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Rapata M, Cunningham W, Harwood M, Niederer R. Te hauora karu o te iwi Māori: A comprehensive review of Māori eye health in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51:714-727. [PMID: 37560825 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a summary of available data on Māori ocular health, highlighting significant disparities between Māori and non-Māori populations. Māori are more likely to develop diabetes, sight-threatening retinopathy and keratoconus, and present for cataract surgery earlier with more advanced disease. Limited data exists for macular degeneration and glaucoma, but there is some suggestion that Māori may have lower prevalence rates. The article emphasises the urgent need for robust national data on Māori ocular health to enable targeted interventions and funding allocation. Achieving equity for Māori in all aspects of health, including ocular health, requires concerted efforts from all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Rapata
- Te Whatu Ora Auckland/Health New Zealand Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Will Cunningham
- Te Whatu Ora Auckland/Health New Zealand Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matire Harwood
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachael Niederer
- Te Whatu Ora Auckland/Health New Zealand Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Meyer JA, Connell CJW, Rennie S, Verstappen AC, Poole PJ. Women's interest in surgery as a career in the early postgraduate period: a national longitudinal study. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:83-89. [PMID: 35848599 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women remain underrepresented in Surgery in Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ). This study described interest in surgical careers by gender in the early postgraduate period and associated influencing factors. METHODS AoNZ medical graduates between 2012 and 2016 responding to an Exit Questionnaire (EQ) at graduation and 3 years later (PGY3) as part of the Medical Schools Outcomes Database and Longitudinal Tracking Project (MSOD) were included. Analyses of specialty preferences and influences by gender were performed. RESULTS Of 992 participants, 58% were women. At EQ, 158 participants (16%) had a surgical preference: 21% of men and 14% of women (P < 0.01). By PGY3, this was 20% of men and 10% of women (P < 0.01). A logistic regression found women were half as likely as men to have a surgical preference at PGY3. Those with a surgical preference at EQ were over 23 times more likely to have a surgical preference at PGY3, irrespective of gender. There were significant differences in self-reported career influencing factors between women and men at EQ and PGY3, as well as between PGY3 women with a surgical and those with a non-surgical preference. These included nature of the specialty, training requirements, lifestyle, family and personal factors. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the proportion of women in Surgery requires a multifaceted approach starting during medical school and continuing through early postgraduate years. More needs to be done to make surgical experiences as an undergraduate and junior doctor appealing to women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette A Meyer
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte J W Connell
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Rennie
- Education Unit, University of Otago, Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Antonia C Verstappen
- Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Phillippa J Poole
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yashadhana A, Clarke NA, Zhang JH, Ahmad J, Mdala S, Morjaria P, Yoshizaki M, Kyari F, Burton MJ, Ramke J. Gender and ethnic diversity in global ophthalmology and optometry association leadership: a time for change. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:623-629. [PMID: 33650712 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the diversity of leadership bodies of member organisations of the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) and the World Council of Optometry (WCO) in terms of: (1) the proportion who are women in all world regions, and (2) the proportion who are ethnic minority women and men in Eurocentric high-income regions. METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional study of board members and chairs of ICO and WCO member organisations using a desk-based assessment of member organisation websites during February and March 2020. Gender and ethnicity of board members and chairs were collected using a combination of validated algorithmic software and manual assessment, based on names and photographs where available. Gender proportions were calculated across Global Burden of Disease super-regions, and gender and ethnicity proportions in the high-income regions of Australasia, North America and Western Europe. RESULTS Globally, approximately one in three board members were women for both ICO (34%) and WCO (35%) members, and one in three ICO (32%) and one in five WCO (22%) chairpersons were women. Women held at least 50% of posts in only three of the 26 (12%) leadership structures assessed; these were based in Latin America and the Caribbean (59% of WCO board positions held by women, and 56% of WCO chairs), and Southeast Asia, East Asia and Oceania (55% of ICO chairs). In the Eurocentric high-income regions, white men held more than half of all board (56%) and chair (58%) positions and white women held a further quarter of positions (26% of board and 27% of chair positions). Ethnic minority women held the fewest number of board (6%) and chair (7%) positions. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in gender parity are needed in member organisations of the WCO and ICO across all world regions. In high-income regions, efforts to address inequity at the intersection of gender and ethnicity are also needed. Potential strategies to enable inclusive leadership must be centred on structurally enabled diversity and inclusion goals to support the professional progression of women, and people from ethnic minorities in global optometry and ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryati Yashadhana
- School of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Health Equity Research Training & Evaluation (CHETRE), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Justine H Zhang
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shaffi Mdala
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Priya Morjaria
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Miho Yoshizaki
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fatima Kyari
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,College of Health Sciences, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Ramke
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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