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Zhou Y, Wu W, Cai W, Zhang D, Zhang W, Luo Y, Cai F, Shi Z. Prognostic prediction using a gene signature developed based on exhausted T cells for liver cancer patients. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28156. [PMID: 38533068 PMCID: PMC10963654 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) is a solid primary malignancy with poor prognosis. This study discovered key prognostic genes based on T cell exhaustion and used them to develop a prognostic prediction model for LIHC. Methods SingleR's annotations combined with Seurat was used to automatically annotate the single-cell clustering results of the LIHC dataset GSE166635 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and to identify clusters related to exhausted T cells. Patients were classified using ConsensusClusterPlus package. Next, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) package was employed to distinguish key gene module, based on which least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) and multi/univariate cox analysis were performed to construct a RiskScore system. Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were employed to evaluate the efficacy of the model. To further optimize the risk model, a nomogram capable of predicting immune infiltration and immunotherapy sensitivity in different risk groups was developed. Expressions of genes were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and immunofluorescence and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) were performed for analyzing cell functions. Results We obtained 18,413 cells and clustered them into 7 immune and non-immune cell subpopulations. Based on highly variable genes among T cell exhaustion clusters, 3 molecular subtypes (C1, C2 and C3) of LIHC were defined, with C3 subtype showing the highest score of exhausted T cells and a poor prognosis. The Lasso and multivariate cox analysis selected 7 risk genes from the green module, which were closely associated with the C3 subtype. All the patients were divided into low- and high-risk groups based on the medium value of RiskScore, and we found that high-risk patients had higher immune infiltration and immune escape and poorer prognosis. The nomogram exhibited a strong performance for predicting long-term LIHC prognosis. In vitro experiments revealed that the 7 risk genes all had a higher expression in HCC cells, and that both liver HCC cell numbers and cell viability were reduced by knocking down MMP-9. Conclusion We developed a RiskScore model for predicting LIHC prognosis based on the scRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. The RiskScore as an independent prognostic factor could improve the clinical treatment for LIHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Infectious, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wanrui Wu
- Department of Vasointerventional, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Infectious, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Infectious, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Infectious, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yunling Luo
- Department of Infectious, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Fujing Cai
- Department of Infectious, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhenjing Shi
- Department of Vasointerventional, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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Rojas Sánchez LZ, Trujillo-Cáceres SJ, Hernández Vargas JA, Jurado AM, Echeverría LE, Gómez-Ochoa SA, Roa-Díaz ZM. Validación de constructo de la escala Zung en pacientes con falla cardíaca. INVESTIGACIÓN EN ENFERMERÍA: IMAGEN Y DESARROLLO 2022. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.ie23.vcez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción: La escala Zung para depresión ha sido previamente utilizada en pacientes con falla cardíaca; sin embargo, en nuestro conocimiento no se encuentra evidencia de su validez para la versión en español y su uso en población adulta con falla cardíaca en Colombia. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo de la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original y proponer una versión abreviada para pacientes adultos con falla cardíaca.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 200 pacientes de una clínica de falla y trasplante cardiaco, en quienes se aplicó Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Se evaluó la consistencia interna por medio del alfa de Cronbach y el análisis factorial fue utilizado para identificar las dimensiones del instrumento.
Resultados: La consistencia interna de la versión original de la escala (20 ítems) fue de α=0.811. El análisis de factores mostró una estructura compuesta por tres factores que explican el 51.59% de la varianza total. La nueva versión abreviada (13 ítems) obtuvo un α=0.819 y los ítems correlacionaron con un único factor que explicó el 33.54% de la varianza total.
Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos son similares a los encontrados por otros autores en diferentes poblaciones a la estudiada.
Conclusiones: Se evidenció validez de constructo tanto para la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original como para la abreviada creada en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales que verifiquen estos hallazgos en una muestra representativa y que otros aspectos de la psicometría sean evaluados.
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The effects of rational emotive behavior therapy for depressive symptoms in adults with congenital heart disease. Heart Lung 2021; 50:906-913. [PMID: 34411872 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 30% of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) experience depression. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in reducing depressive symptoms in adults with CHD. METHODS Forty-two adults with CHD were recruited from an outpatient clinic and randomized to a study group (n = 21), which comprised 8-weekly group-based counseling sessions, or a control group (n = 21), which received usual care. REBT effectiveness was examined using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Shorten General Attitude and Belief Scale, and salivary cortisol levels before therapy, after the last session, and at follow-up 4 weeks later. RESULTS Average participant ages were 30.1 ± 7.58 and 33.3 ± 7.1 years in study and control groups, respectively; 52.4% of participants in each group were female. After REBT, depression (p < 0.001), irrational beliefs (p < 0.001), and salivary cortisol levels (p = 0.006) were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. Effects of REBT in the study group remained consistent at the 4-week follow-up. CONCLUSION REBT may be effective in reducing depression in adults with CHD.
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Proskynitopoulos PJ, Heitland I, Glahn A, Bauersachs J, Westhoff-Bleck M, Kahl KG. Prevalence of Child Maltreatment in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease and Its Relationship With Psychological Well-Being, Health Behavior, and Current Cardiac Function. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:686169. [PMID: 34381388 PMCID: PMC8350035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.686169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of child maltreatment in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) has not been assessed so far. Child maltreatment is a major risk factor for unfavorable behavioral, mental, and physical health outcomes and has been associated with decreased quality of life. Given the increased survival time of ACHD, it is essential to assess factors that may worsen the quality of life and interact with classical cardiovascular risk factors and mental well-being. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 196 ACHD (mean age 35.21 ± 11.24 y, 44,4% female, 55.6% male) completed a thorough psychiatric and cardiac evaluation. Child maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and rates were compared to already existing data from the German general population. Further psychological measurements included the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and assessment of lifestyle factors (exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index). To identify a relationship between current cardiac function and child maltreatment, we used logistic regression. Results: ACHD reported significantly higher rates of emotional neglect and emotional abuse and sexual abuse and lower rates of physical neglect when compared to the general German population. In addition, total CTQ-scores, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse correlated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and negatively correlated with QoL. Furthermore, CTQ scores contributed significantly in predicting higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) scores (p = 0.009). Conclusion: Child maltreatment is more common in ACHD and associated with decreased quality of life and depression and anxiety. Furthermore, we found evidence that self-reported child maltreatment is associated with decreased cardiac function. Given the longer survival time of patients with ACHD, identifying factors that may negatively influence the disease course is essential. The negative consequences of child maltreatment may be the subject of psychosocial interventions that have demonstrated efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivo Heitland
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Alexander Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mechthild Westhoff-Bleck
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kai G. Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Depression Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability Predicts Outcome in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081554. [PMID: 33917168 PMCID: PMC8067842 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), major depressive disorder (MDD) represents a frequent comorbidity. In non-CHD, adverse outcome is predicted by MDD and heart rate variability (HRV), whereas in ACHD their prognostic relevance is unknown. We prospectively evaluated 171 patients (age 35.6 ± 11.4 years; male 42.7%, mean observation time 54.7 ± 14.9 months). Binary regression analysis calculated the association between MDD and HRV. Cox proportional survival analysis estimated their impact on decompensated heart failure and all-cause mortality (HF/death), supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia (SVT/VT), and hospitalization due to unexpected cardiac causes. Exclusively MDD with moderate/severe symptoms showed significantly lower HRV as derived from frequency-domain analysis (Symindex) (p = 0.013). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, patients stratified according to the lower quartile of the Symindex comorbid with MDD (n = 16) exhibited poorer prognosis regarding HF/death (Hazard Ratio (HR): 7.04 (95%CI:(1.87–26.5)), SVT/VT (HR: 4.90 (95%CI:1.74–9.25)) and hospitalization (HR: 3.80 (95%CI:1.36–10.6)). An additional independent predictor was N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide elevation (p < 0.001), indicating advanced HF and heart disease complexity (p < 0.001). Autonomic nervous system dysfunction measured by altered HRV is considered to be one of the pathways linking MDD and adverse outcomes in cardiac diseases. Our results exceed the existing literature by demonstrating that MDD with decreased HRV is associated with poorer prognosis in ACHD.
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Kovacs AH, Bellinger DC. Neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes in adult congenital heart disease: a lifespan approach. Heart 2020; 107:159-167. [PMID: 32887738 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jackson JL, Fox KR, Kovacs AH. Psychological Needs, Assessment, and Treatment in the Care of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiol Clin 2020; 38:305-316. [PMID: 32622486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of congenital heart disease survivors are thriving, many are at risk for declining emotional well-being as they age. Emotional distress is a risk factor for poorer health outcomes and must be addressed. Primary care and cardiology teams may be the first line of defense in identifying and providing referral resources for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and medical trauma. The current review provides information about commonly used self-report measures of emotional distress to identify symptoms that warrant referral and describes multiple options for addressing these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Jackson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, NEOB, 3rd Floor, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Kristen R Fox
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, NEOB, 3rd Floor, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Adrienne H Kovacs
- Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-62, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Ko JM, White KS, Kovacs AH, Tecson KM, Apers S, Luyckx K, Thomet C, Budts W, Enomoto J, Sluman MA, Wang JK, Jackson JL, Khairy P, Cook SC, Chidambarathanu S, Alday L, Eriksen K, Dellborg M, Berghammer M, Johansson B, Mackie AS, Menahem S, Caruana M, Veldtman G, Soufi A, Fernandes SM, Callus E, Kutty S, Moons P, Cedars AM. Differential impact of physical activity type on depression in adults with congenital heart disease: A multi-center international study. J Psychosom Res 2019; 124:109762. [PMID: 31443808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity (PA) and depression in a large international cohort of adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) as data about the differential impact of PA type on depression in this population are lacking. METHODS In 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional assessment of 3908 ACHD recruited from 24 ACHD-specialized centers in 15 countries between April 2013 to March 2015. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess self-reported depressive symptoms and the Health-Behavior Scale-Congenital Heart Disease was used to collect PA information. Cochran-Armitage tests were performed to assess trends between depressive symptom levels and PA participation. Chi-Square and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were utilized to examine relations between depressive symptom levels and patient characteristics. Stepwise multivariable models were then constructed to understand the independent impact of PA on depressive symptoms. RESULTS The overall prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms in this sample was 12% with significant differences in rates between countries (p < .001). Physically active individuals were less likely to be depressed than those who were sedentary. Of the 2 PA domains examined, sport participation rather than active commute was significantly associated with reduced symptoms of depression. After adjustment in multivariable analysis, sport participation was still significantly associated with 38% decreased probability of depressive symptoms (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Sport participation is independently associated with reduced depressive symptoms. The development and promotion of sport-related exercise prescriptions uniquely designed for ACHD may improve depression status in this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Mi Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kamila S White
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Washington University and Barnes Jewish Heart & Vascular Center, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrienne H Kovacs
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Silke Apers
- KU Leuven Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Luyckx
- School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corina Thomet
- Center for Congenital Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Werner Budts
- Division of Congenital and Structural Cardiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Junko Enomoto
- Department of Adult Congenital Heart Disease,Cardiovascular Center, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maayke A Sluman
- Department of Cardiology,Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jou-Kou Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jamie L Jackson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul Khairy
- Adult Congenital Heart Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cook
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Shanthi Chidambarathanu
- Pediatric Cardiology, Frontier Lifeline Hospital (Dr. K. M. Cherian Heart Foundation), Chennai, India
| | - Luis Alday
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital de Niños, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Katrine Eriksen
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikael Dellborg
- Adult Congenital Heart Unit, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Berghammer
- Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Bengt Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew S Mackie
- Division of Cardiology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Samuel Menahem
- Monash Heart, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryanne Caruana
- Department of Cardiology, Mater Dei Hospital, Birkirkara Bypass, Malta
| | - Gruschen Veldtman
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexandra Soufi
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Susan M Fernandes
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Edward Callus
- Clinical Psychology Service, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Philip Moons
- KU Leuven Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ari M Cedars
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Westhoff-Bleck M, Winter L, Aguirre Davila L, Herrmann-Lingen C, Treptau J, Bauersachs J, Bleich S, Kahl KG. Diagnostic evaluation of the hospital depression scale (HADS) and the Beck depression inventory II (BDI-II) in adults with congenital heart disease using a structured clinical interview: Impact of depression severity. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:381-390. [PMID: 31349778 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319865055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was the diagnostic evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale total score, its depression subscale and the Beck depression inventory II in adults with congenital heart disease. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated 206 patients with congenital heart disease (mean age 35.3 ± 11.7 years; 58.3% men). Major depressive disorder was diagnosed by a structured clinical interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV and disease severity with the Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale. Receiver operating characteristics provided assessment of diagnostic accuracy. Youden's J statistic identified optimal cut-off points. RESULTS Fifty-three participants (25.7%) presented with major depressive disorder. Of these, 28 (52.8%) had mild and 25 (47.2%) had moderate to severe symptoms. In the total cohort, the optimal cut-off of values was >11 in the Beck depression inventory II, >11 in the hospital anxiety and depression scale and >5 in the depression subscale. Optimal cut-off points for moderate to severe major depressive disorder were similar. The cut-offs for mild major depressive disorder were lower (Beck depression inventory II >4; hospital anxiety and depression scale >8; >2 in its depression subscale). In the total cohort the calculated area under the curve varied between 0.906 (hospital anxiety and depression scale) and 0.93 (Beck depression inventory II). Detection of moderate to severe major depressive disorder (area under the curve 0.965-0.98) was excellent; detection of mild major depressive disorder (area under the curve 0.851-0.885) was limited. Patients with major depressive disorder had a significantly lower quality of life, even when they had mild symptoms. CONCLUSION All scales were excellent for detecting moderate to severe major depressive disorder. Classification of mild major depressive disorder, representing 50% of cases, was limited. Therapy necessitating loss of quality of life is already present in major depressive disorder with mild symptoms. Established cut-off points may still be too high to identify patients with major depressive disorder requiring therapy. External validation is needed to confirm our data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotta Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Herrmann-Lingen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen Medical Centre and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Germany
| | - Jens Treptau
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover, Medical School, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover, Medical School, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Cardiac Denial and Expectations Associated With Depression in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:2002-2005. [PMID: 30967286 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression in adults with congenital heart disease is highly prevalent and strongly associated with adverse prognosis. Better management of risk factors for depression may improve clinical outcomes in this population. We conducted a single-site, cross-sectional study of 78 adults with congenital heart disease followed at Washington University School of Medicine. Data considered in the analyses included retrospectively obtained clinical information and patients' self-assessed psychosocial functioning and health status. To identify the clinical and psychosocial variables associated with depression, we built a stepwise multivariate model to measure the relative contribution of these variables to depression status. The prevalence of depression in our sample was 26%. Our model accounted for approximately 67% of the variability in depression scores. The final model consisted of the Cardiac Denial of Impact Scale, expectations domain of Barriers to Care, and the energy and social domains of the Rand 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. Clinical variables did not predict variability in depression scores. In conclusion, greater cardiac denial and negative expectations of the healthcare team were associated with increased depression symptoms in ACHD.
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Quality of life and depression in adults with repaired complex cyanotic congenital heart disease in the Czech Republic. COR ET VASA 2019. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2019.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with congenital heart disease face psychological challenges although an understanding of depression vs. anxiety symptoms is unclear. We analyzed the prevalence of elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression and explored associations with demographic and medical factors as well as quality of life. METHODS Adults with congenital heart disease enrolled from an outpatient clinic completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and two measures of quality of life: the Linear Analogue Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Medical data were obtained by chart review. RESULTS Of 130 patients (median age = 32 years; 55% female), 55 (42%) had elevated anxiety symptoms and 16 (12%) had elevated depression symptoms on subscales of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Most patients with elevated depression symptoms also had elevated anxiety symptoms (15/16; 94%). Of 56 patients with at least one elevated subscale, 37 (66%) were not receiving mental health treatment. Compared to patients with 0 or 1 elevated subscales, patients with elevations in both (n=15) were less likely to be studying or working (47% vs. 81%; p=0.016) and reported lower scores on the Linear Analogue Scale (60 vs. 81, p<0.001) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (14 vs. 28, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among adults with congenital heart disease, elevated anxiety symptoms are common and typically accompany elevated depressive symptoms. The combination is associated with unemployment and lower quality of life. Improved strategies to provide psychosocial care and support appropriate engagement in employment are required.
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Benderly M, Kalter-Leibovici O, Weitzman D, Blieden L, Buber J, Dadashev A, Mazor-Dray E, Lorber A, Nir A, Yalonetsky S, Razon Y, Chodick G, Hirsch R. Depression and anxiety are associated with high health care utilization and mortality among adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2019; 276:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dunstan DA, Scott N. Assigning Clinical Significance and Symptom Severity Using the Zung Scales: Levels of Misclassification Arising from Confusion between Index and Raw Scores. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2018; 2018:9250972. [PMID: 29610683 PMCID: PMC5828114 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9250972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) are two norm-referenced scales commonly used to identify the presence of depression and anxiety in clinical research. Unfortunately, several researchers have mistakenly applied index score criteria to raw scores when assigning clinical significance and symptom severity ratings. This study examined the extent of this problem. METHOD 102 papers published over the six-year period from 2010 to 2015 were used to establish two convenience samples of 60 usages of each Zung scale. RESULTS In those papers where cut-off scores were used (i.e., 45/60 for SDS and 40/60 for SAS), up to 51% of SDS and 45% of SAS papers involved the incorrect application of index score criteria to raw scores. Inconsistencies were also noted in the severity ranges and cut-off scores used. CONCLUSIONS A large percentage of publications involving the Zung SDS and SAS scales are using incorrect criteria for the classification of clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. The most common error-applying index score criteria to raw scores-produces a substantial elevation of the cut-off points for significance. Given the continuing usage of these scales, it is important that these inconsistencies be highlighted and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra A. Dunstan
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Ned Scott
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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15
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Lemche AV, Chaban OS, Lemche E. Depression contributing to dyslipidemic cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:539-546. [PMID: 28012071 PMCID: PMC5390000 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triglycerides are considered an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Recent evidence relating depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS) implicated triglyceride levels. We thus investigated interrelations of self-reported depression severity (Zung) and MetS-related biological measures with CVD risk estimates in MetS patients. METHODS N = 101 patients fulfilling International Diabetes Federation criteria for MetS from a nationwide sampled treatment cohort for MetS with familial T2DM risk or manifest T2DM in a Ukrainian governmental health care system were participants. Both laboratory and non-laboratory measures were included. Recent European cardiological SCORE system CVD risk estimates were used as outcome variables. RESULTS Following correlation matrix, we entered all variables into principal component analysis (PCA; 76.7% explained variance), followed by hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). The PCA suggested a one-factor solution, where the latent variable showed highest loadings of SCORE risk estimates, triglycerides, depression severity, and pulse pressure. A comprehensive SEM was adjusted with 92.7% explained variance: overall CVD risk related to depression, pulse pressure, triglycerides, and fasting glucose. CONCLUSION The findings in this MetS sample suggest that triglycerides and depression severity are the key variables among MetS biomarkers in cross-sectionally associating with the fatal and total SCORE risk estimates in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O. S. Chaban
- Section of Psychosomatic Medicine, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - E. Lemche
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Box PO 69, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
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16
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Kasmi L, Bonnet D, Montreuil M, Kalfa D, Geronikola N, Bellinger DC, Calderon J. Neuropsychological and Psychiatric Outcomes in Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries across the Lifespan: A State-of-the-Art Review. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:59. [PMID: 28393063 PMCID: PMC5364136 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in prenatal diagnosis, perioperative management, and postoperative care have dramatically increased the population of survivors of neonatal and infant heart surgery. The high survival rate of these patients into adulthood has exposed the alarming prevalence of long-term neuropsychological and psychiatric morbidities. Dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) is one of the most extensively studied cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) with regard to neurodevelopmental outcomes. Landmark studies have described a common neurodevelopmental and behavioral phenotype associated with d-TGA. Children with d-TGA display impairments in key neurocognitive areas, including visual-spatial and fine motor abilities, executive functioning, processing speed, and social cognition. As they grow older, they may face additional challenges with a worsening of deficits in higher order cognitive skills, problems in psychosocial adjustment and a higher-than-expected rate of psychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, and anxiety. The aim of this review is to summarize the available recent data on neuropsychological and psychiatric outcomes in individuals with d-TGA after the arterial switch operation. We present findings within a life-span perspective, with a particular emphasis on the emerging literature on adolescent and young adult outcomes. Finally, we propose avenues for future research in the CHD adult neuropsychology field. Among these avenues, we explore the potential mechanisms by which pediatric neurodevelopmental impairments may have lifelong adverse effects as well as alternative interventions that could optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kasmi
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University Paris 8, Paris Lumières - CNRS , Saint-Denis , France
| | - Damien Bonnet
- Referral Center for Complex Congenital Cardiac Malformations, Department of Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology, Necker Hospital, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Michèle Montreuil
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University Paris 8, Paris Lumières - CNRS , Saint-Denis , France
| | - David Kalfa
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, Section of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nikoletta Geronikola
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University Paris 8, Paris Lumières - CNRS , Saint-Denis , France
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johanna Calderon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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Westhoff-Bleck M, Briest J, Fraccarollo D, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Winter L, Maske U, Busch MA, Bleich S, Bauersachs J, Kahl KG. Mental disorders in adults with congenital heart disease: Unmet needs and impact on quality of life. J Affect Disord 2016; 204:180-6. [PMID: 27367306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), mental health status and quality of life become important issues due to improved life expectancy. Current literature provides conflicting data regarding mental health status in ACHD. Furthermore, none of the studies so far compared prevalence rates with a matched control group. METHODS The prevalence of mental disorders was assessed in 150 ACHD using a structured interview, and compared to 12-months estimates of the general German population. Quality of life (QoL) was measured with World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument. Furthermore, we related the diagnostic results of widely used screening instruments for depression (Beck Depression Inventory-2; BDI-2; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS) with clinical diagnoses, to receive optimal sensitivity and specificity values. RESULTS The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly higher in ACHD than in the general population (48.0%; CI: 44.7-60.0 vs. 35.7%; CI: 33.5-37.9). Mood (30.7%; CI: 24.0-38.0 vs. 10.7%;CI:9.4-12.0) and anxiety disorders (28.0%; CI:22.0-36.7 vs. 16.8%; CI: 15.0-18.6) were the leading causes of psychiatric illness. Sixteen of 150 ACHD patients (10.7%) received specific treatment for psychiatric disorders before entering the study. Overall quality of life was independently and negatively associated with a diagnosis of major depression (p<0.001), alcohol dependency (p=0.004), nicotine dependency (p=0.036), and NYHA class (p=0.007). Accuracy of the HADS-D and BDI-2 as screening instruments was moderate (AUC 0.60-0.81), depending on the cut-off score used. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric disorders, particularly mood and anxiety disorders are significantly more frequent in ACHD compared to the general population. However, these disorders are rarely diagnosed resulting in under treatment and loss of quality of life. Quality of life is independently associated with the existence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. When self-rating instruments (BDI-2, HADS) are used as screening instruments in ACHD care, lower cut-off values are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliane Briest
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | | | - Lotta Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Ulrike Maske
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus A Busch
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bleich
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Patients with CHD are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. The present study compared baseline depressive symptoms between adolescents with CHD and community adolescents, and also assessed the development and persistence of depressive symptoms in patients. We examined the implications of persistent depressive symptoms towards quality of life and patient-reported health. In total, 296 adolescents with CHD participated in a four-wave longitudinal study, with 9-month intervals, and completed measures of depressive symptoms - Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) - at time points one to four and of quality of life - linear analogue scale (LAS) - and patient-reported health - LAS and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - at T (time) 4. Information about diagnosis, disease complexity, and previous heart surgery was collected from medical records. At T1, 278 patients were matched 1:1 with community adolescents, based on sex and age. The findings of this study indicate that patients scored significantly lower on depressive symptoms compared with community adolescents. Depressive symptoms in the total patient sample were stable over time and were unrelated to disease complexity. Based on conventional cut-off scores of the CES-D, substantial individual differences existed in the extent to which depressive symptoms persisted over time: 12.2% of the patients reported elevated depressive symptoms at minimally three out of the four time points. Especially physical functioning, cardiac symptoms, and patient-reported health at T4 were predicted by persistent depressive symptoms, even when controlling for the level of depressive symptoms at T4. Our findings indicate that those involved in the care of adolescents with CHD should remain vigilant to persistent depressive symptoms and arrange timely referral to mental healthcare services.
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Gaeta SA, Ward C, Krasuski RA. Extra-cardiac manifestations of adult congenital heart disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26:627-36. [PMID: 27234354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in correction or palliation of congenital cardiac lesions has greatly improved the lifespan of congenital heart disease patients, resulting in a rapidly growing adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) population. As this group has increased in number and age, emerging science has highlighted the systemic nature of ACHD. Providers caring for these patients are tasked with long-term management of multiple neurologic, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and endocrine manifestations that arise as syndromic associations with congenital heart defects or as sequelae of primary structural or hemodynamic abnormalities. In this review, we outline the current understanding and recent research into these extra-cardiac manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Gaeta
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Cary Ward
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Richard A Krasuski
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC.
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20
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Ferguson M, Kovacs AH. An Integrated Adult Congenital Heart Disease Psychology Service. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2016; 11:444-451. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Ferguson
- Graduate Program in Psychology, York University; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Adrienne H. Kovacs
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Karsenty C, Maury P, Blot-Souletie N, Ladouceur M, Leobon B, Senac V, Mondoly P, Elbaz M, Galinier M, Dulac Y, Carrié D, Acar P, Hascoet S. The medical history of adults with complex congenital heart disease affects their social development and professional activity. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 108:589-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Diller GP, Bräutigam A, Kempny A, Uebing A, Alonso-Gonzalez R, Swan L, Babu-Narayan SV, Baumgartner H, Dimopoulos K, Gatzoulis MA. Depression requiring anti-depressant drug therapy in adult congenital heart disease: prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic value. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:771-82. [PMID: 26314687 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is prevalent in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD), but limited data on the frequency of anti-depressant drug (ADD) therapy and its impact on outcome are available. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified all ACHD patients treated with ADDs between 2000 and 2011 at our centre. Of 6162 patients under follow-up, 204 (3.3%) patients were on ADD therapy. The majority of patients were treated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (67.4%), while only 17.0% of patients received tricyclic anti-depressants. Twice as many female patients used ADDs compared with males (4.4 vs. 2.2%, P < 0.0001). The percentage of patients on ADDs increased with disease complexity (P < 0.0001) and patient age (P < 0.0001). Over a median follow-up of 11.1 years, 507 (8.2%) patients died. After propensity score matching, ADD use was found to be significantly associated with worse outcome in male ACHD patients [hazard ratio 1.44 (95% confidence interval 1.17-1.84)]. There was no evidence that this excess mortality was directly related to ADD therapy, QT-prolongation, or malignant arrhythmias. However, males taking ADDs were also more likely to miss scheduled follow-up appointments compared with untreated counterparts, while no such difference in clinic attendance was seen in females. CONCLUSIONS The use of ADD therapy in ACHD relates to gender, age, and disease complexity. Although, twice as many female patients were on ADDs, it were their male counterparts, who were at increased mortality risk on therapy. Furthermore, males on ADDs had worse adherence to scheduled appointments suggesting the need for special medical attention and possibly psychosocial intervention for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard-Paul Diller
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Aleksander Kempny
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anselm Uebing
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rafael Alonso-Gonzalez
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorna Swan
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sonya V Babu-Narayan
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helmut Baumgartner
- Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Gatzoulis
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, NIHR Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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