1
|
Gupta S, Mendiratta AK, Shaikh MA, Dora H, Shamsuddin S, Maqhbool SB. Comparison of gingival thickness by CBCT versus transgingival probing and estimation of cut-off values for gingival phenotype - A cross-sectional study in adults. Int Orthod 2024; 22:100892. [PMID: 38936246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2024.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM Gingival phenotype (GP) is regarded as a valuable indicator for forecasting the probability of attaining favourable aesthetic and functional results with orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for assessing gingival thickness (GT) in both arches compared to the transgingival probing method. The secondary objective was to determine the optimal cut-off values for GT using CBCT. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted where GP was determined based on the probe transparency method (TRAN). The GT measurements were obtained by both methods at 2mm from the free gingival margin (FGM) for all teeth anterior to the first molar. The data was statistically analysed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The statistical significance level was set at a P-value<0.05. RESULTS The study included 60 subjects (1200 teeth). The mean GT in both the maxillary (1.14±0.17mm) and mandibular (0.94±0.15mm) arches was significantly greater (P<0.05) for the transgingival probing method than for the CBCT method. As shown in the Bland-Altman plot, the bias between the two methods was greater in the maxillary jaw (0.060; 95% CI: 0.044 to 0.076) and in individuals with a thick GP (0.096; 95% CI: 0.082 to 0.109). The optimal values for GT measurements were 1.15mm for the maxillary jaw, 1.02mm for the mandibular jaw, 1.02mm for males, and 1.09mm for females. CONCLUSIONS CBCT exhibited notable precision in diagnosing GT, while demonstrating minimal disparities compared to the conventional transgingival probing technique, particularly evident in thin GPs, and in the mandibular dental arch. The constraints associated with the utilization of CBCT were observed in the maxillary arch and in cases with thick GP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gupta
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh 244001, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Mendiratta
- Private Practice, Lakeshore Smiles Dentistry, 3867 Lakeshore Blvd. W Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario M8M 0A4, Canada
| | - Mubasshir Ahmed Shaikh
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, JMF's ACPM Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra 424001, India
| | - Hibu Dora
- Dr Dora's Dental Clinic and Orthodontic Centre, A-Secor, Naharlagun, Papumpare, Arunachal Pradesh 791110, India
| | - Salim Shamsuddin
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore 560068, India
| | - Sameena Begum Maqhbool
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore 560068, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uysal BF, Köse T, Gürkan A. Gingival phenotype classification by visual and probe visibility assessments: Relationship with thickness and probe design. J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 39119887 DOI: 10.1002/jper.24-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the agreement among dentists in classifying gingival phenotype (GP) through periodontal probe visibility (PPV) assessment with various probe types and the visual method. Additionally, the relationship between GP classifications and gingival thickness (GT) was evaluated. METHODS Photographs were taken with standard periodontal probe (SPP), color-coded periodontal probe (CCPP) tips in white, green, and blue, as well as metal phenotype probe (MPP) tips in gray and black. Evaluators (periodontist, periodontics resident, endodontics resident, dental student) assessed the photographs and classified the GPs. GT was measured by trans gingival probing. RESULTS Visual method showed poor to fair agreement to classify GP. The lowest agreement regarding PPV was noted with white-tipped CCPP. The highest agreement in singular PPV was observed with CCPP blue (κ = 0.932), followed by CCPP green (κ = 0.791), MPP black (κ = 0.783), SPP (κ = 0.730), and MPP gray (κ = 0.690). Combined PPV data revealed fair to moderate agreement with CCPP and moderate to substantial agreement with MPP in GP classification. The corresponding GT to different GP classifications based on combined PPV were comparable. The agreement between SPP and CCPP in classifying non-thin phenotypes was 89.8%, while the agreement between SPP and MPP was 75.4%. Based on PPV, no significant GT cutoff value was found to distinguish between thin and non-thin phenotypes. CONCLUSION Determining a precise GT that guarantees the visibility of a given probe can be difficult when evaluating GP. Regardless of the type of probe, the PPV method has a high potential for misclassifying GP, despite having an acceptable agreement. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Gingival phenotype (GP) is constituted by thickness of the gums and width of keratinized tissue around teeth. Direct visual evaluation or evaluating a periodontal probe's visibility beneath gums are established techniques to classify gingival phenotype. This study investigated how dentists classify GP using visual assessments and different types of periodontal probes, while also exploring the relationship between GP classifications and gingival thickness. Results showed varied agreement among dentists in classifying GP, with lower agreement observed when using certain types of probes, notably the white-tipped phenotype probe. The highest agreement was found with the blue phenotype probe. Data from periodontal probe visibility assessments indicated fair to moderate agreement with certain probes, suggesting some inconsistency in classification methods. Interestingly, GP classification with visual assessments or probes did not correlate with gingival thickness, which may highlight the importance of considering both factors in clinical practice. These findings underline the need for attention when relying solely on visual assessments or specific probe types for accurate GP classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Fatih Uysal
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Timur Köse
- School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ali Gürkan
- School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dridi SM, Ameline C, Heurtebise JM, Vincent-Bugnas S, Charavet C. Prevalence of the Gingival Phenotype in Adults and Associated Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Clin Pract 2024; 14:801-833. [PMID: 38804396 PMCID: PMC11130957 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract14030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The relevance of assessing the gingival phenotype prior to the initiation of periodontal, orthodontic, or prosthetic therapy has been clearly demonstrated. However, publications on this subject are either old or concerned with the means of assessing the gingival phenotype or the main factors likely to modify it. The main objective of this systematic review of the literature was therefore to investigate the prevalence of different gingival phenotypes in adults in good general health and with a healthy periodontium. A systematic review of the literature was performed following the guidelines of PRISMA recommendations using an electronic search strategy on four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase) complemented by a manual search. Three independent authors were involved in study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment. Results: Of 807 articles, 17 of them, published between 2012 and 2023, involving 3277 subjects from 11 countries and 9766 dental sites, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of the gingival phenotype could not be determined at the level of an individual or a dental arch because all the publications assessed this phenotype only at the level of certain dental sectors, and were not chosen at random. The maxillary central incisors and maxillary or mandibular first molar sectors were associated with a high and thick gingival phenotype, independently of the dental morphology, gender, and age of adult subjects. Furthermore, in these regions, this gingival phenotype tended to be associated with a thick vestibular bone table. In contrast, maxillary and mandibular incisors and premolars more often had a thin gingival phenotype. For other teeth, the results were less conclusive. It is important not to rely solely on the overall appearance of the dentition but to independently assess the thickness and height of the gingiva at each dental site requiring intervention. Finally, this study highlights a key point, namely the need for further longitudinal studies to determine the prevalence in healthy adults. For practicality and feasibility reasons, these studies should be designed according to therapeutic needs, dental sector by dental sector, and within homogeneous source populations. PROSPERO registration: CRD 42023392602.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie-Myriam Dridi
- Département de Parodontologie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 06800 Nice, France; (C.A.); (S.V.-B.)
- Unité de Parodontologie, Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06800 Nice, France;
- Laboratoire MICORALIS, Université Côte d’Azur, UPR 7354, 06800 Nice, France;
| | - Clément Ameline
- Département de Parodontologie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 06800 Nice, France; (C.A.); (S.V.-B.)
- Unité de Parodontologie, Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06800 Nice, France;
| | - Jean Michel Heurtebise
- Unité de Parodontologie, Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06800 Nice, France;
| | - Séverine Vincent-Bugnas
- Département de Parodontologie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 06800 Nice, France; (C.A.); (S.V.-B.)
- Unité de Parodontologie, Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06800 Nice, France;
- Laboratoire MICORALIS, Université Côte d’Azur, UPR 7354, 06800 Nice, France;
| | - Carole Charavet
- Laboratoire MICORALIS, Université Côte d’Azur, UPR 7354, 06800 Nice, France;
- Département d’Orthodontie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte d’Azur, 06800 Nice, France
- Unité d’Orthodontie, Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06800 Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong J, Aps J, Naoum S, Lee R, Miranda LA, Murray K, Hartsfield JK, Goonewardene MS. An evaluation of gingival phenotype and thickness as determined by indirect and direct methods. Angle Orthod 2023; 93:675-682. [PMID: 37407506 PMCID: PMC10633790 DOI: 10.2319/081622-573.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate gingival phenotype (GP) and thickness (GT) using visual, probing, and ultrasound (US) methods and to assess the accuracy and consistency of clinicians to visually identify GP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GP and GT of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in 29 orthodontic patients (mean age 25 ± 7.5 years) were assessed using probing and US by a single examiner. General dentist and dental specialist assessors (n = 104) were shown intraoral photographs of the patients, including six repeated images, and asked to identify the GP via a questionnaire. RESULTS An increasing trend in GT values of thin, medium, and thick biotype probe categories was found, though this was not statistically significant (P = .188). Comparison of probing method to determinations of GT made by US yielded slight agreement (κ = 0.12). Using the visual method, assessors' identification of the second GP determination ranged from poor to moderate agreement (κ = 0.29 to κ = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS The probe method is sufficient in differentiating between different categories of GP. However, further research is required to assess the sensitivity of the probe method in recognizing phenotypes in the most marginal of cases. Assessors using the visual method lack the ability to identify GP accurately and consistently among themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mithran S Goonewardene
- Corresponding author: Dr Mithran S. Goonewardene, Orthodontics, Dental School, The University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands 6009, Western Australia, Australia (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nalbantoğlu AM, Yanık D. Revisiting the measurement of keratinized gingiva: a cross-sectional study comparing an intraoral scanner with clinical parameters. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2023; 53:362-375. [PMID: 37524382 PMCID: PMC10627736 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2204320216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized gingiva width (KGW), papilla height (PH), and crown ratio (CR) by employing transgingival probing and an intraoral scanner (IOS). METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 360 maxillary anterior teeth from 60 patients. GT was assessed using transgingival probing with an endodontic spreader. KGW, CR, and PH were measured using an IOS. One-way analysis of variance, the Student's t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficients were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS Higher GT was significantly associated with thinner KGW in the central region (P=0.019). There was no statistically significant difference in GT between teeth (P=0.06). PH was lower in lateral teeth than in canines (P=0.047), with a PH of 2.99 mm in lateral teeth. The KGW was narrower in canines than in central teeth (P=0.007). A moderate correlation was observed between KGW and PH in the central region (P=0.01), while a weak negative correlation was found between KGW and CR (P=0.043). CONCLUSIONS A moderate negative correlation was found between GT and KGW, as well as between PH and KGW in central teeth. In contrast, a weak negative correlation existed between CR and KGW. The PH (2.99 mm) was lower in lateral teeth than in canines. The traditional paradigm, which suggests a positive correlation between KGW and GT, was re-evaluated by measuring KGW using an IOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mert Nalbantoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Antalya Bilim University, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yanık
- Department of Endodontics, Antalya Bilim University, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soundarajan S, Malaippan S. Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Microneedling—A Non-Surgical Approach for Gingival Augmentation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/23202068231157997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of combining microneedling (MN) and injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) administration with i-PRF alone in augmenting the thickness of gingiva to manage thin periodontal phenotype. Methodology: The clinical trial involved 36 patients who were diagnosed with thin periodontal phenotype. They were randomized under two groups: MN + i-PRF versus i-PRF alone, carried out as a split-mouth trial. One quadrant was treated only with i-PRF delivery through the gingival sulcus, while the contralateral side was treated with MN and i-PRF in 3 sessions at 10-day intervals. The primary parameter measured was the thickness of the gingiva, at baseline and 3 months following therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Wilcoxon’s signed ranking test for inter-group and intra-group analysis, respectively. Results: The study results showed a significantly greater increase in gingival thickness (GT) in sites where both MN and i-PRF injection was done, compared to i-PRF alone, with a p value of .04. Conclusion: Both treatment modalities showed improvement in GT, being a minimally invasive alternative for mucogingival surgery. Adjunctive MN was found to be more beneficial than i-PRF alone. However, further research should be carried out to address the drawbacks of the study and for a better understanding of this novel approach.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodrigues DM, Chambrone L, Montez C, Luz DP, Barboza EP. Current landmarks for gingival thickness evaluation in maxillary anterior teeth: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1363-1389. [PMID: 36786957 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and report the current landmarks used for measuring gingival thickness (GT) in healthy maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS The protocol of this Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020-compliant systematic review was registered in PROSPERO. A literature search was conducted to identify articles that met the eligibility criteria published up to 2022. The methods of assessing gingival thickness and the landmarks adopted on the studies were described. Primary outcomes were identified, and the frequency of reporting in the selected articles was calculated. Additionally, risk-of-bias assessments were performed for individual articles. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles (34 with low risk of bias and 24 with medium risk of bias) were selected. A total of 3638 individuals had their gingival thickness measured. Thirty-nine different landmarks were adopted in the studies. Fifty-six articles with 22 landmarks were included in the meta-analysis. A higher heterogeneity was found between the studies (GT ranged from 0.48 to 2.59 mm, mean GT 1.074; 95% CI: 1.024-1.104). The 3 most used landmarks were 2 mm from gingival margin (10 studies, mean GT 1.170 mm, 95% CI: 1.085-1.254), bone crest (9 studies, mean GT 1.01 mm; 95% CI: 0.937-1.083), and cemento-enamel junction (7 studies, mean GT 1.172 mm; 95% CI: 1.105, 1.239). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, a large heterogeneity in GT was found, and there was no consensus on the ideal landmark for GT measurement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The landmark 2 mm from gingival margin, located at attached gingiva, can be used for GT measurement by clinical and image-based devices. This is an important step for a quantitative instead of a qualitative evaluation of phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Chambrone
- Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Periodontics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Caroline Montez
- Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Diogo Pereira Luz
- Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eliane Porto Barboza
- Department of Dental Clinic, Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry, Rua Mario Santos Braga, 28 - Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP, 24020-140, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kus-Bartoszek A, Lipski M, Jarząbek A, Manowiec J, Droździk A. Gingival Phenotype Changes and the Prevalence of Mucogingival Deformities during the Early Transitional Dentition Phase-A Two-Year Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073899. [PMID: 35409581 PMCID: PMC8997368 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thin gingival phenotype (GPh) may contribute to periodontal tissue breakdown and recession development. Thus, the early identification of thin GPh in children can allow proper preventive care and the identification of children at risk during orthodontic treatment. The present long-term study aimed to monitor GPh changes, i.e., thickness (GT) and width of attached gingiva (AGW) during the early transitional dentition phase, as well as its potential associations with the mucogingival deformities. Materials and Methods: 83 systematically healthy children were examined twice with an interval of 2 years. Probing depth, GT and AGW at mandibular incisors, vestibular depth, type of lower lip frenum attachment and mucogingival defects were recorded. Results: 95.2% of participants at baseline and 93.9% at 2-year examination expressed thin GPh. During the transition from the deciduous to permanent dentition, GT and AGW declined, but the GT of permanent incisors already erupted at the baseline examination increased in the observation period. Conclusions: Gingival phenotype undergoes changes in the early transitional dentition phase. In spite of the thin gingival phenotype, only single pseudo-recessions and primary shallow vestibule were noticed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kus-Bartoszek
- Independent Laboratory of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.-B.); (A.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Mariusz Lipski
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Jarząbek
- Independent Laboratory of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.-B.); (A.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Joanna Manowiec
- Independent Laboratory of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.-B.); (A.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Droździk
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1690; Fax: +48-91-466-1692
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fischer KR, Büchel J, Kauffmann F, Heumann C, Friedmann A, Schmidlin PR. Gingival phenotype distribution in young Caucasian women and men - An investigative study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:374-379. [PMID: 34766469 PMCID: PMC8874113 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between gingival phenotype and tooth location based on selected index teeth ("Ramfjord") and assess possible differences between women and men. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six women and 20 men voluntarily participated in this investigation with an average age of 23 years (min: 19; max: 37). Gingival phenotypes (GP) were assessed by transparency of a periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin. RESULTS A comparable and similar GP on all index teeth was only found in seven out of the 56 subjects, that is, thin or thick only: Five participants (three male/two female) showed a uniform and constantly thick and two females a constantly thin GP. While the majority of molars (94.6%; p = 0.006) showed a thick GP, premolars (61.6%; p = 0.09) as well as incisors (70.5%; p = 0.046) were predominantly categorized as thin. In addition, significantly thicker GP was in general observed for maxillary teeth (p = 0.001) but without differences between genders (p = 0.722). CONCLUSION No constant GP can be expected within one dentition. The use of the "Ramfjord teeth" may serve as a quick overview and reliable method to screen GP distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Fischer
- Clinic of Conservative & Preventive Dentistry, Division of Periodontology & Peri-implant Diseases, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Büchel
- Clinic of Conservative & Preventive Dentistry, Division of Periodontology & Peri-implant Diseases, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Kauffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Centre for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Heumann
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Friedmann
- Department for Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Patrick R Schmidlin
- Clinic of Conservative & Preventive Dentistry, Division of Periodontology & Peri-implant Diseases, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bertl K, Al-Hotheiry M, Sun D, Olofsson J, Lettner S, Gotfredsen K, Stavropoulos A. Are colored periodontal probes reliable to classify the gingival phenotype in terms of gingival thickness? J Periodontol 2021; 93:412-422. [PMID: 34309865 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study assessed the potential of colored periodontal probes (CPP) to classify gingival phenotype in terms of gingival thickness (GT). METHODS Buccal GT in 3 anterior teeth in each of 50 patients was measured by transgingival sounding and classified by 3 different methods by 8 examiners. Specifically, the diagnostic potential of visual judgement and transparency of a standard periodontal probe (SPP) to discriminate thin and thick gingiva, and of CPP to discriminate thin, medium, thick, or very thick gingiva was assessed. RESULTS GT ranged from 0.57-2.37mm. Using CPP resulted in a medium judgement in 87% of the cases, on average, and only between 1-10 cases/examiner were judged as thick or very thick. Considering 1mm GT as relevant cut-off value, all methods showed a high positive predictive value (≥0.82) to identify thick cases, but also a high false omission rate (≥0.73) indicating that many cases classified as thin were actually thick. Further, 88% of the cases being ≤1mm, were not classified as thin with CPP; this was inferior to SPP, for which, however, still 64% of the cases being ≤1mm thick were wrongly classified. The highest, yet moderate agreement among examiners was achieved by SPP (κ = 0.427), while visual judgement and CPP showed only fair (κ = 0.211) and slight agreement (κ = 0.112), respectively. CONCLUSION Using CPP resulted in most of the cases in a medium judgement. It seems that CPP cannot distinctly discriminate between "thick" and "very thick" cases and fails to capture the thin high-risk cases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bertl
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehdi Al-Hotheiry
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Sweden
| | - John Olofsson
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Lettner
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Gotfredsen
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Regenerative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fragkioudakis I, Tassou D, Sideri M, Vouros I. Prevalance and clinical characteristics of gingival recession in Greek young adults: A cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 7:672-678. [PMID: 33939311 PMCID: PMC8543455 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of gingival recession (REC) in a sample of young individuals. In addition, the association with several risk factors was examined. MATERIALS & METHODS A 104 subjects, aged 18-30 years old, were randomly enrolled in the study. Participants were requested to fill in a simple structured questionnaire in order to provide information on dental hygiene habits, educational level, smoking and history of orthodontic treatment. Afterwards, all the included individuals were subjected to a thorough clinical periodontal examination including gingival recession (REC), gingival biotype, plaque levels and gingival bleeding index (GBI) assessment. RESULTS The mean prevalence of REC in the studied population surpassed 50% with an equal distribution among females and males. The most common teeth associated with REC were the lower left canine and left 1st premolar. Among the examined variables, only the bleeding index was found to be associated with the presence of REC. CONCLUSIONS Gingival recession was a prevalent condition among young individuals. Gingival inflammation was found to be the most significant factor affecting the incidence of REC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Fragkioudakis
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tassou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Sideri
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vouros
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vlachodimou E, Fragkioudakis I, Vouros I. Is There an Association between the Gingival Phenotype and the Width of Keratinized Gingiva? A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:dj9030034. [PMID: 33806934 PMCID: PMC8004949 DOI: 10.3390/dj9030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of gingival phenotype and width of keratinized gingiva influencing the diagnosis and treatment in the periodontal scenario is relatively new. Soft and hard tissue dimensions of oral tissues are considered essential parameters in daily clinical practice. Factors such as the biotype category and the width of the keratinized gingiva help dentists seek the perfect therapy plan for each patient to achieve long-term stability of periodontal health. Several methods have been proposed to categorize phenotypes and each phenotype is characterized by various clinical characteristics. This review aims to discuss the possible association between the gingival phenotype and the width of keratinized gingiva along with the results appeared. After a rigorous search in major electronic databases, the results of the included studies indicated that the width of keratinized gingiva seems to be associated with the periodontal phenotype, with thick biotypes being characterized by a more pronounced keratinized gingival width. However, the heterogeneity of the included studies did not allow to make a conclusion about a direct relationship.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fischer KR, Büchel J, Testori T, Rasperini G, Attin T, Schmidlin P. Gingival phenotype assessment methods and classifications revisited: a preclinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5513-5518. [PMID: 33725167 PMCID: PMC8370901 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare gingival phenotype assessment methods based on soft tissue transparency on different backgrounds and assessor experience levels. Methods For this purpose, 24 gingival specimens were retrieved from pig jaws with tissue thicknesses from 0.2 to 1.25 mm. Three methods were assessed: periodontal probe PCP12 (thin/thick), double-ended periodontal probe DBS12 (thin/moderate/thick) and colour-based phenotype probe CBP (thin/moderate/thick/very thick). Each sample was photographed with each probe underneath and categorized whether the probe was visible or not using different coloured backgrounds. To measure experience level influence, dentists, dental undergraduate students and laypersons (n = 10/group) performed the evaluation. Results PCP12 probe showed a threshold between 0.4 and 0.5 mm. To distinct between thin and moderate thick gingiva, a comparable range for DBS12 was found while moderate thickness was between 0.5 and 0.8 mm and for thick above 0.8 mm. CBP also showed a comparable threshold of 0.5 mm for thin versus moderate as compared with the other methods; above 0.8 mm, predominantly a very thick tissue was measured. In general, the background colour had a minor impact on PCP12 and DBS12, and investigator experience showed no clear influence on GP assessment. Conclusion Based on probe transparency and within the limitation of a preclinical study, we suggest GP differentiation into three entities: thin (< 0.5 mm; high risk), moderate (0.5–0.8 mm; medium risk) and thick (> 0.8 mm; low risk). Clinical relevance All three GP assessment methods are easy to perform and seem to have a high predictive value with a three entities classification for DBS12 and CBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Fischer
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Division of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jasmin Büchel
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Division of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Testori
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Rasperini
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmidlin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Division of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Centre of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim YJ, Park JM, Cho HJ, Ku Y. Correlation analysis of periodontal tissue dimensions in the esthetic zone using a non-invasive digital method. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2021; 51:88-99. [PMID: 33913632 PMCID: PMC8090792 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2003460173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Direct intraoral scanning and superimposing methods have recently been applied to measure the dimensions of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze various correlations between labial gingival thickness and underlying alveolar bone thickness, as well as clinical parameters among 3 tooth types (central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) using a digital method. Methods In 20 periodontally healthy subjects, cone-beam computed tomography images and intraoral scanned files were obtained. Measurements of labial alveolar bone and gingival thickness at the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines were performed at points 0–5 mm from the alveolar crest on the superimposed images. Clinical parameters including the crown width/crown length ratio, keratinized gingival width, gingival scallop, and transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival sulcus were examined. Results Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level was positively correlated with the thickness of the alveolar bone plate (P<0.05). The central incisors revealed a strong correlation between labial alveolar bone thickness at 1 and 2 mm, respectively, inferior to the alveolar crest and the thickness of the gingiva at the alveolar crest line (G0), whereas G0 and labial bone thickness at every level were positively correlated in the lateral incisors and canines. No significant correlations were found between clinical parameters and hard or soft tissue thickness. Conclusions Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level revealed a positive correlation with labial alveolar bone thickness, although this correlation at identical depth levels was not significant. Gingival thickness, at or under the alveolar crest level, was not associated with the clinical parameters of the gingival features, such as the crown form, gingival scallop, or keratinized gingival width.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Gwanak Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Man Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Cho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ku
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Malpartida-Carrillo V, Tinedo-Lopez PL, Guerrero ME, Amaya-Pajares SP, Özcan M, Rösing CK. Periodontal phenotype: A review of historical and current classifications evaluating different methods and characteristics. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 33:432-445. [PMID: 32955762 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the historical and current periodontal phenotype classifications evaluating methods and characteristics. Moreover, to identify and classify the methods based on periodontal phenotype components. OVERVIEW Several gingival morphology studies have been frequently associated with different terms used causing confusion among the readers. In 2017, the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions recommended to adopt the term "periodontal phenotype". This term comprises two terms, gingival phenotype (gingival thickness and keratinized tissue width) and bone morphotype (buccal bone plate thickness). Furthermore, gingival morphology has been categorized on "thin-scalloped", "thick-scalloped" and "thick-flat" considering the periodontal biotype. However, by definition, the term phenotype is preferred over biotype. Periodontal phenotype can be evaluated through clinical or radiographic assessments and may be divided into invasive/non-invasive (for gingival thickness), static/functional (for keratinized tissue width), and bi/tridimensional (for buccal bone plate thickness) methods. CONCLUSIONS "Thin-scalloped," "thick-scalloped," and "thick-flat" periodontal biotypes were identified. These three periodontal biotypes have been considered in the World Workshop but the term periodontal phenotype is recommended. Periodontal phenotype is the combination of the gingival phenotype and the bone morphotype. There are specific methods for periodontal phenotype evaluation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The term periodontal phenotype is currently recommended for future investigations about gingival phenotype and bone morphotype. "Thin-scalloped," "thick-scalloped," and "thick-flat" periodontal phenotypes can be evaluated through specific methods for gingival thickness, keratinized tissue width, and buccal bone plate thickness evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Luis Tinedo-Lopez
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Eugenia Guerrero
- Medico Surgical Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia P Amaya-Pajares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Center of Dental Medicine, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cassiano Kuchenbecker Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ozsagir ZB, Saglam E, Sen Yilmaz B, Choukroun J, Tunali M. Injectable platelet-rich fibrin and microneedling for gingival augmentation in thin periodontal phenotype: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:489-499. [PMID: 31912532 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this present study was to evaluate the effect of gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized tissue width (KTW) using injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) alone and with microneedling (MN) in individuals with thin periodontal phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this split-mouth study, 33 systemically healthy patients with thin periodontal phenotypes were randomly treated with MN + i-PRF and i-PRF. I-PRF was injected on one side, and MN + i-PRF was performed on the other side of the same patient at 4 sessions with 10-day intervals. Clinical periodontal measurements, GT and KTW were assessed before the treatment and every month for six months after the final injection. RESULTS After the evaluation of GT between the groups, a statistically significant difference was found in MN + i-PRF group at the sixth month. In the intra-group comparisons, a statistically significant increase in GT was observed within both i-PRF [from 0.43 mm ± 0.14 to 0.62 mm ± 0.11 (p < .001)] and MN + i-PRF [from 0.4 mm ± 0.14 to 0.66 mm ± 0.12 (p < .001)] groups at the sixth month. CONCLUSIONS In individuals with thin periodontal phenotypes, standalone i-PRF and i-PRF with MN may have an influence in increasing GT. The results suggest that application of i-PRF and MN may be a first step of non-surgical method for increasing gingival thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeliha Betul Ozsagir
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Saglam
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Science, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berza Sen Yilmaz
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joseph Choukroun
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mustafa Tunali
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim DM, Bassir SH, Nguyen TT. Effect of gingival phenotype on the maintenance of periodontal health: An American Academy of Periodontology best evidence review. J Periodontol 2020; 91:311-338. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Kim
- Advanced Graduate Program in Periodontology Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| | - Seyed Hossein Bassir
- Advanced Specialty Education Program in Periodontics Department of Periodontology Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine New York NY
| | - Thomas T. Nguyen
- Division of Periodontology Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kao RT, Curtis DA, Kim DM, Lin G, Wang C, Cobb CM, Hsu Y, Kan J, Velasquez D, Avila‐Ortiz G, Yu S, Mandelaris GA, Rosen PS, Evans M, Gunsolley J, Goss K, Ambruster J, Wang H. American Academy of Periodontology best evidence consensus statement on modifying periodontal phenotype in preparation for orthodontic and restorative treatment. J Periodontol 2020; 91:289-298. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Kao
- Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
- Private practice Cupertino CA
| | - Donald A. Curtis
- Preventive and Restorative Dental Science University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - David M. Kim
- Oral Medicine Infection and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| | - Guo‐Hao Lin
- Orofacial Sciences University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA
| | - Chin‐Wei Wang
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - Charles M. Cobb
- Department of Periodontology University of Missouri‐Kansas City Kansas City MO
| | - Yung‐Ting Hsu
- Department of Periodontics University of Washington Seattle WA
| | - Joseph Kan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA
| | - Diego Velasquez
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
- Private practice Fenton MI
| | - Gustavo Avila‐Ortiz
- Department of Periodontics University of Iowa College of Dentistry Iowa City IA
| | - Shan‐Huey Yu
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| | - George A. Mandelaris
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
- Private practice Chicago IL
| | - Paul S. Rosen
- Private practice Yardley PA
- Periodontics University of Maryland Baltimore MD
| | | | - John Gunsolley
- Department of Periodontology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA
| | - Katie Goss
- American Academy of Periodontology Chicago IL
| | | | - Hom‐Lay Wang
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Plasencia-Esquivel F, Asmat-Abanto A. Prevalence of gingival biotype in adult patients of the dentistry services of two Peruvian hospitals April-June 2018. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2019.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The gingival biotype of a population is important epidemiological data for the best treatment planning, while preserving periodontal health. In Peru there is a shortage of similar data published. Objective: To determine the prevalence of gingival biotype in adult patients of the Dental Service of the Víctor Lazarte Echegaray and Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo, April - June 2018. Ma-terials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study included 200 patients from the Dentistry Service of the Víctor Lazarte Echegaray and Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo. Using the accidental non-probabilistic selection method, the gingival biotype was evaluated through the transparency of periodontal probe technique. To determine the reliability of the method the Kappa statistic was used, finding an inter-evaluator reliability of 0.750 and intra-evaluator of 0.762. Descriptive statistics were used for the results, presenting absolute and percentage frequencies. Results: The prevalence of the thick gingival biotype was 57.5%. Males and females presented predominantly a thick biotype, 63.1% and 54.8% respectively. The groups of 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 years old presented 62.1% and 64.5% a thick biotype, respectively. On the other hand, the majority of people 40 to 50 years old presented a thin gingival biotype (52.8%). Conclusions: The thick gingival biotype was predominant in both sexes and in both hospitals. Also, gingival biotype varies with age, with the thick biotype more prevalent in younger age groups.
Collapse
|
20
|
BORGES SB, ARAÚJO LNMD, GURGEL BCDV. Distribuição das características clínicas do fenótipo gengival em pacientes saudáveis. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução A determinação do fenótipo gengival possibilita compreender melhor as variações e diferenças clínicas intra e interindividuais dos tecidos periodontais saudáveis. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os perfis do fenótipo gengival e compará-los em diferentes regiões da cavidade oral, levando em consideração parâmetros clínicos relacionados aos tecidos moles circunjacentes nos dentes anteriores superiores e inferiores. Material e método Noventa e um pacientes com saúde periodontal foram examinados e os parâmetros clínicos profundidade de sondagem (PS), largura de mucosa ceratinizada (MC), espessura gengival em ambos incisivos centrais superiores (EG) e fenótipo gengival (FG) foram coletados nos dentes anteriores superiores e inferiores. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes t-Student pareado e independente, Correlação de Pearson e Qui-quadrado, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultado O fenótipo gengival espesso predominou nos dentes anteriores superiores (60,5%), enquanto o fenótipo fino foi mais prevalente nos dentes anteriores inferiores (84,6%). Diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas para os parâmetros largura de mucosa ceratinizada e espessura gengival em relação aos fenótipos gengivais superiores e inferiores (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre profundidade de sondagem e o fenótipo gengival nos dentes superiores e inferiores. Conclusão Concluiu-se que o fenótipo gengival espesso é mais frequente nos dentes anteriores superiores e que o fenótipo fino é mais comum nos dentes anteriores inferiores, sendo mais frequente em indivíduos do sexo masculino. Os parâmetros largura de mucosa ceratinizada e espessura gengival mostraram-se adequados à determinação do fenótipo gengival.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gánti B, Bednarz W, Kőműves K, Vág J. Reproducibility of the PIROP ultrasonic biometer for gingival thickness measurements. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2018; 31:263-267. [PMID: 30520211 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gingival thickness (GT) has a great importance in periodontal flap design, gingival recession, and soft tissue esthetic. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of PIROP ultrasonic biometer, which is specially designed for human GT measurements and to compare with the invasive transgingival probing technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS GT was measured in 25 periodontally healthy volunteers both by PIROP and an endodontic spreader on the attached gingiva. Reproducibility was assessed by calculating standrad deviaton (SD) in five repeated measurements and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Agreement between the two methods was evaluated based on Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA). RESULTS No systemic bias in GT was observed between the two methods. The repeatability of the PIROP was better than the spreader method (SD = 0.14 mm vs 0.20 mm, P < 0.001). With five repetitions, the measurement error of the PIROP was halved. The correlation among the repeated observations were strong (r = 0.86) for the ultrasonic, weak (r = 0.34) for the invasive method. The LoA between the two methods was -0.58 to +0.75 mm. CONCLUSION PIROP is a reliable device for GT measurements, but it is recommended to repeat the measurement a few times to improve the precision in individual case. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE PIROP ultrasonic biometer could be used in routine practice to reliably measure the GT in noninvasive way. After short learning curve the measurement can be done quickly and conveniently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Gánti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Karolina Kőműves
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Vág
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kloukos D, Koukos G, Doulis I, Sculean A, Stavropoulos A, Katsaros C. Gingival thickness assessment at the mandibular incisors with four methods: A cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1300-1309. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kloukos
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Switzerland
- 251 Hellenic Air Force and VA General Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - G. Koukos
- 251 Hellenic Air Force and VA General Hospital; Athens Greece
| | - I. Doulis
- Department of Orthodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; School of Health Sciences; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - A. Sculean
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern
| | - A. Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - C. Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; School of Dental Medicine; University of Bern; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Assessment of Periodontal Biotype in a Young Chinese Population using Different Measurement Methods. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11212. [PMID: 30046153 PMCID: PMC6060136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal biotype is used to describe the morphological characteristics of periodontal tissues and is closely related to periodontal health and prognosis of many dental treatments. This study was undertaken to explore the periodontal biotype distribution in a young Chinese population and to evaluate the accuracy of different methods for gingival thickness (GT) measurement. A total of 372 teeth from 31 periodontally healthy subjects were included. GT was measured simultaneously by probe transparency, transgingival probing and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Some other anatomic parameters, including crown width/crown length ratio, attached gingival width, labial bone thickness and papilla volume were recorded for periodontal biotype classification. As found by probe transparency, the gingivae of 222 teeth (59.68%) were thick, while those of 150 teeth (40.32%) were thin. The mean GT of included subjects was 1.03 ± 0.31 mm as measured by transgingival probing and 1.03 ± 0.24 mm as measured by CBCT. Four groups were identified by cluster analysis. Thick-flap biotype, average-scalloped biotype, average-flap biotype and thin-scalloped biotype comprised 137 teeth (36.83%), 96 teeth (25.81%), 39 teeth (10.48%) and 100 teeth (26.88%), respectively. These results demonstrate that the most common periodontal biotype in this young Chinese population was the thick-flap type with low aesthetic risk.
Collapse
|
24
|
Linkevicius T, Linkevicius R, Alkimavicius J, Linkeviciene L, Andrijauskas P, Puisys A. Influence of titanium base, lithium disilicate restoration and vertical soft tissue thickness on bone stability around triangular-shaped implants: A prospective clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res 2018; 29:716-724. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Linkevicius
- Institute of Odontology; Faculty of Medicine; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
- Vilnius Research Group; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Rokas Linkevicius
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Jonas Alkimavicius
- Department of Dental and Oral Pathology; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Laura Linkeviciene
- Institute of Odontology; Faculty of Medicine; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Paulius Andrijauskas
- Institute of Odontology; Faculty of Medicine; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Amid R, Mirakhori M, Safi Y, Kadkhodazadeh M, Namdari M. Assessment of gingival biotype and facial hard/soft tissue dimensions in the maxillary anterior teeth region using cone beam computed tomography. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 79:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Liu F, Pelekos G, Jin LJ. The gingival biotype in a cohort of Chinese subjects with and without history of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:1004-1010. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - G. Pelekos
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - L. J. Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fischer KR, Künzlberger A, Donos N, Fickl S, Friedmann A. Gingival biotype revisited-novel classification and assessment tool. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:443-448. [PMID: 28551728 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between gingival biotypes and gingival thickness based on probe transparency through the gingival margin and to assess the sensitivity of a novel classification method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty adult Caucasian subjects were stratified by their gingival biotype (GB) as defined by the transparency of a prototype double-ended periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin into "thin" (30 subjects), "moderate" (15 subjects), and "thick" (15 subjects) GB. Three additional parameters were also assessed: gingival thickness (GT), probing depth (PD), and gingival width (GW). RESULTS Median GT was 0.43 mm (P 25% 0.32; P 75% 0.58) for thin, 0.74 mm (P 25% 0.58; P 75% 0.81) for moderate, and 0.83 mm (P 25% 0.74; P 75% 0.95) for thick GB, respectively. GT was statistically significant different for thin versus moderate and thin versus thick, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05; Dunn's test, thin versus moderate: p = 0.002; thin versus thick: p < 0.001; moderate versus thick: p = 0.089). GW was directly correlated with GT (Spearman correlation p < 0.01). The sensitivity of the new classification tool for diagnosing a thin GB was 91.3%. No adverse events or complications were reported. CONCLUSION GT differs significantly between the presented GB groups, hence, an alternative classification especially focusing on thin biotypes based on a modified periodontal probe might be advantageous. In addition, the presence of a thick gingiva is associated with a wide band of keratinized tissue. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This clinical setting might to be useful to identify high-risk patients with a very thin biotype and, consequently, higher risk for gingival recession after dental treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Fischer
- private practice, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department for Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Andreas Künzlberger
- Department for Oral Surgery, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Centre of Oral Clinical Research, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
| | - Stefan Fickl
- Department for Periodontology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anton Friedmann
- Department for Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fischer KR, Richter T, Friedmann A, Fickl S. On the relationship between gingival morphotypes and different crown shape assessments in young Caucasians. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2185-2190. [PMID: 26795623 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between crown length as well as crown width and gingival morphotypes (primary aim) and their correlation with tooth shape and papilla height (secondary aim). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six adult subjects were evaluated in this clinical study according to their gingival morphotype (GM) defined by transparency of a periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin. Eighteen subjects comprised the thin entity group and 18 the control group thick entity, respectively. Besides crown length (CL) and crown width (CW), two different methods to assess crown shape (CW/CL ratio) were compared and analysis of their relation to papilla height was performed. RESULTS Nineteen female and 17 male volunteers were enrolled in this study, with a mean age of 24.9 years (±3.4; minimum 18, maximum 35). A statistical significant difference for the crown length could be detected between both groups (p < 0.05) but not for crown width. No significant difference was found for apical or coronal CW/CL ratio besides on tooth 22. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study and within this young Caucasian study population, only crown length seems to have an association with different gingival morphotypes. Furthermore, papilla height and crown shape do not have a clear correlation on tooth level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Crown shape seems to be not a strong parameter in assessing the gingival morphotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Fischer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 45, 58455, Witten, Germany. .,Department of Periodontology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Timo Richter
- Department of Periodontology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anton Friedmann
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 45, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | - Stefan Fickl
- Department of Periodontology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|