1
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Vieu S, Le Poul N, Tur L, Aupée C, Kerbrat-Copy R, Bouhsina N, Cojean O, Fusellier M. Ultrasound description of the coelomic cavity of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) in a clinically healthy population: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11787. [PMID: 38782987 PMCID: PMC11116527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) are extensively studied for their relevance in human medical research. Despite being critically endangered in the wild, they have gained popularity as household pets. Although they have been kept in captivity for over a century, detailed descriptions of their coelomic organ anatomy remain limited. Also, this species exhibits significant variations compared to other amphibians. Ultrasound is a non-invasive and painless medical imaging technique, ideally suited for investigating internal organs or structures. This study focused on describing the ultrasound appearance of the axolotl coelomic cavity. It details the identification, localization and parenchymal description of major organs in 28 neotenic axolotls using ultrasound frequencies ranging from 7 to 15 MHz. The accuracy of the results was validated by comparing ultrasound findings with necropsy results from one male and one female axolotl. The heart, lung surface, liver and reproductive tracts were visualized. Measurements, along with confidence intervals, were calculated for the spleen, kidneys, testicles, gastric wall, gallbladder, and pylorus. Occasional detection of hyperechoic millimetric particles in the gallbladder or ascites was noted. However, visualization of the pancreas and bladder was not possible. This research outcomes involve the development of a comprehensive atlas comprising images obtained throughout the study. Additionally, the experiment established a reproducible and readily accessible protocol for conducting anatomy-morphological assessments in axolotl medicine. This protocol stands as a crucial preliminary stage before advancing to lesion identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Vieu
- Oniris, CHUV, Service des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, 44300, Nantes, France.
- BIOEPAR, Oniris, INRAE, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Ninon Le Poul
- Oniris, CHUV, Service des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Léa Tur
- Oniris, CHUV, Service Transversal d'Imagerie Médicale, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Cécile Aupée
- Oniris, CHUV, Service Transversal d'Imagerie Médicale, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Réjane Kerbrat-Copy
- Oniris, CHUV, Service Transversal d'Imagerie Médicale, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Nora Bouhsina
- Oniris, CHUV, Service Transversal d'Imagerie Médicale, 44300, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Nantes Université, Oniris, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marion Fusellier
- Oniris, CHUV, Service Transversal d'Imagerie Médicale, 44300, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Nantes Université, Oniris, 44000, Nantes, France
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2
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Zhu L, Wang J. Editorial: Community series in the wildlife gut microbiome and its implication for conservation biology, volume II. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1329928. [PMID: 38173679 PMCID: PMC10761474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1329928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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3
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Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Calatayud NE, Silla AJ, Daly J, McFadden MS, O’Brien JK. Cryopreservation Cooling Rate Impacts Post-Thaw Sperm Motility and Survival in Litoria booroolongensis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3014. [PMID: 37835620 PMCID: PMC10571529 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation and storage of gametes (biobanking) can provide a long-term, low-cost option for the preservation of population genetic diversity and is particularly impactful when applied to manage selective breeding within conservation breeding programs (CBPs). This study aimed to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol for the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis) to capture founder genetics within the recently established (est. 2019) CBP for this species. Hormone-induced sperm release was achieved using established protocols, and spermic urine samples were collected over a 6-h period. Pooled spermic urine samples (n = 3 males) were divided equally between two cryoprotectant (CPA) treatments and diluted by 1:5 (sperm:CPA) with either 15% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide + 1% (w/v) sucrose in simplified amphibian Ringer's (SAR; CPAA) or 10% (v/v) dimethylformamide + 10% (w/v) trehalose dihydrate in SAR (CPAB). The samples were cryopreserved in 0.25 mL straws using either a programmable freezer (FrA) or an adapted dry shipper method (FrB). The thawed samples were activated via dilution in water and assessed for viability and motility using both manual assessment and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA; 0 h, 0.5 h post-thaw). Upon activation, the survival and recovery of motility (total motility, forward progression and velocity) of cryopreserved sperm suspensions were higher for sperm preserved using FrB than FrA, regardless of CPA composition. This work supports our long-term goal to pioneer the integration of biobanked cryopreserved sperm with population genetic management to maximize restoration program outcomes for Australian amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Natalie E. Calatayud
- Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Aimee J. Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S. McFadden
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
| | - Justine K. O’Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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4
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Anastas ZM, Byrne PG, O'Brien JK, Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Silla AJ. The Increasing Role of Short-Term Sperm Storage and Cryopreservation in Conserving Threatened Amphibian Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2094. [PMID: 37443891 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary approaches to conserve threatened species are required to curb biodiversity loss. Globally, amphibians are facing the most severe declines of any vertebrate class. In response, conservation breeding programs have been established in a growing number of amphibian species as a safeguard against further extinction. One of the main challenges to the long-term success of conservation breeding programs is the maintenance of genetic diversity, which, if lost, poses threats to the viability and adaptive potential of at-risk populations. Integrating reproductive technologies into conservation breeding programs can greatly assist genetic management and facilitate genetic exchange between captive and wild populations, as well as reinvigorate genetic diversity from expired genotypes. The generation of offspring produced via assisted fertilisation using frozen-thawed sperm has been achieved in a small but growing number of amphibian species and is poised to be a valuable tool for the genetic management of many more threatened species globally. This review discusses the role of sperm storage in amphibian conservation, presents the state of current technologies for the short-term cold storage and cryopreservation of amphibian sperm, and discusses the generation of cryo-derived offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Anastas
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Phillip G Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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5
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Dallas JW, Warne RW. Captivity and Animal Microbiomes: Potential Roles of Microbiota for Influencing Animal Conservation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:820-838. [PMID: 35316343 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the ongoing biodiversity crisis, captive conservation and breeding programs offer a refuge for species to persist and provide source populations for reintroduction efforts. Unfortunately, captive animals are at a higher disease risk and reintroduction efforts remain largely unsuccessful. One potential factor in these outcomes is the host microbiota which includes a large diversity and abundance of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that play an essential role in host physiology. Relative to wild populations, the generalized pattern of gut and skin microbiomes in captivity are reduced alpha diversity and they exhibit a significant shift in community composition and/or structure which often correlates with various physiological maladies. Many conditions of captivity (antibiotic exposure, altered diet composition, homogenous environment, increased stress, and altered intraspecific interactions) likely lead to changes in the host-associated microbiome. To minimize the problems arising from captivity, efforts can be taken to manipulate microbial diversity and composition to be comparable with wild populations through methods such as increasing dietary diversity, exposure to natural environmental reservoirs, or probiotics. For individuals destined for reintroduction, these strategies can prime the microbiota to buffer against novel pathogens and changes in diet and improve reintroduction success. The microbiome is a critical component of animal physiology and its role in species conservation should be expanded and included in the repertoire of future management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
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6
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Keating LM, Randall L, Stanton R, McCormack C, Lucid M, Seaborn T, Converse SJ, Canessa S, Moehrenschlager A. Using Decision Analysis to Determine the Feasibility of a Conservation Translocation. DECISION ANALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1287/deca.2023.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Conservation translocations, intentional movements of species to protect against extinction, have become widespread in recent decades and are projected to increase further as biodiversity loss continues worldwide. The literature abounds with analyses to inform translocations and assess whether they are successful, but the fundamental question of whether they should be initiated at all is rarely addressed formally. We used decision analysis to assess northern leopard frog reintroduction in northern Idaho, with success defined as a population that persists for at least 50 years. The Idaho Department of Fish and Game was the decision maker (i.e., the agency that will use this assessment to inform their decisions). Stakeholders from government, indigenous groups, academia, land management agencies, and conservation organizations also participated. We built an age-structured population model to predict how management alternatives would affect probability of success. In the model, we explicitly represented epistemic uncertainty around a success criterion (probability of persistence) characterized by aleatory uncertainty. For the leading alternative, the mean probability of persistence was 40%. The distribution of the modelling results was bimodal, with most parameter combinations resulting in either very low (<5%) or relatively high (>95%) probabilities of success. Along with other considerations, including cost, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game will use this assessment to inform a decision regarding reintroduction of northern leopard frogs. Conservation translocations may benefit greatly from more widespread use of decision analysis to counter the complexity and uncertainty inherent in these decisions. History: This paper has been accepted for the Decision Analysis Special Issue on Further Environmental Sustainability. Funding: This work was supported by the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [Grant F18AS00095], the NSF Idaho EPSCoR Program and the National Science Foundation [Grant OIA-1757324], and the Hunt Family Foundation. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/deca.2023.0472 .
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7
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Brooks OL, Talbott‐Swain EN, Rimmele BN, Dugas MB. Tadpole plasticity shapes the potential benefits of egg feeding to poison frog parents. Ethology 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L. Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal Illinois USA
| | | | - Brianne N. Rimmele
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal Illinois USA
| | - Matthew B. Dugas
- School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal Illinois USA
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8
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Fieschi-Méric L, Van Leeuwen P, Hopkins K, Bournonville M, Denoël M, Lesbarrères D. Strong restructuration of skin microbiota during captivity challenges ex-situ conservation of amphibians. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111018. [PMID: 36891392 PMCID: PMC9986596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the current worldwide amphibian extinction crisis, conservation instances have encouraged the establishment of ex-situ collections for endangered species. The resulting assurance populations are managed under strict biosecure protocols, often involving artificial cycles of temperature and humidity to induce active and overwintering phases, which likely affect the bacterial symbionts living on the amphibian skin. However, the skin microbiota is an important first line of defense against pathogens that can cause amphibian declines, such as the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Determining whether current husbandry practices for assurance populations might deplete amphibians from their symbionts is therefore essential to conservation success. Here, we characterize the effect of the transitions from the wild to captivity, and between aquatic and overwintering phases, on the skin microbiota of two newt species. While our results confirm differential selectivity of skin microbiota between species, they underscore that captivity and phase-shifts similarly affect their community structure. More specifically, the translocation ex-situ is associated with rapid impoverishment, decrease in alpha diversity and strong species turnover of bacterial communities. Shifts between active and overwintering phases also cause changes in the diversity and composition of the microbiota, and on the prevalence of Bd-inhibitory phylotypes. Altogether, our results suggest that current husbandry practices strongly restructure the amphibian skin microbiota. Although it remains to be determined whether these changes are reversible or have deleterious effects on their hosts, we discuss methods to limit microbial diversity loss ex-situ and emphasize the importance of integrating bacterial communities to applied amphibian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Fieschi-Méric
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Biology Department, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Bournonville
- Aquarium-Muséum de l'Université de Liège, Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Denoël
- Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians (LECA), Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David Lesbarrères
- Biology Department, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Adams AJ, Bushell J, Grasso RL. To treat or not to treat? Experimental pathogen exposure, treatment, and release of a threatened amphibian. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Adams
- Resources Management and Science Division Yosemite National Park El Portal California USA
- Earth Research Institute University of California Santa Barbara California USA
| | | | - Robert L. Grasso
- Resources Management and Science Division Yosemite National Park El Portal California USA
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10
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du Plessis I, Armstrong A, Malepa PL, Kanengoni AT, Price C, Downs CT. Developmental life stages of the Pickersgill's reed frog (Hyperolius pickersgilli) in an ex-situ environment at Johannesburg Zoo's captive breeding facility, South Africa. Zoo Biol 2022; 41:533-543. [PMID: 35255154 PMCID: PMC10078702 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the threats of habitat loss and disease on amphibian survival have necessitated the creation of ex-situ insurance populations as a conservation tool. We initiated a captive breeding project to create an insurance population for the endangered Pickersgill's reed frog (Hyperolius pickersgilli Raw, 1982) at the Johannesburg Zoo from parents collected from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, in 2017. We found that this species has seven developmental life stages, each with unique management requirements. The quiescent tadpoles hatched 6-8 days after the eggs were laid and remained at this stage for 2 days. The next stage, the developing tadpoles, showed no form of cannibalism or carrion feeding. The external appearance of the first leg (the right hind) occurred 5-6 weeks after the tadpoles hatched, and the metamorph stage was reached after 7-8 weeks. The metamorph stage lasted 3-5 days, after which tail resorption was complete and the froglet stage reached. Froglets could not be sexed externally, although body color changed based on the amount of light present at the resting place. Sub-adults were 6 months and older with adult coloration and sex differentiation visible even with color change. Adults were older than 18 months and fully developed and sexually mature, displaying amplexus, oviposition, and external fertilization. A greater understanding of Pickersgill's reed frog's developmental stages and physiological and environmental needs can improve captive breeding and subsequent release of the frogs, facilitate captive breeding elsewhere, and improve the species' conservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian du Plessis
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.,Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo, Johannesburg Zoo, Randburg, South Africa
| | - Adrian Armstrong
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.,Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Montrose, South Africa
| | - Piet L Malepa
- Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo, Johannesburg Zoo, Randburg, South Africa
| | - Arnold T Kanengoni
- Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo, Johannesburg Zoo, Randburg, South Africa
| | - Cormac Price
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Colleen T Downs
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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11
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Over 25 Years of Partnering to Conserve Chiricahua Leopard Frogs (Rana chiricahuensis) in Arizona, Combining Ex Situ and In Situ Strategies. JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phoenix Zoo has partnered with US Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Game and Fish Department, US Forest Service, and other organizations for more than 25 years to help recover Chiricahua leopard frogs (Rana [=Lithobates] chiricahuensis) in Arizona, USA. This federally threatened species faces declines due to habitat loss and degradation, long-term drought, disease, and invasive species. Over 26,000 larvae, froglets, and adults, as well as 26 egg masses produced by adults held at the Phoenix Zoo have been released to the wild, augmenting and/or re-establishing wild populations. Chiricahua leopard frog-occupied sites in Arizona have increased from 38 in 2007, when the species’ recovery plan was published, to a high of 155 in the last five years, as a result of ex situ and in situ conservation efforts. As one of the longest-running programs of its kind in the United States, communication among partners has been key to sustaining it. Recovery strategies and complex decisions are made as a team and we have worked through numerous management challenges together. Though Chiricahua leopard frogs still face significant threats and a long road to recovery, this program serves as a strong example of the positive effects of conservation partnerships for native wildlife.
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12
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Estrada A, Medina D, Gratwicke B, Ibáñez R, Belden LK. Body condition, skin bacterial communities and disease status: insights from the first release trial of the limosa harlequin frog,
Atelopus limosus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220586. [PMID: 35858072 PMCID: PMC9277274 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many endangered amphibian species survive in captive breeding facilities, but there have been few attempts to reintroduce captive-born individuals to rebuild wild populations. We conducted a soft-release trial of limosa harlequin frogs,
Atelopus limosus,
which are highly susceptible to the amphibian chytrid fungus
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
(Bd), to understand changes associated with the transition from captivity to the wild. Specifically, we assessed changes in body condition, skin-associated bacterial communities and disease status after release. Frogs were housed individually in field mesocosms and monitored for 27 days. Body condition did not significantly change in the mesocosms, and was similar to, or higher than, that of wild conspecifics at day 27. The skin bacteria of captive-born frogs, based on 16S rRNA gene amplicons, became similar to that of wild conspecifics after 27 days in mesocosms. Prevalence of Bd in wild conspecifics was 13–27%, and 15% of the
A. limosus
in mesocosms became infected with Bd, but no mortality of infected frogs was observed. We conclude that mesocosms are suitable for systematically and repeatedly monitoring amphibians during release trials, and that body condition, the skin microbiome, and Bd status can all change within one month of placement of captive-born individuals back into the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Estrada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panama
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panama
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0131, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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13
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Krzikowski M, Nguyen TQ, Pham CT, Rödder D, Rauhaus A, Le MD, Ziegler T. Assessment of the threat status of the amphibians in Vietnam - Implementation of the One Plan Approach. NATURE CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.49.82145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The current decline in global biodiversity is most evident in amphibians with 41% percent of all species worldwide classified as threatened with extinction. Hence, a major challenge in amphibian conservation is the high number of threatened species, leading to a common approach of identifying priority species and regions for conservation efforts. As a part of one of 36 globally designated biodiversity hotspots, Vietnam is considered to be of particular importance for conservation action. To improve amphibian conservation in Vietnam, this study provides an updated species list and assesses their threat status by compiling data from a variety of sources. Furthermore, a Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) analysis was conducted to determine the representation of extant amphibians from Vietnam in zoos worldwide. The batrachofauna of Vietnam is characterized by a high level of species richness and local endemism as well as a high rate of new discoveries, with more than half of the endemic species reported exclusively from their type locality, making them especially vulnerable to extinction. Up to 18% of all amphibians extant in Vietnam and 28% of endemic species are classified as threatened with extinction by the IUCN. In many cases, the IUCN Red List status is either missing or outdated, highlighting the urgent need of action. Around 14% of endemic amphibian species have been recorded exclusively from unprotected areas, suggesting prioritization for further research and conservation measures. The continuing decline in many species remains an unresolved problem. As a guide for future research and conservation measures, a list of the top 57 species was compiled. In addition, according to the ZIMS analysis, only 8% of threatened and 3% of endemic amphibian taxa from Vietnam are currently kept in zoos worldwide, and a richness analysis revealed that the highest density of husbandries is found in Europe and North America. To achieve maximum outcome for the conservation of threatened species, this study recommends a general shift by zoos towards maintaining species in greater need of captive assurance populations and breeding programs to support integrative strategies that combine in situ and ex situ conservation efforts following the IUCN’s One Plan Approach.
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Hammond TT, Swaisgood RR, Jacobs LE, Curtis MJ, McCormick BA, Hornfeldt JA, Trotman EM, Shier DM. Age‐dependent effects of developmental experience on morphology, performance, dispersal and survival in a translocated, endangered species. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric M. Trotman
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Escondido CA USA
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Debra M. Shier
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Escondido CA USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
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15
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Burger IJ, Lampert SS, Kouba CK, Morin DJ, Kouba AJ. Development of an amphibian sperm biobanking protocol for genetic management and population sustainability. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac032. [PMID: 35620647 PMCID: PMC9127716 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation is a vital tool in amphibian assisted reproductive technologies that aids in genetic and population management, specifically for at-risk species. Significant advancements have been made in the cryopreservation of amphibian sperm, yet there is little information on how the cryopreservation process influences fertilization and embryonic development. In this study, we tested several cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and freezing rates on sperm recovery, fertilization potential and embryo development using Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) as a model amphibian species for application to at-risk anurans. Three cryoprotectant treatments were tested, which included 10% trehalose + 0.25% bovine serum albumin with (1) 5% N,N-dimethylformamide (DMFA); (2) 10% DMFA; or (3) 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Additionally, sperm in each cryoprotectant was frozen at two different rates, -32 to -45°C/min and -20 to -29°C/min. Post-thaw sperm analysis included motility, morphology, viability, fertilization success and embryo development. Results show that 10% DMFA produced significantly higher (P = 0.005) post-thaw sperm motility than 5% DMFA and was similar to 10% DMSO. Furthermore, sperm frozen at -32 to -45°C/min had significantly higher post-thaw motility (P < 0.001) compared to sperm frozen at -20 to -29°C/min. We also found that embryos fertilized with sperm frozen with 5% DMFA resulted in significantly higher (P = 0.02) cleavage than 10% DMSO, yet there was no other effect of CPA on fertilization or embryo development. Furthermore, embryos fertilized with sperm frozen at -32 to -45°C/min resulted in significantly higher cleavage (P = 0.001), neurulation (P = 0.001) and hatching (P = 0.002) numbers than sperm frozen at a rate of -20 to -29°C/min. Overall, eggs fertilized with frozen-thawed sperm produced 1327 tadpoles. These results provide insight towards a biobanking strategy that can be applied to imperilled species to preserve genetic lineages and bolster offspring genetic diversity for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella J Burger
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Shaina S Lampert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Carrie K Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Dana J Morin
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Andrew J Kouba
- Corresponding author: Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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16
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Xiong Y, Wu Q, Qin X, Yang C, Luo S, He J, Cheng Q, Wu Z. Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa From the Skin Ulcer Disease of Crocodile Lizards ( Shinisaurus crocodilurus) and Probiotics as the Control Measure. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:850684. [PMID: 35529836 PMCID: PMC9069141 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.850684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) is an endangered ancient reptile species. Captive breeding is an important conservation measure for the potential restoration and recovery of their wild populations. However, a skin ulcer disease caused by an unknown pathogen has become a serious threat to captive breeding individuals. In the current study, based on microbial isolation, we identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the dominant pathogen in skin ulcer disease. Chinese skinks (Plestiodon chinensis) were used to verify the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa in skin ulcer disease in vivo. As expected, subcutaneous inoculation of P. aeruginosa induced skin disease in healthy skinks and P. aeruginosa was re-isolated from the induced skin ulcers. Therefore, P. aeruginosa, an opportunistic and ubiquitous pathogen that causes a wide range of infections, appears to be the main pathogen of the skin disease affecting crocodile lizards. In the aquaculture industry, probiotics are widely used in the prevention and control of animal diseases caused by such pathogens. Here, we administered probiotics to the breeding crocodile lizards for 6 months. The three experiment groups treated with different kinds of probiotics showed significance at controlling case incidence. Three of the four groups treated with probiotics showed significant disease prevention (Effective Microorganisms mixed probiotics P = 0.0374; Double-dose Effective Microorganisms, P = 0.0299; Bacillus subtilis, P = 0.0140, T-test), and CFUs in the water of the breeding enclosures were also inhibited after probiotics usage (P < 0.001, T-test). Our study demonstrated the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in development of skin ulcer disease of crocodile lizards in a local zoo and offered the probiotic-based method for control measurements, which would be of benefit for the conservation of endangered reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Xudong Qin
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou, China
| | - Chengsheng Yang
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou, China
| | - Shuyi Luo
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou, China
| | - Jiasong He
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou, China
| | - Qingzhen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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17
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Baseline Behavioral Data and Behavioral Correlates of Disturbance for the Lake Oku Clawed Frog (Xenopus longipes). JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jzbg3020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior and welfare science can form the basis of zoo animal management. However, even basic behavioral data are lacking for the majority of amphibian species, and species-specific research is required to inform management. Our goal was to develop the first ethogram for the critically endangered frog Xenopus longipes through observation of a captive population of 24 frogs. The ethogram was applied to produce a diurnal activity budget and to measure the behavioral impact of a routine health check where frogs were restrained. In the activity budget, frogs spent the vast majority of time swimming, resting in small amounts of time devoted to feeding, foraging, breathing, and (in males) amplexus. Using linear mixed models, we found no effect of time of day or sex on baseline behavior, other than for breathing, which had a greater duration in females. Linear mixed models indicated significant effects of the health check on duration of swimming, resting, foraging, feeding, and breathing behaviors for all frogs. This indicates a welfare trade-off associated with veterinary monitoring and highlights the importance of non-invasive monitoring where possible, as well as providing candidates for behavioral monitoring of acute stress. This investigation has provided the first behavioral data for this species which can be applied to future research regarding husbandry and management practices.
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18
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DNA matchmaking in captive facilities: a case study with tigers. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4107-4114. [PMID: 35359235 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics driven interventions if adopted in conservation breeding projects may enhance the overall success by prioritizing breeding among genetically most competent individuals and delaying or completely diminishing the ill effects of inbreeding. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, we investigated genetic make-up of 15 tigers housed at five different captive facilities of West Bengal in India and report the moderate level of genetic variation. We identified five tigers based on individual genetic attributes that may be prioritized for future breeding or animal exchange programmes. The occurrence of first and second order related individuals in captivity require management attention and they should be paired considering their immediate genetic background. CONCLUSION Considering tiger as a case study, we highlight the use of genetic assessment and necessity to validate the studbook records in formulating adaptive management strategies for long-term conservation and management of species of interest.
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19
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Brooks GC, Kindsvater HK. Early Development Drives Variation in Amphibian Vulnerability to Global Change. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.813414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how natural selection determines species’ life histories can reveal their resilience or sensitivity to anthropogenic changes. For example, the safe harbor hypothesis posits that natural selection will favor life histories that maximize the time spent in the safest life stages; a second theoretical prediction suggests that species with complex life histories will maximize the growth potential of a life stage relative to its safety. Amphibians exhibit complex life histories, with a diversity of developmental strategies occurring across taxa. Many strategies involve the complete elimination of a particular life stage, and thus provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the main tenets of the safe harbor hypothesis and understand the consequences of this developmental variation for conservation of threatened amphibians. We develop a general framework for understanding developmental life histories of amphibians – including the special cases of paedomorphism, direct development, and viviparity – based on the relative growth potential and safety offered by aquatic and terrestrial habitat, which we tested using a global trait database. We then compare the IUCN Red List status of species differing in developmental mode, revealing that most fully aquatic species and species with an aquatic larval stage are currently of Least Concern, despite the fact that freshwater habitats are being lost at a much faster rate compared with terrestrial ecosystems. The higher proportion of direct developing and viviparous species that are threatened can be attributed to their smaller ranges, the fact that they are more likely to be found in rainforest habitats, and their relatively slow life histories. We conclude that an amphibian’s developmental mode reflects the relative costs and benefits of different habitats, and that this could contribute to the resilience or vulnerability of amphibians to future anthropogenic change.
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20
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Dos Santos MM, Griffiths RA, Jowett T, Bishop PJ. Zoos and amphibian conservation: Evaluating the impact of "The Year of The Frog" Campaign. Zoo Biol 2021; 41:226-233. [PMID: 34951730 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The global reach of zoos has enormous potential to raise awareness of conservation issues such as the amphibian extinction crisis. One mechanism of achieving this is through targeted, time-limited campaigns. However, the longer-term impact of such campaigns on conservation outcomes is rarely evaluated. The goal of this study is to evaluate how zoos view "The Year of The Frog," a campaign launched by zoos in 2008, with the aim of raising awareness of the global amphibian crisis and generating funds to support amphibian conservation initiatives. A questionnaire-based survey of 43 zoos from fourteen countries was used to evaluate how zoo practitioners believed the campaign influenced amphibian conservation some 10 years after its launch. Survey results showed that the campaign not only contributed to the improvement of research into amphibian husbandry in zoos but also increased support of in situ conservation of amphibians. Zoos focused on exotic species, but developed countries led most of the actions of the campaign. The campaign has inspired and encouraged some zoos and other ex situ conservation organizations to embrace amphibian conservation. The next step is to increase collaboration with more organizations through, for example, AArk and IUCN SSC/ASG, particularly in countries that have high amphibian biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Tim Jowett
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phillip J Bishop
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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IUCN captive management guidelines support ex situ conservation of the Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis blandini. ORYX 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605319001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEx situ conservation of species is risky and expensive, but it can prevent extinction when in situ conservation fails. We used the IUCN Guidelines on the Use of Ex Situ Management for Species Conservation to evaluate whether to begin ex situ conservation for the South-east Asian subspecies of Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis blandini, which is predicted to be extinct in the wild within 5 years. To inform our decision, we developed a decision tree, and used a demographic model to evaluate the probability of establishing a captive population under a range of husbandry scenarios and egg harvest regimes, and compared this with the probability of the wild population persisting. The model showed that if ex situ conservation draws on international best practice in bustard husbandry there is a high probability of establishing a captive population, but the wild population is unlikely to persist. We identified and evaluated the practical risks associated with ex situ conservation, and documented our plans to mitigate them. Modelling shows that it is unlikely that birds could be released within 20–30 years, by which time genetic, morphological and behavioural changes in the captive population, combined with habitat loss and extinction of the wild population, make it unlikely that Bengal florican could be released into a situation approximating their current wild state. We considered the philosophical and practical implications through a decision tree so that our decision to begin ex situ management is not held back by our preconceived notions of what it means to be wild.
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22
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Poo S, Bogisich A, Mack M, Lynn BK, Devan‐Song A. Post‐release comparisons of amphibian growth reveal challenges with sperm cryopreservation as a conservation tool. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinlan Poo
- Department of Conservation and Research Memphis Zoological Society Memphis Tennessee USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Arkansas State University Jonesboro Arkansas USA
| | - Allison Bogisich
- Department of Conservation and Research Memphis Zoological Society Memphis Tennessee USA
| | - Mariah Mack
- Department of Biology Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Edwardsville Illinois USA
| | - Bryan K. Lynn
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Anne Devan‐Song
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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23
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Alvarado-Rybak M, Acuña P, Peñafiel-Ricaurte A, Sewell TR, O'Hanlon SJ, Fisher MC, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Cunningham AA, Azat C. Chytridiomycosis Outbreak in a Chilean Giant Frog ( Calyptocephalella gayi) Captive Breeding Program: Genomic Characterization and Pathological Findings. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:733357. [PMID: 34631859 PMCID: PMC8497818 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.733357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife are increasingly associated with animal mortality and species declines, but their source and genetic characterization often remains elusive. Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been associated with catastrophic and well-documented amphibian population declines and extinctions at the global scale. We used histology and whole-genome sequencing to describe the lesions caused by, and the genetic variability of, two Bd isolates obtained from a mass mortality event in a captive population of the threatened Chilean giant frog (Calyptocephalella gayi). This was the first time an association between Bd and high mortality had been detected in this charismatic and declining frog species. Pathological examinations revealed that 30 dead metamorphosed frogs presented agnathia or brachygnathia, a condition that is reported for the first time in association with chytridiomycosis. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that Bd isolates (PA1 and PA2) from captive C. gayi group with other Bd isolates (AVS2, AVS4, and AVS7) forming a single highly supported Chilean Bd clade within the global panzootic lineage of Bd (BdGPL). These findings are important to inform the strengthening of biosecurity measures to prevent the impacts of chytridiomycosis in captive breeding programs elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom.,Núcleo de Ciencias Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paz Acuña
- Criadero y Centro de Exhibición de la Rana Chilena Calyptocephalella gayi, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Peñafiel-Ricaurte
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas R Sewell
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J O'Hanlon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andres Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,ONG Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia, Chile.,Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Yan L, Tang L, Zhou Z, Lu W, Wang B, Sun Z, Jiang X, Hu D, Li J, Zhang D. Metagenomics reveals contrasting energy utilization efficiencies of captive and wild camels (Camelus ferus). Integr Zool 2021; 17:333-345. [PMID: 34520120 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Captive conditions can affect the symbiotic microbiome of animals. In this study, we compared the structural and functional differences of the gastrointestinal microbiomes of wild Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) between wild and captive populations, as well as their different host energy utilization performances through metagenomics. The results showed that wild-living camels harbored more microbial taxa related to the production of volatile fatty acids, fewer methanogens, and fewer genes encoding enzymes involved in methanogenesis, leading to higher energy utilization efficiency compared to that of captive-living camels. These findings suggest that the wild-living camel fecal microbiome demonstrates a series of adaptive characteristics that enable the host to adjust to a relatively barren field environment. Our study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of wildlife adaptations to habitats from the perspective of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Tang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Gansu Endangered Animals Protection Center, Wuwei, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Gansu Endangered Animals Protection Center, Wuwei, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Administrative Bureau of Dunhuang Xihu National Nature Reserve, Dunhuang, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Administrative Bureau of Dunhuang Xihu National Nature Reserve, Dunhuang, China
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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25
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Scheele BC, Hollanders M, Hoffmann EP, Newell DA, Lindenmayer DB, McFadden M, Gilbert DJ, Grogan LF. Conservation translocations for amphibian species threatened by chytrid fungus: A review, conceptual framework, and recommendations. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben C. Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Matthijs Hollanders
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Southern Cross University Lismore New South Wales Australia
| | - Emily P. Hoffmann
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - David A. Newell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Southern Cross University Lismore New South Wales Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Michael McFadden
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia Mosman New South Wales Australia
| | - Deon J. Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation and Science Zoos Victoria Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Laura F. Grogan
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Southport Queensland Australia
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26
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Ethier JP, Fayard A, Soroye P, Choi D, Mazerolle MJ, Trudeau VL. Life history traits and reproductive ecology of North American chorus frogs of the genus Pseudacris (Hylidae). Front Zool 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 34452622 PMCID: PMC8394169 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian biodiversity is declining globally, with over 40% of species being considered threatened to become extinct. Crucial to the success of conservation initiatives are a comprehensive understanding of life history and reproductive ecology of target species. Here we provide an overview of the Pseudacris genus, including breeding behaviour, reproduction, development, survival and longevity. We present an updated distribution map of the 18 species found throughout North America. We also summarize the conservation status at the national and subnational (state, provincial, and territorial) levels, in Canada, USA, and Mexico, to evaluate the relationship between life history traits and extinction risk. Results show a high degree of consistency in the life history traits of Pseudacris species considering their relative diversity and wide distribution in North America. However, data are lacking for several species, particularly in the Fat Frog and West Coast clades, causing some uncertainties and discrepancies in the literature. We also found that the most threatened populations of chorus frog were located in the east coast of the USA, potentially as a result of increased levels of anthropogenic disturbance. We suggest that the similarities in life history traits among chorus frog species provides an opportunity for collaboration and united efforts for the conservation of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Ethier
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Aurore Fayard
- Centre d'etude de la Foret, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Peter Soroye
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daeun Choi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marc J Mazerolle
- Centre d'etude de la Foret, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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27
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Grueber CE, Farquharson KA, Wright BR, Wallis GP, Hogg CJ, Belov K. First evidence of deviation from Mendelian proportions in a conservation programme. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3703-3715. [PMID: 34051005 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Classic Mendelian inheritance is the bedrock of population genetics and underpins pedigree-based management of animal populations. However, assumptions of Mendelian inheritance might not be upheld in conservation breeding programmes if early viability selection occurs, even when efforts are made to equalise genetic contributions of breeders. To test this possibility, we investigated deviations from Mendelian proportions in a captive metapopulation of the endangered Tasmanian devil. This marsupial population is ideal for addressing evolutionary questions in conservation due to its large size, range of enclosure types (varying in environmental conditions), good genomic resources (which aid interpretation), and the species' biology. Devil mothers give birth to more offspring than they can nurse in the pouch, providing the potential for intense viability selection amongst embryos. We used data from 140 known sire-dam-offspring triads to isolate within-family selection from population-level mechanisms (such as mate choice or inbreeding), and compared observed offspring genotypes at 123 targeted SNPs to neutral (i.e., Mendelian) expectations. We found lower offspring heterozygosity than expected, and subtle patterns that varied across a gradient of management intensity from zoo-like enclosures to semi-wild environments for some loci. Meiotic drive or maternal-foetal incompatibilities are consistent with our results, although we cannot statistically confirm these mechanisms. We found some evidence that maternal genotype affects annual litter size, suggesting that family-level patterns are driven by differential offspring mortality before birth or during early development. Our results show that deviations from Mendelian inheritance can occur in conservation programmes, despite best-practice management to prevent selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Grueber
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine A Farquharson
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda R Wright
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham P Wallis
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J Hogg
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Jacobs LE, Hammond TT, Gaffney PM, Curtis MJ, Shier DM, Durrant BS, Righton A, Williams CL, Calatayud NE. Using reproductive technologies to assess the development of secondary sexual characteristics, ovarian senescence and hermaphroditism in the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:610-614. [PMID: 34148562 DOI: 10.1071/rd21029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anurans can display a host of intriguing sexual syndromes, including hermaphroditism and sex reversal. Using a multifaceted approach for diagnosing and characterising hermaphroditism in the endangered anuran species Rana mucosa , we tracked changes in female reproductive status using hormone monitoring, ultrasound examinations, individual life history, fertilisation records and post-mortem findings. Seven individuals originally sexed as females developed secondary male sexual characteristics, behaviour and hormone profiles and, in some cases, had testicular tissue despite having previously laid eggs. Our results suggest that reproductive technologies can shed light on life history patterns and reproductive anomalies that may affect endangered anuran survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Jacobs
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA; and Corresponding author
| | - Talisin T Hammond
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Patricia M Gaffney
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Michelle J Curtis
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Debra M Shier
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Barbara S Durrant
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Alison Righton
- Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, 3701 S 10th Street Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Candace L Williams
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA; and Conservation Science Network, 24 Thomas Street, Mayfield, NSW 2304, Australia
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Searle CL, Christie MR. Evolutionary rescue in host-pathogen systems. Evolution 2021; 75:2948-2958. [PMID: 34018610 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural populations encounter a variety of threats that can increase their risk of extinction. Populations can avoid extinction through evolutionary rescue (ER), which occurs when an adaptive, genetic response to selection allows a population to recover from an environmental change that would otherwise cause extinction. While the traditional framework for ER was developed with abiotic risk factors in mind, ER may also occur in response to a biotic source of demographic change, such as the introduction of a novel pathogen. We first describe how ER in response to a pathogen differs from the traditional ER framework; density-dependent transmission, pathogen evolution, and pathogen extinction can change the strength of selection imposed by a pathogen and make host population persistence more likely. We also discuss several variables that affect traditional ER (abundance, genetic diversity, population connectivity, and community composition) that also directly affect disease risk resulting in diverse outcomes for ER in host-pathogen systems. Thus, generalizations developed in studies of traditional ER may not be relevant for ER in response to the introduction of a pathogen. Incorporating pathogens into the framework of ER will lead to a better understanding of how and when populations can avoid extinction in response to novel pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Searle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Mark R Christie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907.,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
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30
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Lessons from practitioners for designing and implementing effective amphibian captive breeding programmes. ORYX 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605320000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWith 40% of global amphibian species threatened with extinction, captive breeding programmes are an increasingly important conservation tool. The highest priority species occur in tropical countries, which presents a number of challenges. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 practitioners in Latin America, Africa and Asia to investigate how the effectiveness of amphibian captive breeding programmes could be improved. A thematic analysis identified 94 barriers and enablers across 13 themes. We found that existing programmes commonly followed a reactive and often ineffective four-stage operational model. Subsequently, we developed a proactive operational model, using the barriers and enablers identified by this study, to support programme managers in the implementation of effective programmes. Our findings suggest human dimensions are often critical barriers or enablers across all stages of captive breeding programmes. We recommend the development of strategic partnerships between institutions, including zoos, NGOs, governments and captive breeding programmes, to help overcome these critical barriers and improve the effectiveness of global amphibian conservation. This operational model could be translated to captive breeding programmes for other taxa.
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Higgins K, Guerrel J, Lassiter E, Mooers A, Palen WJ, Ibáñez R. Observations on spindly leg syndrome in a captive population of Andinobates geminisae. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:330-341. [PMID: 33734478 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian health problems of unknown cause limit the success of the growing number of captive breeding programs. Spindly leg syndrome (SLS) is one such disease, where affected individuals with underdeveloped limbs often require euthanization. We experimentally evaluated husbandry-related factors of SLS in a captive population of the critically endangered frog, Andinobates geminisae. SLS has been linked to tadpole nutrition, vitamin B deficiency, water filtration methods, and water quality, but few of these have been experimentally tested. We tested the effects of water filtration method and vitamin supplementation (2017) and the effects of tadpole husbandry protocol intensity (2018) on time to metamorphosis and the occurrence of SLS. We found that vitamin supplementation and reconstituted reverse osmosis filtration of tadpole rearing water significantly reduced SLS prevalence and that reduced tadpole husbandry delayed time to metamorphosis. A fortuitous accident in 2018 resulted in a decrease in the phosphate content of rearing water, which afforded us an additional opportunity to assess the influence of phosphate on calcium sequestration. We found that tadpoles that had more time to sequester calcium for ossification during development had decreased the prevalence of SLS. Taken together, our results suggest that the qualities of the water used to rear tadpoles plays an important role in the development of SLS. Specifically, filtration method, vitamin supplementation, and calcium availability of tadpole rearing water may play important roles. Focused experiments are still needed, but our findings provide important information for amphibian captive rearing programs affected by high SLS prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Higgins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jorge Guerrel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - Elliot Lassiter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - Arne Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wendy J Palen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panamá, Republic of Panama
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32
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Brister E, Holbrook JB, Palmer MJ. Conservation science and the ethos of restraint. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Brister
- Philosophy Department Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester New York USA
| | - J. Britt Holbrook
- Department of Humanities New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Megan J. Palmer
- Department of Bioengineering Stanford University Stanford California USA
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33
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Benefits of overwintering in the conservation breeding and translocation of a critically endangered amphibian. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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34
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Rose JP, Kupferberg SJ, Wheeler CA, Kleeman PM, Halstead BJ. Estimating the survival of unobservable life stages for a declining frog with a complex life history. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Rose
- Santa Cruz Field Station Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 2885 Mission Street Santa Cruz California95060USA
| | - Sarah J. Kupferberg
- Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley California94720USA
| | - Clara A. Wheeler
- Pacific Southwest Research Station Redwood Science Lab USDA Forest Service Arcata California95521USA
| | - Patrick M. Kleeman
- Point Reyes Field Station Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 1 Bear Valley Road Point Reyes Station California94956USA
| | - Brian J. Halstead
- Dixon Field Station Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D Dixon California95620USA
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35
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Gillis AB, Guy EL, Kouba AJ, Allen PJ, Marcec-Greaves RM, Kouba CK. Short-term storage of tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) spermatozoa: The effect of collection type, temperature and time. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245047. [PMID: 33428658 PMCID: PMC7799794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this project were to characterize tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) spermatozoa motility over time, when excreted as either milt or spermic urine prior to packaging into a spermatophore, and to determine the effect of temperature on sperm motility. A split-plot design was utilized to assess the motility of the two pre-spermatophore sample types at two temperatures, 0°C and 20°C (n = 10 for each treatment). Spermiation was induced through exogenous hormone treatment of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog in order to collect both milt and spermic urine, which were evaluated for motility, divided into two separate aliquots, and subsequently stored in either an ice-bath (0°C) or on the benchtop (20°C). The decay rate of sperm motility was assessed by reevaluating subsamples at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 24 hours following the initial assessment. Results showed that sperm stored at 0°C had significantly higher progressive, non-progressive, and total motility for both sperm collection types over time. An interaction was found between collection type and time, with milt exhibiting lower initial motility that was more sustainable over time, compared to spermic urine. For both milt and spermic urine, motility decreased rapidly with storage duration, indicating samples should be used as soon as possible to maximize motility for in-vitro fertilization and cryopreservation. This is the first study to describe the differences in sperm motility between milt and spermic urine from an internally fertilizing caudate and demonstrates the benefits of near freezing temperatures on sperm longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Gillis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Emmet L. Guy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Kouba
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, MI, United States of America
| | - Carrie K. Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Burns TJ, Scheele BC, Brannelly LA, Clemann N, Gilbert D, Driscoll DA. Indirect terrestrial transmission of amphibian chytrid fungus from reservoir to susceptible host species leads to fatal chytridiomycosis. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Burns
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University (Burwood Campus) Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Laura A. Brannelly
- Melbourne Veterinary School Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of Melbourne Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - Nick Clemann
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Deon Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation and Science. Zoos Victoria Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Don A. Driscoll
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University (Burwood Campus) Geelong Vic. Australia
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37
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38
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Jacken A, Rödder D, Ziegler T. Amphibians in zoos: a global approach on distribution patterns of threatened amphibians in zoological collections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jacken
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Sektion Herpetologie, Adenauerallee 160 D‐53113 BonnGermany
| | - D. Rödder
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Sektion Herpetologie, Adenauerallee 160 D‐53113 BonnGermany
| | - T. Ziegler
- AG Zoologischer Garten Köln Riehler Strasse 173 D‐50735 KölnGermany
- Institute of Zoology University of Cologne Zülpicher Strasse 47b D‐50674 CologneGermany
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39
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Rothstein AP, Knapp RA, Bradburd GS, Boiano DM, Briggs CJ, Rosenblum EB. Stepping into the past to conserve the future: Archived skin swabs from extant and extirpated populations inform genetic management of an endangered amphibian. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2598-2611. [PMID: 32573039 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Moving animals on a landscape through translocations and reintroductions is an important management tool used in the recovery of endangered species, particularly for the maintenance of population genetic diversity and structure. Management of imperiled amphibian species rely heavily on translocations and reintroductions, especially for species that have been brought to the brink of extinction by habitat loss, introduced species, and disease. One striking example of amphibian declines and associated management efforts is in California's Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks with the mountain yellow-legged frog species complex (Rana sierrae/muscosa). Mountain yellow-legged frogs have been extirpated from more than 93% of their historic range, and limited knowledge of their population genetics has made long-term conservation planning difficult. To address this, we used 598 archived skin swabs from both extant and extirpated populations across 48 lake basins to generate a robust Illumina-based nuclear amplicon data set. We found that samples grouped into three main genetic clusters, concordant with watershed boundaries. We also found evidence for historical gene flow across watershed boundaries with a north-to-south axis of migration. Finally, our results indicate that genetic diversity is not significantly different between populations with different disease histories. Our study offers specific management recommendations for imperiled mountain yellow-legged frogs and, more broadly, provides a population genetic framework for leveraging minimally invasive samples for the conservation of threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Rothstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roland A Knapp
- Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, University of California, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA
| | - Gideon S Bradburd
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel M Boiano
- Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Three Rivers, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl J Briggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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40
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Rollins-Smith LA. Global Amphibian Declines, Disease, and the Ongoing Battle between Batrachochytrium Fungi and the Immune System. HERPETOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1655/0018-0831-76.2.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A. Rollins-Smith
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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41
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Guy EL, Gillis AB, Kouba AJ, Barber D, Poole V, Marcec-Greaves RM, Kouba CK. Sperm collection and cryopreservation for threatened newt species. Cryobiology 2020; 94:80-88. [PMID: 32437677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this project were to transfer hormone-induced spermiation and sperm cryopreservation protocols developed in the model salamander species, Ambystoma tigrinum, to three threatened newt species. Additionally, we tested if supplementation with trehalose or thawing at different temperatures impacts post-thaw sperm parameters. Hormone stimulation protocols were applied to male Notophthalmus meridionalis (N = 10), Neurergus kaiseri (N = 5) and Tylototriton kweichowensis (N = 6) with sperm collected periodically up to 24-28 h post-spermiation dose. Samples of adequate sperm concentration (>70%) were cryopreserved in solutions of 10% Me2SO + 1% BSA with or without a 10% trehalose cryodiluent. Frozen sperm samples were thawed at either 20 °C or 40 °C and examined for post-thaw motility parameters and abnormalities in head and tail structure. The spermiation response to exogenous hormone treatment was significantly different between newt species, with a success rate of 0% for N. kaiseri, 67% for T. kweichowensis, and 100% for N. meridionalis. Sperm concentration varied with time of collection after hormone administration in both T. kweichowensis and N. meridionalis. For N. meridionalis, structural abnormalities decreased in samples collected over the 24 h period (p < 0.0001) and a thaw temperature of 40 °C resulted in higher relative total sperm motility (p < 0.0001). This is the first study to describe the cryopreservation of sperm from two newt species and demonstrates the transferability of ART developed in a salamander to two newt species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet L Guy
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, USA, 39762
| | - Amanda B Gillis
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, USA, 39762
| | - Andrew J Kouba
- Mississippi State University, Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State, MS, USA, 39762
| | - Diane Barber
- Fort Worth Zoo, Department of Ectotherms, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 76110
| | - Vicky Poole
- Fort Worth Zoo, Department of Ectotherms, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 76110
| | - Ruth M Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center, Detroit Zoological Society, Detroit, MI, USA, 48067
| | - Carrie K Kouba
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State, MS, USA, 39762.
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42
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Pabijan M, Palomar G, Antunes B, Antoł W, Zieliński P, Babik W. Evolutionary principles guiding amphibian conservation. Evol Appl 2020; 13:857-878. [PMID: 32431739 PMCID: PMC7232768 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Anthropocene has witnessed catastrophic amphibian declines across the globe. A multitude of new, primarily human-induced drivers of decline may lead to extinction, but can also push species onto novel evolutionary trajectories. If these are recognized by amphibian biologists, they can be engaged in conservation actions. Here, we summarize how principles stemming from evolutionary concepts have been applied for conservation purposes, and address emerging ideas at the vanguard of amphibian conservation science. In particular, we examine the consequences of increased drift and inbreeding in small populations and their implications for practical conservation. We then review studies of connectivity between populations at the landscape level, which have emphasized the limiting influence of anthropogenic structures and degraded habitat on genetic cohesion. The rapid pace of environmental changes leads to the central question of whether amphibian populations can cope either by adapting to new conditions or by shifting their ranges. We gloomily conclude that extinction seems far more likely than adaptation or range shifts for most species. That said, conservation strategies employing evolutionary principles, such as selective breeding, introduction of adaptive variants through translocations, ecosystem interventions aimed at decreasing phenotype-environment mismatch, or genetic engineering, may effectively counter amphibian decline in some areas or for some species. The spread of invasive species and infectious diseases has often had disastrous consequences, but has also provided some premier examples of rapid evolution with conservation implications. Much can be done in terms of setting aside valuable amphibian habitat that should encompass both natural and agricultural areas, as well as designing protected areas to maximize the phylogenetic and functional diversity of the amphibian community. We conclude that an explicit consideration and application of evolutionary principles, although certainly not a silver bullet, should increase effectiveness of amphibian conservation in both the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pabijan
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical ResearchFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Gemma Palomar
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Bernardo Antunes
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Weronika Antoł
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Piotr Zieliński
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental SciencesFaculty of BiologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
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43
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Genetic differentiation and overexploitation history of the critically endangered Lehmann’s Poison Frog: Oophaga lehmanni. CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Della Togna G, Howell LG, Clulow J, Langhorne CJ, Marcec-Greaves R, Calatayud NE. Evaluating amphibian biobanking and reproduction for captive breeding programs according to the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan objectives. Theriogenology 2020; 150:412-431. [PMID: 32127175 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP), published in 2007, is a formal document of international significance that proposed eleven relevant actions for global amphibian conservation. Action seven of the ACAP document addresses the use of amphibian captive programs as a conservation tool. Appendix material under this action explores the potential use of Genome Resource Banking (biobanking) as an urgently needed tool for these captive programs. ACAP proposed twelve objectives for Genome Resource Banking which exhibit little emphasis on reproduction as a vital underlying science for amphibian Captive Breeding Programs (CBP's). Here we have reassessed the original twelve ACAP objectives for amphibian reproduction and biobanking for CBP's as a contribution to future ACAP review processes. We have reviewed recent advances since the original objectives, as well as highlighted weaknesses and strengths for each of these objectives. We make various scientific, policy and economic recommendations based on the current reality and recent advances in relevant science in order to inform future ACAP towards new global objectives. The number of amphibian CBP'S has escalated in recent years and reproductive success is not always easily accomplished. Increases in applied and fundamental research on the natural history and reproductive biology of these species, followed by the appropriate development and application of artificial reproductive technologies (ART's) and the incorporation of genome resource banks (GRB's), may turn CBP's into a more powerful tool for amphibian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Della Togna
- Universidad Interamericana de Panama, Dirección de Investigación, Campus Central, Avenida Ricardo J. Alfaro, Panama; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panama.
| | - Lachlan G Howell
- University of Newcastle, Conservation Biology Research Group, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- University of Newcastle, Conservation Biology Research Group, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - Ruth Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center, Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, MI, 48067, USA
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA; Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW, 2830, Australia
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45
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Pyott BE, Schulte-Hostedde AI. Peer-reviewed scientific contributions from Canadian zoos and aquariums. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the widespread loss of biodiversity, zoos and aquariums are striving to become leaders in biodiversity conservation and research. Canada’s Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) is a nonprofit organization created to represent its members, including as agencies of conservation and science. However, the contribution of CAZA members to conservation and science has not been quantified. We used research productivity in the form of peer-reviewed publications to systematically quantify biodiversity conservation engagement by CAZA institutions. We extracted publications from the ISI Web of Science database and found that the annual number of publications increased over time. CAZA members published most in the area of veterinary science, with few publications in biodiversity conservation. Organization age, research-orientated mission statements, and financial assets were significant predictors of research productivity. CAZA institutions also published significantly less ([Formula: see text] = 12.5 ± 5.52 SE) than members of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ([Formula: see text] = 24.27 ± 5.08 SE), based in the United States. Zoos and aquariums are important resources in mitigating biodiversity loss, and are increasing their research output in this area. Nonetheless, only a small proportion of publications were in biodiversity conservation, and the majority of all publications occurred in zoo-centric journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna E. Pyott
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 6H8, Canada
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46
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Guy EL, Martin MW, Kouba AJ, Cole JA, Kouba CK. Evaluation of different temporal periods between hormone-induced ovulation attempts in the female Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coz113. [PMID: 31938544 PMCID: PMC6951360 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many amphibian species reinitiate the processes of preparing for reproduction (e.g. oogenesis) soon after breeding indicating hormone-induced ovulation could potentially be achieved out-of-season, which would lead to higher annual fecundity compared to mono-seasonal breeding. Such strategies would be beneficial to captive breeding programs for threatened species that are short-lived, have aging populations or need large numbers of offspring to meet reintroduction goals for species recovery. Unfortunately, little is known regarding how female anurans respond to multiple ovulation events within a year, which could lead to higher annual fecundity compared to mono-seasonal breeding. Thus, we evaluated the effect of temporal period between exogenous hormone stimulation events on egg production using the Fowler's toad Anaxyrus fowleri as a model species. Female toads (n = 21) were administered hormone therapy twice in 1 year with toads randomly assigned to a treatment of either a 4-, 8- or 12-month recovery period between hormone stimulations. Ovulation was induced using two priming doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (100 IU; hCG) 72 h apart, followed by a resolving dose of hCG (500 IU) plus gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa; 15 μg) given 24 h after the second priming injection. Measured response variables include the number of females ovulating after treatment, total number of eggs produced and percent fertilization, neurula and tadpole development. No significant treatment effects were observed for any response variable (P > 0.05). Findings from this study suggest that hormone therapy can be administered in a bufonid species every 4 or 8 months without significantly affecting the number of ovulating females, egg production, fertilization, neurulation or tadpole development. By collecting gametes out-of-season or multiple times throughout the year, captive breeding programs could potentially increase tadpole production for reintroductions as well as extend the breeding window in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmet L Guy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Michelle W Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Andrew J Kouba
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Judith A Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Carrie K Kouba
- Corresponding author: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Street, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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47
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Hilbers JP, Huijbregts MAJ, Schipper AM. Predicting reintroduction costs for wildlife populations under anthropogenic stress. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle P. Hilbers
- Department of Environmental Science Institute for Wetland and Water Research Faculty of Science Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. J. Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science Institute for Wetland and Water Research Faculty of Science Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aafke M. Schipper
- Department of Environmental Science Institute for Wetland and Water Research Faculty of Science Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen The Netherlands
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48
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Jangtarwan K, Koomgun T, Prasongmaneerut T, Thongchum R, Singchat W, Tawichasri P, Fukayama T, Sillapaprayoon S, Kraichak E, Muangmai N, Baicharoen S, Punkong C, Peyachoknagul S, Duengkae P, Srikulnath K. Take one step backward to move forward: Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of captive Asian woolly-necked storks (Ciconia episcopus). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223726. [PMID: 31600336 PMCID: PMC6786576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragmentation of habitats and hunting have impacted the Asian woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus), leading to a serious risk of extinction in Thailand. Programs of active captive breeding, together with careful genetic monitoring, can play an important role in facilitating the creation of source populations with genetic variability to aid the recovery of endangered species. Here, the genetic diversity and population structure of 86 Asian woolly-necked storks from three captive breeding programs [Khao Kheow Open Zoo (KKOZ) comprising 68 individuals, Nakhon Ratchasima Zoo (NRZ) comprising 16 individuals, and Dusit Zoo (DSZ) comprising 2 individuals] were analyzed using 13 microsatellite loci, to aid effective conservation management. Inbreeding and an extremely low effective population size (Ne) were found in the KKOZ population, suggesting that deleterious genetic issues had resulted from multiple generations held in captivity. By contrast, a recent demographic bottleneck was observed in the population at NRZ, where the ratio of Ne to abundance (N) was greater than 1. Clustering analysis also showed that one subdivision of the KKOZ population shared allelic variability with the NRZ population. This suggests that genetic drift, with a possible recent and mixed origin, occurred in the initial NRZ population, indicating historical transfer between captivities. These captive stork populations require improved genetic variability and a greater population size, which could be achieved by choosing low-related individuals for future transfers to increase the adaptive potential of reintroduced populations. Forward-in-time simulations such as those described herein constitute the first step in establishing an appropriate source population using a scientifically managed perspective for an in situ and ex situ conservation program in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornsuang Jangtarwan
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tassika Koomgun
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tulyawat Prasongmaneerut
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchaphol Thongchum
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panupong Tawichasri
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Toshiharu Fukayama
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwapech Sillapaprayoon
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekaphan Kraichak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sudarath Baicharoen
- Bureau of Research and Conservation, The Zoological Park Organization (ZPO), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Surin Peyachoknagul
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources (CASTNAR), National Research University-Kasetsart University (NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
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49
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Souza ECA, Bernard E. Setting priorities in biodiversity conservation: An exercise with students, recent graduates, and environmental managers in Brazil. AMBIO 2019; 48:879-889. [PMID: 30448994 PMCID: PMC6541666 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Facing a global biodiversity conservation crisis, urgent decisions are needed but prioritization is challenging. We analyzed how students, recent graduates of Biology, Law, and Engineering, and environmental managers in Brazil ranked ten conservation actions. Reduction in habitat loss and in overexploitation, and in situ protection were consensual top priorities. Freshmen students have similar priorities, which change as their courses advance. Biologists, engineers, and lawyers agree about only two priorities, but not in a consensual order. Biologists gave little importance to financial resources; managers much higher, and lower to action plans. Flagship species and ex situ protection were least priorities for all. Prioritization was influenced by educational level and experience and some priorities are counterintuitive. Our study reinforces the need to assess inter-groups differences, so conservationists could anticipate tendencies of single group decisions. Gaps in the conservation-oriented education of potential decision-makers must be filled, so their decisions could be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle Cordeiro Azevedo Souza
- Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Nelson Chaves s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Nelson Chaves s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Ciência Aplicada à Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Nelson Chaves s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
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50
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Cayuela H, Gillet L, Laudelout A, Besnard A, Bonnaire E, Levionnois P, Muths E, Dufrêne M, Kinet T. Survival cost to relocation does not reduce population self-sustainability in an amphibian. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019. [PMID: 31141249 DOI: 10.1101/446278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Relocations are increasingly popular among wildlife managers despite often low rates of relocation success in vertebrates. In this context, understanding the influence of extrinsic (e.g., relocation design, habitat characteristics) and intrinsic factors (e.g., age and sex) on demographic parameters, such as survival, that regulate the dynamics of relocated populations is critical to improve relocation protocols and better predict relocation success. We investigated survival in naturally established and relocated populations of yellow-bellied toads (Bombina variegata), an amphibian that was nearly extinct in Belgium by the late 1980s. We quantified survival at three ontogenetic stages (juvenile, subadult, and adult) in the relocated population, the source population, and a control population. In the relocated population, we quantified survival in captive bred individuals and their locally born descendants. Then, using simulations, we examined how survival cost to relocation affects the self-sustainability of the relocated population. We showed that survival at juvenile and subadult stages was relatively similar in all populations. In contrast, relocated adult survival was lower than adult survival in the source and control populations. Despite this, offspring of relocated animals (the next generation, regardless of life stage) survived at similar rates to individuals in the source and control populations. Simulations revealed that the relocated population was self-sustaining under different scenarios and that the fate (e.g., stability or increase) of the simulated populations was highly dependent on the fecundity of relocated adults and their offspring. To summarize, our results indicate that survival in relocated individuals is lower than in non-relocated individuals but that this cost (i.e., reduced survival) disappears in the second generation. A finer understanding of how relocation affects demographic processes is an important step in improving relocation success of amphibians and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cayuela
- Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Nature, Ecology, & Conservation (NEC), Mas du Clos, Montagnole, 73000, France
| | - Lilly Gillet
- UR BIOSE/UR TERRA, Université de Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 2 Passage des Déportés, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Laudelout
- Natagora, Département Etudes, 1 Traverse des Muses, Namur, B-5000, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Besnard
- EPHE, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA, UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS, PSL Research University, Montpellier, F-34293, France
| | - Eric Bonnaire
- Agence de Meurthe-et-Moselle, Office National des Forêts, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pauline Levionnois
- Direction Territoriale Grand Est, Office National des Forêts, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Erin Muths
- Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, 80526, Colorado, USA
| | - Marc Dufrêne
- UR BIOSE/UR TERRA, Université de Liège-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 2 Passage des Déportés, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Thierry Kinet
- Natagora, Département Etudes, 1 Traverse des Muses, Namur, B-5000, Belgium
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