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Hayashi Y, Miyoshi S, Watanabe I, Yano N, Nagashio K, Kaneko M, Kaminota T, Sanada T, Hosokawa Y, Kitani T, Mitani S, Choudhury ME, Yano H, Tanaka J, Hato N. Simultaneous disturbance of NHE1 and LOXL2 decreases tumorigenicity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2024; 51:472-480. [PMID: 38520980 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there have been brilliant advancements in the practical application of therapies targeting immune checkpoints, achieving success in targeting the microenvironment remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to address this gap by focusing on Na+ / H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2), which are upregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. METHODS The malignancy of a metastatic human HNSCC cell line was assessed in a mouse tongue cancer xenograft model by knocking down (KD) NHE1, responsible for regulating intracellular pH, and LOXL2, responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganization via cross-linking of ECM proteins. In addition to assessing changes in PD-L1 levels and collagen accumulation following knockdown, the functional status of the PD-L1 / PD-1 immune checkpoint was examined through co-culture with NK92MI, a PD-1 positive phagocytic human Natural Killer (NK) cell line. RESULTS The tumorigenic potential of each single KD cell line was similar to that of the control cells, whereas the potential was attenuated in cells with simultaneous KD of both factors (double knockdown [dKD]). Additionally, we observed decreased PD-L1 levels in NHE1 KD cells and compromised collagen accumulation in LOXL2 KD and dKD cells. NK92MI cells exhibited phagocytic activity toward HNSCC cells in co-culture, and the number of remaining dKD cells after co-culture was the lowest in comparison to the control and single KD cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the possibility of achieving efficient anti-tumor effects by simultaneously disturbing multiple factors involved in the modification of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shoko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Itaru Watanabe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nagomi Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kodai Nagashio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mihiro Kaneko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Teppei Kaminota
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Sanada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Uwajima City Hospital, Uwajima, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yuki Hosokawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Sohei Mitani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mohammed E Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Naohito Hato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ehime University Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Zhang J, Li C, Ren K, Hong M, Cui J, Liu J. Cytotoxicity of alkaline serine protease (ASPNJ) on Jurkat cells and its correlation with changes in the expression of membrane-associated proteins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23456. [PMID: 37439684 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
We aim to study the inhibitory effect of alkaline serine protease (ASPNJ) on lymphocytic leukemia Jurkat cells and its related mechanism through examining the expression of membrane proteins or membrane-associated proteins. MTT assay and trypan blue staining were used to detect the inhibitory effect of ASPNJ on the proliferation and growth of Jurkat cells. Wright-Giemsa staining was used to observe the effect of ASPNJ on the morphology of Jurkat cells. The effect of ASPNJ on Jurkat cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Two-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (2-DE-MS) was used to detect and identify the differentially expressed proteins of Jurkat cells treated with ASPNJ (4 μg/mL, 3 h), of which three were selected and verified by Western blot. ASPNJ significantly inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells (Raji, U937, and Jurkat), caused obvious morphological changes, and induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells. ASPNJ also increased the sensitivity of Jurkat cells to vincristine (VCR). Seven differentially expressed proteins were obtained through 2DE-MS, of which Peroxiredoxin-6 (PRDX6), Calcium-binding protein (CHP1), and 40S ribosomal protein SA (RPSA) were validated. ASPNJ can cause significant toxic effects on Jurkat cells and enhance the effects of VCR. The mechanism of action of ASPNJ on Jurkat cells may be related to differentially expressed proteins such as PRDX6. This study provides a new experimental basis and direction for antileukemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Zhang
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Functional Science Experiment Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Hong
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiayue Cui
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiankai Liu
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Inhibition of NHE1 transport activity and gene transcription in DRG neurons in oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3991. [PMID: 36894669 PMCID: PMC9998445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin (OHP)-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OIPN), one of the major dose-limiting side effects of colorectal cancer treatment, is characterized by both acute and chronic syndromes. Acute exposure to low dose OHP on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is able to induce an increase in intracellular calcium and proton concentration, thus influencing ion channels activity and neuronal excitability. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-1 (NHE1) is a plasma membrane protein that plays a pivotal role in intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis in many cell types, including nociceptors. Here we show that OHP has early effects on NHE1 activity in cultured mouse DRG neurons: the mean rate of pHi recovery was strongly reduced compared to vehicle-treated controls, reaching levels similar to those obtained in the presence of cariporide (Car), a specific NHE1 antagonist. The effect of OHP on NHE1 activity was sensitive to FK506, a specific calcineurin (CaN) inhibitor. Lastly, molecular analyses revealed transcriptional downregulation of NHE1 both in vitro, in mouse primary DRG neurons, and in vivo, in an OIPN rat model. Altogether, these data suggest that OHP-induced intracellular acidification of DRG neurons largely depends on CaN-mediated NHE1 inhibition, revealing new mechanisms that OHP could exert to alter neuronal excitability, and providing novel druggable targets.
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Mo G, Wei P, Hu B, Nie Q, Zhang X. Advances on genetic and genomic studies of ALV resistance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:123. [PMID: 36217167 PMCID: PMC9550310 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis (AL) is a general term for a variety of neoplastic diseases in avian caused by avian leukosis virus (ALV). No vaccine or drug is currently available for the disease. Therefore, the disease can result in severe economic losses in poultry flocks. Increasing the resistance of poultry to ALV may be one effective strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the roles of genes associated with ALV infection in the poultry genome, including endogenous retroviruses, virus receptors, interferon-stimulated genes, and other immune-related genes. Furthermore, some methods and techniques that can improve ALV resistance in poultry are discussed. The objectives are willing to provide some valuable references for disease resistance breeding in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China. .,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Cao L, Huang T, Chen X, Li W, Yang X, Zhang W, Li M, Gao R. Uncovering the interplay between pH receptors and immune cells: Potential drug targets (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:228. [PMID: 34476504 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidosis is associated with various immunopathological states. The microenvironment of numerous solid tumours and inflammatory responses during acute or chronic infection are all related to a pH range of 5.5‑7.0. The relationship between inflammation and immune escape, cancer metabolism, and immunologic suppression drives researchers to focus on the effects of low pH on diverse components of disease immune monitoring. The potential effect of low extracellular pH on the immune function reveals the importance of pH in inflammatory and immunoreactive processes. In this review, the mechanism of how pH receptors, including monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), Na+/H+ exchanger 1, carbonic anhydrases (CAs), vacuolar‑ATPase, and proton‑sensing G‑protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), modulate the immune system in disease, especially in cancer, were studied. Their role in immunocyte growth and signal transduction as part of the immune response, as well as cytokine production, have been documented in great detail. Currently, immunotherapy strategies have positive therapeutic effects for patients. However, the acidic microenvironment may block the effect of immunotherapy through compensatory feedback mechanisms, leading to drug resistance. Therefore, we highlight promising therapeutic developments regarding pH manipulation and provide a framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Tianqiao Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Weisha Li
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xingjiu Yang
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Messerer DAC, Schmidt H, Frick M, Huber-Lang M. Ion and Water Transport in Neutrophil Granulocytes and Its Impairment during Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1699. [PMID: 33567720 PMCID: PMC7914618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are the vanguard of innate immunity in response to numerous pathogens. Their activity drives the clearance of microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby contributing substantially to the resolution of inflammation. However, excessive stimulation during sepsis leads to cellular unresponsiveness, immunological dysfunction, bacterial expansion, and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. During the short lifespan of neutrophils, they can become significantly activated by complement factors, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Following stimulation, the cells respond with a defined (electro-)physiological pattern, including depolarization, calcium influx, and alkalization as well as with increased metabolic activity and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Activity of ion transport proteins and aquaporins is critical for multiple cellular functions of innate immune cells, including chemotaxis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and phagocytosis of both pathogens and tissue debris. In this review, we first describe the ion transport proteins and aquaporins involved in the neutrophil ion-water fluxes in response to chemoattractants. We then relate ion and water flux to cellular functions with a focus on danger sensing, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst and approach the role of altered ion transport protein expression and activity in impaired cellular functions and cell death during systemic inflammation as in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Schmidt
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (H.S.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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7
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Koltai T. Targeting the pH Paradigm at the Bedside: A Practical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9221. [PMID: 33287221 PMCID: PMC7730959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The inversion of the pH gradient in malignant tumors, known as the pH paradigm, is increasingly becoming accepted by the scientific community as a hallmark of cancer. Accumulated evidence shows that this is not simply a metabolic consequence of a dysregulated behavior, but rather an essential process in the physiopathology of accelerated proliferation and invasion. From the over-simplification of increased lactate production as the cause of the paradigm, as initially proposed, basic science researchers have arrived at highly complex and far-reaching knowledge, that substantially modified that initial belief. These new developments show that the paradigm entails a different regulation of membrane transporters, electrolyte exchangers, cellular and membrane enzymes, water trafficking, specialized membrane structures, transcription factors, and metabolic changes that go far beyond fermentative glycolysis. This complex world of dysregulations is still shuttered behind the walls of experimental laboratories and has not yet reached bedside medicine. However, there are many known pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals that are capable of targeting the pH paradigm. Most of these products are well known, have low toxicity, and are also inexpensive. They need to be repurposed, and this would entail shorter clinical studies and enormous cost savings if we compare them with the time and expense required for the development of a new molecule. Will targeting the pH paradigm solve the "cancer problem"? Absolutely not. However, reversing the pH inversion would strongly enhance standard treatments, rendering them more efficient, and in some cases permitting lower doses of toxic drugs. This article's goal is to describe how to reverse the pH gradient inversion with existing drugs and nutraceuticals that can easily be used in bedside medicine, without adding toxicity to established treatments. It also aims at increasing awareness among practicing physicians that targeting the pH paradigm would be able to improve the results of standard therapies. Some clinical cases will be presented as well, showing how the pH gradient inversion can be treated at the bedside in a simple manner with repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Centro de Diagnostico y Tratamiento de la Obra Social del Personal de la Alimentacion, Talar de Pacheco, Buenos Aires 1617, Argentina
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8
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Cottle WT, Wallert CH, Anderson KK, Tran MF, Bakker CL, Wallert MA, Provost JJ. Calcineurin homologous protein isoform 2 supports tumor survival via the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320937863. [PMID: 32686600 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320937863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining intracellular pH is crucial for preserving healthy cellular behavior and, when dysregulated, results in increased proliferation, migration, and invasion. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 is a highly regulated transmembrane antiporter that maintains pH homeostasis by exporting protons in response to intra- and extracellular signals. Activation of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 is exquisitely regulated by the extracellular environment and protein cofactors, including calcineurin B homologous proteins 1 and 2. While Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 and calcineurin B homologous protein 1 are ubiquitously expressed, calcineurin B homologous protein 2 shows tissue-specific expression and upregulation in a variety of cancer cells. In addition, calcineurin B homologous protein 2 expression is modulated by tumorigenic extracellular conditions like low nutrients. To understand the role of calcineurin B homologous protein 2 in tumorigenesis and survival in lung cancer, we surveyed existing databases and formed a comprehensive report of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1, calcineurin B homologous protein 1, and calcineurin B homologous protein 2 expression in diseased and non-diseased tissues. We show that calcineurin B homologous protein 2 is upregulated during oncogenesis in many adeno and squamous carcinomas. To understand the functional role of calcineurin B homologous protein 2 upregulation, we evaluated the effect of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 and calcineurin B homologous protein 2 depletion on cellular function during cancer progression in situ. Here, we show that calcineurin B homologous protein 2 functions through Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 to effect cell proliferation, cell migration, steady-state pHi, and anchorage-independent tumor growth. Finally, we present evidence that calcineurin B homologous protein 2 depletion in vivo has potential to reduce tumor burden in a xenograft model. Together, these data support the tumor-promoting potential of aberrant calcineurin B homologous protein 2 expression and position calcineurin B homologous protein 2 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Taylor Cottle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristine Kay Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Fang Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clare Loraine Bakker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph John Provost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ward C, Meehan J, Gray ME, Murray AF, Argyle DJ, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP. The impact of tumour pH on cancer progression: strategies for clinical intervention. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:71-100. [PMID: 36046070 PMCID: PMC9400736 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cellular pH is frequent in solid tumours and provides potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention. The acidic microenvironment within a tumour can promote migration, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells through a variety of mechanisms. Pathways associated with the control of intracellular pH that are under consideration for intervention include carbonic anhydrase IX, the monocarboxylate transporters (MCT, MCT1 and MCT4), the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase proton pump, and the sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1. This review will describe progress in the development of inhibitors to these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Gray
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG Midlothian, UK
| | - Alan F Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG Midlothian, UK
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Cao L, Yuan Z, Liu M, Stock C. (Patho-)Physiology of Na +/H + Exchangers (NHEs) in the Digestive System. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1566. [PMID: 32009977 PMCID: PMC6974801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are expressed in virtually all human tissues and organs. Two major tasks of those NHE isoforms that are located in plasma membranes are cell volume control by Na+-uptake and cellular pH regulation by H+-extrusion. Several NHEs, particularly NHE 1–4 and 8, are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases of the digestive system such as inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease) and gastric and colorectal tumorigenesis. In the present review, we describe the physiological purposes, possible malfunctions and pathophysiological effects of the different NHE isoforms along the alimentary canal from esophagus to colon, including pancreas, liver and gallbladder. Particular attention is paid to the functions of NHEs in injury repair and to the role of NHE1 in Barrett’s esophagus. The impact of NHEs on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal integrity is also dealt with. As the hitherto existing findings are not always consistent, sometimes even controversial, they are compared and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenglin Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Ramírez MA, Beltrán AR, Araya JE, Cornejo M, Toledo F, Fuentes G, Sobrevia L. Involvement of Intracellular pH in Vascular Insulin Resistance. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2019; 17:440-446. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180911104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the pH homeostasis is maintained by several mechanisms including the
efflux of protons (H+) via membrane transporters expressed in almost all mammalian cells. Along these
membrane transporters the sodium/H+ exchangers (NHEs), mainly NHE isoform 1 (NHE1), plays a key
role in this phenomenon. NHE1 is under modulation by several environmental conditions (e.g. hyperglycaemia,
protein kinase C activity) as well as hormones, including insulin. NHE1 activation causes
intracellular alkalization in human endothelial cells leading to activation of the endothelial Nitric Oxide
Synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. Intracellular alkalization is a phenomenon that also results in upregulation
of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in cells that are responsive to insulin. A reduction in the removal
of the extracellular D-glucose is seen in states of insulin resistance, such as in diabetes mellitus
and obesity. Since insulin is a potent activator of eNOS in human endothelium, therefore causing vasodilation,
and its vascular effect is reduced in insulin resistance it is likely that a defective signal to activate
NHE1 in insulin target cells is expected. This phenomenon results in lower redistribution and activation
of GLUT4 leading to reduced uptake of D-glucose and hyperglycaemia. The general concept of a
role for NHE1, and perhaps other NHEs isoforms, in insulin resistance in the human vasculature is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Ramírez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Ana R. Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Celular, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Araya
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Celular, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Marcelo Cornejo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
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12
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The Role of Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1 in Dysregulation of Proton Dynamics and Reprogramming of Cancer Metabolism as a Sequela. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153694. [PMID: 31357694 PMCID: PMC6696090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have an unusual regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics that are driven by poor vascularity perfusion, regional hypoxia, and increased glycolysis. All these forces synergize/orchestrate together to create extracellular acidity and intracellular alkalinity. Precisely, they lead to extracellular pH (pHe) values as low as 6.2 and intracellular pH values as high as 8. This unique pH gradient (∆pHi to ∆pHe) across the cell membrane increases as the tumor progresses, and is markedly displaced from the electrochemical equilibrium of protons. These unusual pH dynamics influence cancer cell biology, including proliferation, metastasis, and metabolic adaptation. Warburg metabolism with increased glycolysis, even in the presence of Oxygen with the subsequent reduction in Krebs’ cycle, is a common feature of most cancers. This metabolic reprogramming confers evolutionary advantages to cancer cells by enhancing their resistance to hypoxia, to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, allowing rapid production of biological building blocks that support cellular proliferation, and shielding against damaging mitochondrial free radicals. In this article, we highlight the interconnected roles of dysregulated pH dynamics in cancer initiation, progression, adaptation, and in determining the programming and re-programming of tumor cell metabolism.
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13
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Pillai SR, Damaghi M, Marunaka Y, Spugnini EP, Fais S, Gillies RJ. Causes, consequences, and therapy of tumors acidosis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 38:205-222. [PMID: 30911978 PMCID: PMC6625890 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While cancer is commonly described as "a disease of the genes," it is also associated with massive metabolic reprogramming that is now accepted as a disease "Hallmark." This programming is complex and often involves metabolic cooperativity between cancer cells and their surrounding stroma. Indeed, there is emerging clinical evidence that interrupting a cancer's metabolic program can improve patients' outcomes. The most commonly observed and well-studied metabolic adaptation in cancers is the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid, even in the presence of oxygen, also known as "aerobic glycolysis" or the "Warburg Effect." Much has been written about the mechanisms of the Warburg effect, and this remains a topic of great debate. However, herein, we will focus on an important sequela of this metabolic program: the acidification of the tumor microenvironment. Rather than being an epiphenomenon, it is now appreciated that this acidosis is a key player in cancer somatic evolution and progression to malignancy. Adaptation to acidosis induces and selects for malignant behaviors, such as increased invasion and metastasis, chemoresistance, and inhibition of immune surveillance. However, the metabolic reprogramming that occurs during adaptation to acidosis also introduces therapeutic vulnerabilities. Thus, tumor acidosis is a relevant therapeutic target, and we describe herein four approaches to accomplish this: (1) neutralizing acid directly with buffers, (2) targeting metabolic vulnerabilities revealed by acidosis, (3) developing acid-activatable drugs and nanomedicines, and (4) inhibiting metabolic processes responsible for generating acids in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha R Pillai
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | | | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr., Tampa, FL, 33602, USA.
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14
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Koch A, Schwab A. Cutaneous pH landscape as a facilitator of melanoma initiation and progression. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13105. [PMID: 29802798 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence is on the rise and currently causes the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Yet, therapies for metastatic melanoma are still insufficient so that new concepts are essential. Malignant transformation of melanocytes and melanoma progression are intimately linked to the cutaneous pH landscape and its dysregulation in tumour lesions. The pH landscape of normal skin is characterized by a large pH gradient of up to 3 pH units between surface and dermis. The Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE1 is one of the major contributors of acidity in superficial skin layers. It is also activated by the most frequent mutation in melanoma, BRAFV 600E , thereby causing pH dysregulation during melanoma initiation. Melanoma progression is supported by an extracellular acidification and/or NHE1 activity which promote the escape of single melanoma cells from the primary tumour, migration and metastatic spreading. We propose that viewing melanoma against the background of the acid-base physiology of the skin provides a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and allows the development of novel therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Koch
- Institute of Physiology II; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - A. Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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15
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Na+/H+ exchanger 1 has tumor suppressive activity and prognostic value in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2209-2223. [PMID: 27902974 PMCID: PMC5356793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) is a plasma membrane transporter that controls intracellular pH and regulates apoptosis and invasion in various cancer cells. However, the function of NHE1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells and the relationship between the expression of NHE1 and prognosis of ESCC remain unclear. We found that the knockdown of NHE1 in ESCC cells inhibited apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and showed increases in Snail, β-catenin, and activation of PI3K-AKT signaling, which was consistent with the results obtained from microarrays. Microarrays results suggested that the knockdown of NHE1 suppressed Notch signaling pathway. An immunohistochemical investigation of 61 primary ESCC samples revealed that NHE1 was expressed at higher levels in well-differentiated tumors. The 5-year survival rate was poorer in the NHE1 low group (57.0%) than in the NHE1 high group (82.8%). Multivariate analyses revealed that the weak expression of NHE1 was associated with shorter postoperative survival (hazard ratio 3.570, 95% CI 1.291-11.484, p = 0.0135).We herein demonstrated that the suppression of NHE1 in ESCC may enhance malignant potential by mediating PI3K-AKT signaling and EMT via Notch signaling, and may be related to a poor prognosis in patients with ESCC.
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16
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Focal photodynamic intracellular acidification as a cancer therapeutic. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:147-156. [PMID: 28215969 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize an array of proton transporters to regulate intra- and extracellular pH to thrive in hypoxic conditions, and to increase tumor growth and metastasis. Efforts to target many of the transporters involved in cancer cell pH regulation have yielded promising results, however, many productive attempts to disrupt pH regulation appear to be non-specific to cancer cells, and more effective in some cancer cells than others. Following a review of the status of photodynamic cancer therapy, a novel light-activated process is presented which creates very focal, rapid, and significant decreases in only intracellular pH (pHi), leading to cell death. The light-activation of the H+ carrier, nitrobenzaldehyde, has been effective at initiating pH-induced apoptosis in non-cancerous and numerous cancerous cell lines in vitro, to include breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Also, this intracellular acidification technique caused significant reductions in tumor growth rate and enhanced survival in mice bearing triple negative breast cancer tumors. The efficacy of an NBA-upconverting nanoparticle to kill breast cancer cells in vitro is described, as well as a discussion of the potential intracellular mechanisms underlying the pH-induced apoptosis.
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17
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Harguindey S, Stanciu D, Devesa J, Alfarouk K, Cardone RA, Polo Orozco JD, Devesa P, Rauch C, Orive G, Anitua E, Roger S, Reshkin SJ. Cellular acidification as a new approach to cancer treatment and to the understanding and therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:157-179. [PMID: 28193528 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the understanding of the dysregulated hydrogen ion dynamics and reversed proton gradient of cancer cells has resulted in a new and integral pH-centric paradigm in oncology, a translational model embracing from cancer etiopathogenesis to treatment. The abnormalities of intracellular alkalinization along with extracellular acidification of all types of solid tumors and leukemic cells have never been described in any other disease and now appear to be a specific hallmark of malignancy. As a consequence of this intracellular acid-base homeostatic failure, the attempt to induce cellular acidification using proton transport inhibitors and other intracellular acidifiers of different origins is becoming a new therapeutic concept and selective target of cancer treatment, both as a metabolic mediator of apoptosis and in the overcoming of multiple drug resistance (MDR). Importantly, there is increasing data showing that different ion channels contribute to mediate significant aspects of cancer pH regulation and etiopathogenesis. Finally, we discuss the extension of this new pH-centric oncological paradigm into the opposite metabolic and homeostatic acid-base situation found in human neurodegenerative diseases (HNDDs), which opens novel concepts in the prevention and treatment of HNDDs through the utilization of a cohort of neural and non-neural derived hormones and human growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Daniel Stanciu
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Scientific Director of Foltra Medical Centre, Teo, Spain
| | - Khalid Alfarouk
- Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Centre Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham,College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI Biotechnology Institute ImasD, S.L. C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39, 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, University François-Rabelais of Tours,10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, Paris 75231, France
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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18
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Feng W, Meng W, Cai L, Cui X, Pan Z, Wang G, Cheng Z. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J induces its receptor--chNHE1 up-regulation. Virol J 2016; 13:58. [PMID: 27039379 PMCID: PMC4818912 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an oncogenic retrovirus which causes immunosuppression and neoplasia in meat-type and egg-type chickens. ALV-J infects host cells via specific interaction between the viral Env and the cell surface receptor —chicken sodium hydrogen exchanger type 1 (chNHE1). NHE1 involved in altering the cellular pH and playing a critical role in tumorigenesis. However, little is known about the other relationship between ALV-J and chNHE1. Methods and results In ALV-J infected DF-1 cells, the mRNA level of chNHE1 was up-regulated with time-dependent manner tested by real time PCR, and accordingly, intracellular pH was increased tested by spectrofluorometer. In vivo, the mRNA level of chNHE1 was determined by real time PCR in ALV-J infected experimental chickens and field cases. The result showed that the mRNA level of chNHE1 was up-regulated after virus shedding, especially in continuous viremic shedders (CS group). However, no significant difference was found between non-shedding group (NS group) and control group. In field cases, mRNA level of chNHE1 was positively correlated with increasing ALV-J load in tumor bearing and immune tolerance chickens. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry results showed that the protein expression of chNHE1 was up-regulated in different organs of both experimental chickens and tumor bearing chickens compared with the control. Conclusion Taken together, we conclude that ALV-J induces chNHE1 up-regulation in viremia and neoplasia chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Wei Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liming Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiyao Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | | | - Guihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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19
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Alfarouk KO. Tumor metabolism, cancer cell transporters, and microenvironmental resistance. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:859-66. [PMID: 26864256 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolic machineries to enter into permanent glycolytic pathways. The full reason for such reprogramming takes place is unclear. However, this metabolic switch is not made in vain for the lactate that is generated and exported outside cells is reused by other cells. This results in the generation of a pH gradient between the low extracellular pH that is acidic (pHe) and the higher cytosolic alkaline or near neutral pH (pHi) environments that are tightly regulated by the overexpression of several pumps and ion channels (e.g. NHE-1, MCT-1, V-ATPase, CA9, and CA12). The generation of this unique pH gradient serves as a determining factor in defining "tumor fitness". Tumor fitness is the capacity of the tumor to invade and metastasize due to its ability to reduce the efficiency of the immune system and confer resistance to chemotherapy. In this article, we highlight the importance of tumor microenvironment in mediating the failure of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O Alfarouk
- a Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Pharmacy, AL-Neelain University , Khartoum , Sudan
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20
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Beltrán AR, Carraro-Lacroix LR, Bezerra CNA, Cornejo M, Norambuena K, Toledo F, Araos J, Pardo F, Leiva A, Sanhueza C, Malnic G, Sobrevia L, Ramírez MA. Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Mediates Na+/H+ Exchanger 4 Inhibition Involving cAMP in T84 Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146042. [PMID: 26713849 PMCID: PMC4699896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains lead to diarrhoea in humans due to heat-labile and heat-stable (STa) enterotoxins. STa increases Cl-release in intestinal cells, including the human colonic carcinoma T84 cell line, involving increased cGMP and membrane alkalization due to reduced Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) activity. Since NHEs modulate intracellular pH (pHi), and NHE1, NHE2, and NHE4 are expressed in T84 cells, we characterized the STa role as modulator of these exchangers. pHi was assayed by the NH4Cl pulse technique and measured by fluorescence microscopy in BCECF-preloaded cells. pHi recovery rate (dpHi/dt) was determined in the absence or presence of 0.25 μmol/L STa (30 minutes), 25 μmol/L HOE-694 (concentration inhibiting NHE1 and NHE2), 500 μmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP, spontaneous nitric oxide donor), 100 μmol/L dibutyryl cyclic GMP (db-cGMP), 100 nmol/L H89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), or 10 μmol/L forskolin (adenylyl cyclase activator). cGMP and cAMP were measured in cell extracts by radioimmunoassay, and buffering capacity (ßi) and H+ efflux (JH+) was determined. NHE4 protein abundance was determined by western blotting. STa and HOE-694 caused comparable reduction in dpHi/dt and JH+ (~63%), without altering basal pHi (range 7.144-7.172). STa did not alter ßi value in a range of 1.6 pHi units. The dpHi/dt and JH+ was almost abolished (~94% inhibition) by STa + HOE-694. STa effect was unaltered by db-cGMP or SNP. However, STa and forskolin increased cAMP level. STa-decreased dpHi/dt and JH+ was mimicked by forskolin, and STa + HOE-694 effect was abolished by H89. Thus, incubation of T84 cells with STa results in reduced NHE4 activity leading to a lower capacity of pHi recovery requiring cAMP, but not cGMP. STa effect results in a causal phenomenon (STa/increased cAMP/increased PKA activity/reduced NHE4 activity) ending with intracellular acidification that could have consequences in the gastrointestinal cells function promoting human diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Beltrán
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Luciene R. Carraro-Lacroix
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 3550308–1009, Brazil
| | - Camila N. A. Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 3550308–1009, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cornejo
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Katrina Norambuena
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Joaquín Araos
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Carlos Sanhueza
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Gerhard Malnic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 3550308–1009, Brazil
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- * E-mail: (MAR); (LS)
| | - Marco A. Ramírez
- Cellular Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- * E-mail: (MAR); (LS)
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21
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Lin L, Yee SW, Kim RB, Giacomini KM. SLC transporters as therapeutic targets: emerging opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:543-60. [PMID: 26111766 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters - a family of more than 300 membrane-bound proteins that facilitate the transport of a wide array of substrates across biological membranes - have important roles in physiological processes ranging from the cellular uptake of nutrients to the absorption of drugs and other xenobiotics. Several classes of marketed drugs target well-known SLC transporters, such as neurotransmitter transporters, and human genetic studies have provided powerful insight into the roles of more-recently characterized SLC transporters in both rare and common diseases, indicating a wealth of new therapeutic opportunities. This Review summarizes knowledge on the roles of SLC transporters in human disease, describes strategies to target such transporters, and highlights current and investigational drugs that modulate SLC transporters, as well as promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London Health Science Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- 1] Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. [2] Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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22
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Lastraioli E, Perrone G, Sette A, Fiore A, Crociani O, Manoli S, D'Amico M, Masselli M, Iorio J, Callea M, Borzomati D, Nappo G, Bartolozzi F, Santini D, Bencini L, Farsi M, Boni L, Di Costanzo F, Schwab A, Onetti Muda A, Coppola R, Arcangeli A. hERG1 channels drive tumour malignancy and may serve as prognostic factor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1076-87. [PMID: 25719829 PMCID: PMC4366888 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: hERG1 channels are aberrantly expressed in human cancers. The expression, functional role and clinical significance of hERG1 channels in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is lacking. Methods: hERG1 expression was tested in PDAC primary samples assembled as tissue microarray by immunohistochemistry using an anti-hERG1 monoclonal antibody (α-hERG1-MoAb). The functional role of hERG1 was studied in PDAC cell lines and primary cultures. ERG1 expression during PDAC progression was studied in Pdx-1-Cre,LSL-KrasG12D/+,LSL-Trp53R175H/+ transgenic (KPC) mice. ERG1 expression in vivo was determined by optical imaging using Alexa-680-labelled α-hERG1-MoAb. Results: (i) hERG1 was expressed at high levels in 59% of primary PDAC; (ii) hERG1 blockade decreased PDAC cell growth and migration; (iii) hERG1 was physically and functionally linked to the Epidermal Growth Factor-Receptor pathway; (iv) in transgenic mice, ERG1 was expressed in PanIN lesions, reaching high expression levels in PDAC; (v) PDAC patients whose primary tumour showed high hERG1 expression had a worse prognosis; (vi) the α-hERG1-MoAb could detect PDAC in vivo. Conclusions: hERG1 regulates PDAC malignancy and its expression, once validated in a larger cohort also comprising of late-stage, non-surgically resected cases, may be exploited for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in PDAC either ex vivo or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lastraioli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - G Perrone
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - A Sette
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - A Fiore
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - O Crociani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - S Manoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - M D'Amico
- 1] Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy [2] DI.V.A.L Toscana Srl, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - M Masselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - J Iorio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - M Callea
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - D Borzomati
- Department of General Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - G Nappo
- Department of General Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - F Bartolozzi
- Casa di Cura Villa Margherita, Viale di Villa Massimo 48, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - D Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - L Bencini
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - M Farsi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - L Boni
- Clinical Trials Coordinating Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi/Istituto Toscano Tumori, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - F Di Costanzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - A Schwab
- Physiologisches Institut II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - A Onetti Muda
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - R Coppola
- Department of General Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, via del Portillo 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - A Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
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23
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HIF-1α suppressing small molecule, LW6, inhibits cancer cell growth by binding to calcineurin b homologous protein 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Wallert MA, Hammes D, Nguyen T, Kiefer L, Berthelsen N, Kern A, Anderson-Tiege K, Shabb JB, Muhonen WW, Grove BD, Provost JJ. RhoA Kinase (Rock) and p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (p90Rsk) phosphorylation of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) is required for lysophosphatidic acid-induced transport, cytoskeletal organization and migration. Cell Signal 2015; 27:498-509. [PMID: 25578862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one (NHE1) plays a critical role coordinating asymmetric events at the leading edge of migrating cells and is regulated by a number of phosphorylation events influencing both the ion transport and cytoskeletal anchoring required for directed migration. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activation of RhoA kinase (Rock) and the Ras-ERK growth factor pathway induces cytoskeletal reorganization, activates NHE1 and induces an increase in cell motility. We report that both Rock I and II stoichiometrically phosphorylate NHE1 at threonine 653 in vitro using mass spectrometry and reconstituted kinase assays. In fibroblasts expressing NHE1 alanine mutants for either Rock (T653A) or ribosomal S6 kinase (Rsk; S703A) we show that each site is partially responsible for the LPA-induced increase in transport activity while NHE1 phosphorylation by either Rock or Rsk at their respective site is sufficient for LPA stimulated stress fiber formation and migration. Furthermore, mutation of either T653 or S703 leads to a higher basal pH level and a significantly higher proliferation rate. Our results identify the direct phosphorylation of NHE1 by Rock and suggest that both RhoA and Ras pathways mediate NHE1-dependent ion transport and migration in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallert
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Hammes
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Lea Kiefer
- University of San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nick Berthelsen
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Kern
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | | | - John B Shabb
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Wallace W Muhonen
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Bryon D Grove
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Joseph J Provost
- University of San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA, USA.
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25
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Ion channel expression as promising cancer biomarker. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2685-702. [PMID: 25542783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with marked heterogeneity in both response to therapy and survival. Clinical and histopathological characteristics have long determined prognosis and therapy. The introduction of molecular diagnostics has heralded an explosion in new prognostic factors. Overall, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques have described important new prognostic subgroups in the different cancer categories. Ion channels and transporters (ICT) are a new class of membrane proteins which are aberrantly expressed in several types of human cancers. Besides regulating different aspect of cancer cell behavior, ICT can now represent novel cancer biomarkers. A summary of the data obtained so far and relative to breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, esophagus, pancreatic and gastric cancers are reported. Special emphasis is given to those studies aimed at relating specific ICT or a peculiar ICT profile with current diagnostic methods. Overall, we are close to exploit ICTs for diagnostic, prognostic or predictive purposes in cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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26
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Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, David Polo Orozco J, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Harguindey S. Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 2014; 1:777-802. [PMID: 25621294 PMCID: PMC4303887 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire an unusual glycolytic behavior relative, to a large extent, to their intracellular alkaline pH (pHi). This effect is part of the metabolic alterations found in most, if not all, cancer cells to deal with unfavorable conditions, mainly hypoxia and low nutrient supply, in order to preserve its evolutionary trajectory with the production of lactate after ten steps of glycolysis. Thus, cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolism in a way that gives them their evolutionary and thermodynamic advantage. Tumors exist within a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and cancer cells survive within any of the different habitats that lie within tumors thanks to the overexpression of different membrane-bound proton transporters. This creates a highly abnormal and selective proton reversal in cancer cells and tissues that is involved in local cancer growth and in the metastatic process. Because of this environmental heterogeneity, cancer cells within one part of the tumor may have a different genotype and phenotype than within another part. This phenomenon has frustrated the potential of single-target therapy of this type of reductionist therapeutic approach over the last decades. Here, we present a detailed biochemical framework on every step of tumor glycolysis and then proposea new paradigm and therapeutic strategy based upon the dynamics of the hydrogen ion in cancer cells and tissues in order to overcome the old paradigm of one enzyme-one target approach to cancer treatment. Finally, a new and integral explanation of the Warburg effect is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unizah Pharmacy Collage, Qassim University, Unizah, AL-Qassim, King of Saudi Arabia
- Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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27
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Spugnini EP, Sonveaux P, Stock C, Perez-Sayans M, De Milito A, Avnet S, Garcìa AG, Harguindey S, Fais S. Proton channels and exchangers in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2715-26. [PMID: 25449995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer is characterized by an intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, a totally deranged pH control is a common feature of most cancer histotypes. Major determinants of aberrant pH gradient in cancer are proton exchangers and transporters, including V-ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Thanks to the activity of these proton transporters and exchangers, cancer becomes isolated and/or protected not only from the body reaction against the growing tumor, but also from the vast majority of drugs that when protonated into the acidic tumor microenvironment do not enter into cancer cells. Proton transporters and exchangers represent a key feature tumor cells use to survive in the very hostile microenvironmental conditions that they create and maintain. Detoxifying mechanisms may thus represent both a key survival option and a selection outcome for cells that behave as unicellular microorganisms rather than belonging to an organ, compartment or body. It is, in fact, typical of malignant tumors that, after a clinically measurable yet transient initial response to a therapy, resistant tumor clones emerge and proliferate, thus bursting a more malignant behavior and rapid tumor progression. This review critically presents the background of a novel and efficient approach that aims to fight cancer through blocking or inhibiting well characterized proton exchangers and transporters active in human cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pierluigi Spugnini
- Anti-Cancer Drug Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Perez-Sayans
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Abel Garcìa Garcìa
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Stefano Fais
- Anti-Cancer Drug Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy.
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28
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A novel tescalcin-sodium/hydrogen exchange axis underlying sorafenib resistance in FLT3-ITD+ AML. Blood 2014; 123:2530-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-07-512194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
A novel TESC-NEH1 pathway is involved in FLT3-ITD+ AML pathogenesis. Inhibition of NHE1 overcomes sorafenib resistance in FLT3-ITD+AML.
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29
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Arcangeli A, Crociani O, Bencini L. Interaction of tumour cells with their microenvironment: ion channels and cell adhesion molecules. A focus on pancreatic cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130101. [PMID: 24493749 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer must be viewed as a 'tissue', constituted of both transformed cells and a heterogeneous microenvironment, the 'tumour microenvironment' (TME). The TME undergoes a complex remodelling during the course of multistep tumourigenesis, hence strongly contributing to tumour progression. Ion channels and transporters (ICTs), being expressed on both tumour cells and in the different cellular components of the TME, are in a strategic position to sense and mediate signals arising from the TME. Often, this transmission is mediated by integrin adhesion receptors, which are the main cellular receptors capable of mediating cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix bidirectional signalling. Integrins can often operate in conjunction with ICT because they can behave as functional partners of ICT proteins. The role of integrin receptors in the crosstalk between tumour cells and the TME is particularly relevant in the context of pancreatic cancer (PC), characterized by an overwhelming TME which actively contributes to therapy resistance. We discuss the possibility that this occurs through integrins and ICTs, which could be exploited as targets to overcome chemoresistance in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, , Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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30
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Reshkin SJ, Greco MR, Cardone RA. Role of pHi, and proton transporters in oncogene-driven neoplastic transformation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130100. [PMID: 24493748 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The change of a normal, healthy cell to a transformed cell is the first step in the evolutionary arc of a cancer. While the role of oncogenes in this 'passage' is well known, the role of ion transporters in this critical step is less known and is fundamental to our understanding the early physiological processes of carcinogenesis. Cancer cells and tissues have an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics leading to a reversal of the normal tissue intracellular to extracellular pH gradient (ΔpHi to ΔpHe). When this perturbation in pH dynamics occurs during carcinogenesis is less clear. Very early studies using the introduction of different oncogene proteins into cells observed a concordance between neoplastic transformation and a cytoplasmic alkalinization occurring concomitantly with a shift towards glycolysis in the presence of oxygen, i.e. 'Warburg metabolism'. These processes may instigate a vicious cycle that drives later progression towards fully developed cancer where the reversed pH gradient becomes ever more pronounced. This review presents our understanding of the role of pH and the NHE1 in driving transformation, in determining the first appearance of the cancer 'hallmark' characteristics and how the use of pharmacological approaches targeting pH/NHE1 may open up new avenues for efficient treatments even during the first steps of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Joel Reshkin
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, , Bari 70126, Italy
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31
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Harguindey S, Arranz JL, Polo Orozco JD, Rauch C, Fais S, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ. Cariporide and other new and powerful NHE1 inhibitors as potentially selective anticancer drugs--an integral molecular/biochemical/metabolic/clinical approach after one hundred years of cancer research. J Transl Med 2013; 11:282. [PMID: 24195657 PMCID: PMC3826530 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years an increasing number of publications have emphasized the growing importance of hydrogen ion dynamics in modern cancer research, from etiopathogenesis and treatment. A proton [H+]-related mechanism underlying the initiation and progression of the neoplastic process has been recently described by different research groups as a new paradigm in which all cancer cells and tissues, regardless of their origin and genetic background, have a pivotal energetic and homeostatic disturbance of their metabolism that is completely different from all normal tissues: an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics leading to a reversal of the pH gradient in cancer cells and tissues (↑pHi/↓pHe, or “proton reversal”). Tumor cells survive their hostile microenvironment due to membrane-bound proton pumps and transporters, and their main defensive strategy is to never allow internal acidification because that could lead to their death through apoptosis. In this context, one of the primary and best studied regulators of both pHi and pHe in tumors is the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1). An elevated NHE1 activity can be correlated with both an increase in cell pH and a decrease in the extracellular pH of tumors, and such proton reversal is associated with the origin, local growth, activation and further progression of the metastatic process. Consequently, NHE1 pharmaceutical inhibition by new and potent NHE1 inhibitors represents a potential and highly selective target in anticancer therapy. Cariporide, being one of the better studied specific and powerful NHE1 inhibitors, has proven to be well tolerated by humans in the cardiological context, however some side-effects, mainly related to drug accumulation and cerebrovascular complications were reported. Thus, cariporide could become a new, slightly toxic and effective anticancer agent in different human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Instituto de Biología Clínica y Metabolismo (IBCM), Postas 13-01004, Vitoria, Spain.
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32
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Abstract
The advent of silicon chip based technologies for genome sequencing promises continuing exponential falls in the reagent costs of sequencing. When every patient has a full genome sequence as part of their medical records the science of drug discovery and drug design must adapt and improve to meet this challenge. This series covers computational, and experimental approaches for small molecules and biologics. From the virtual patient - a computational model of a complete human being, through in silico screening to RNA editing and antibody directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK.
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