on TXNL4A. TXNL4A was highly expressed in most tumors and was associated with HCC survival. Chi-squared analyses indicated that TXNL4A expression positively correlated positively with the clinical features of HCC. Multivariate analyses revealed that high TXNL4A expression was an independent risk factor for HCC. Immunocorrelation and scRNA data analyses indicated that TXNL4A was correlated with CD8 T cell infiltration in HCC. Conclusion Therefore, we identified a prognostic and immune-related marker for HCC from the RNA splicing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Qiaozhen Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Institute and Translational Medical Center, Huaihe Hospital, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Shuchang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Jiangtao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Aoyu Du
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Changjiang Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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