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Socio-economic factors correlating with illegal use of giraffe body parts. ORYX 2023. [DOI: 10.1017/s003060532200062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Unsustainable hunting, both illegal and legal, has led to the extirpation of many species. In the last 35 years giraffe Giraffa spp. populations have declined precipitously, with extinctions documented in seven African countries. Amongst the various reasons for these population declines, poaching is believed to play an important role in some areas. Giraffes are primarily hunted for consumption and for the use of their body parts as trophies and in traditional medicine. However, the socio-economic factors that correlate with the use of giraffe body parts are not well understood. We conducted our study in Tsavo Conservation Area, Kenya, which experiences high levels of poaching. We used semi-structured surveys amongst 331 households to document how giraffe body parts are typically acquired and their intended use (i.e. trophy, medicinal or consumptive). We then used logistic regression models to assess the correlations between nine socio-economic factors and the use of giraffe body parts. We found that giraffe body parts had mostly consumptive and trophy uses. One-time suppliers, opportunistic access and widely known markets were the most common means of acquiring giraffe body parts. Results from our models showed that three variables (gender: men, occupation: tourism worker, and land ownership) were correlated significantly and positively with the use of giraffe body parts. We describe the complex links between socio-economic factors and the use of giraffe body parts and highlight the importance of implementing mitigation measures adapted to local contexts to combat a challenge that many species of conservation concern are facing.
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Martino S, Kenter JO. Economic valuation of wildlife conservation. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023; 69:32. [PMID: 36919039 PMCID: PMC9999082 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-023-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews concepts and methods for the economic valuation of nature in the context of wildlife conservation and questions them in light of alternative approaches based on deliberation. Economic valuations have been used to set priorities, consider opportunity costs, assess co-benefits of conservation, support the case for conservation in public awareness and advocacy, and drive novel schemes to change incentives. We discuss the foundational principles of mainstream economic valuation in terms of its assumptions about values, markets, and human behaviour; propose a list of valuation studies in relation to wildlife protection; and explain the methods used. We then review critiques of these approaches focusing on the narrow way in which economics conceives of values, and institutional, power, and equity concerns. Finally, we complement conventional approaches commonly used for wildlife valuation with two forms of deliberative valuation: deliberated preferences and deliberative democratic monetary valuation. These are discussed in terms of their potential to address the drawbacks of mainstream economics and to realise the potential of valuation in bridging conservation of nature for its own sake and its important contributions to human well-being. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10344-023-01658-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Martino
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG UK
- The James Hutton Institute, AB15 8QH Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Jasper O Kenter
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG UK
- Ecologos Research, Borth, SY245JQ Wales UK
- University of Aberystwyth - Business School, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Hugh Owen Building, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DY Ceredigion UK
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Dai C. Incorporating local stakeholders' voices and knowledge into conservation decisions: a case study on the Chinese Hwamei (Garrulax canorus Linnaeus, 1758) in Taijiang, Guizhou, China. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2022; 18:63. [PMID: 36242091 PMCID: PMC9568905 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese Hwamei (Garrulax canorus Linnaeus, 1758) is a widely distributed species and has long been kept as a pet, especially by the ethnic communities in Southwest China. According to conservation experts' suggestions, it has been designated as a second-level national key protected species in February, 2021 to protect this bird, indicating that keeping it at home is no longer permitted in China. However, a key factor to ensure effectiveness and success of conservation initiatives is local stakeholders' acceptance and support. METHODS Interviews and focus group discussions were used to document the policy outcomes and the views of 108 local bird-keepers in a county in Guizhou province. RESULTS Despite awareness about the illegality of the practice, the bird was still commonly caged both in rural and urban regions. To justify their unwillingness to stop keeping these birds, the interviewees presented many arguments, such as benefits for the community members' health, cultural heritage and contributions to local livelihoods. Fewer than 30% of the bird-keepers believed that the practice of self-keeping has reduced the wild population. Most argued the decline was mainly generated by the harvesting and keepers with monetary interests. They suggested enforcement should target those people and bird markets, as well as the harvesting methods. They also recommended restricting the number of birds allowed to be kept by one keeper, establishing protected areas and a harvesting ban period. The study participants demonstrated considerable local ecological knowledge about approaches for managing the species' use. CONCLUSIONS Due to the benefits for the people and the bird's large distribution, I argued that a conservation goal to lower the harvesting and keeping rates would be more appropriate than a strict ban on keeping them. Such a policy would be more feasible and culturally acceptable because it is built on keepers' support and suggestions. It is necessary to monitor the effects of bird keeping on the wild population. Overall, this qualitative study demonstrated the advantage of factoring in local voices in conservation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, 1 Yanzhong Road, Guilin, 541006, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541006, China.
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4
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Rule-breaking in terrestrial protected areas of sub-Saharan Africa: A review of drivers, deterrent measures and implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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5
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Pienkowski T, Keane A, Kinyanda E, Asiimwe C, Milner-Gulland EJ. Predicting the impacts of land management for sustainable development on depression risk in a Ugandan case study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11607. [PMID: 35804170 PMCID: PMC9270416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural intensification and expanding protected areas are proposed sustainable development approaches. But, their consequences for mental health are poorly understood. This study aims to predict how forest conservation and contract farming may alter resource access and depression risk in rural Uganda. Residents (N = 695) in 11 communities in Masindi District were asked about their expectations under land management scenarios using scenario-based interviews, household characteristics and depression symptoms. Over 80% of respondents presented with a ‘business-as-usual forest access’ scenario expected reduced access to forest income and food over the next decade; this number climbed above 90% among ‘restricted forest access’ scenario respondents. Over 99% of those presented with two land access scenarios (‘business-as-usual land access’ and ‘sugarcane expansion land access’) expected wealthy households to gain land but poorer families to lose it, threatening to increase poverty and food insecurity among small-scale farmers. Bayesian structural equation modelling suggested that depression severity was positively associated with food insecurity (0.20, 95% CI = 0.12–0.28) and economic poverty (0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.19). Decision-makers should evaluate the mental health impacts of conservation and agricultural approaches that restrict access to livelihood resources. Future research could explore opportunities to support mental health through sustainable use of nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aidan Keane
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, 51-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Caroline Asiimwe
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, Masindi, Uganda.,Jane Goodall Institute, Plot 26 Lugard Avenue, P.O. Box 462, Entebbe, Uganda
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Ghoddousi A, Van Cayzeele C, Negahdar P, Soofi M, Kh Hamidi A, Bleyhl B, Fandos G, Khorozyan I, Waltert M, Kuemmerle T. Understanding spatial patterns of poaching pressure using ranger logbook data to optimize future patrolling strategies. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2601. [PMID: 35366036 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poaching is driving many species toward extinction, and as a result, lowering poaching pressure is a conservation priority. This requires understanding where poaching pressure is high and which factors determine these spatial patterns. However, the cryptic and illegal nature of poaching makes this difficult. Ranger patrol data, typically recorded in protected area logbooks, contain information on patrolling efforts and poaching detection and should thus provide opportunities for a better understanding of poaching pressure. However, these data are seldom analyzed and rarely used to inform adaptive management strategies. We developed a novel approach to making use of analog logbook records to map poaching pressure and to test environmental criminology and predator-prey relationship hypotheses explaining poaching patterns. We showcase this approach for Golestan National Park in Iran, where poaching has substantially depleted ungulate populations. We digitized data from >4800 ranger patrols from 2014 to 2016 and used an occupancy modeling framework to relate poaching to (1) accessibility, (2) law enforcement, and (3) prey availability factors. Based on predicted poaching pressure and patrolling intensity, we provide suggestions for future patrol allocation strategies. Our results revealed a low probability (12%) of poacher detection during patrols. Poaching distribution was best explained by prey availability, indicating that poachers target areas with high concentrations of ungulates. Poaching pressure was estimated to be high (>0.49) in 39% of our study area. To alleviate poaching pressure, we recommend ramping up patrolling intensity in 12% of the national park, which could be achievable by reducing excess patrols in about 20% of the park. However, our results suggest that for 27% of the park, it is necessary to improve patrolling quality to increase detection probability of poaching, for example, by closing temporal patrolling gaps or expanding informant networks. Our approach illustrates that analog ranger logbooks are an untapped resource for evidence-based and adaptive planning of protected area management. Using this wealth of data can open up new avenues to better understand poaching and its determinants, to expand effectiveness assessments to the past, and, more generally, to allow for strategic conservation planning in protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghoddousi
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Van Cayzeele
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pegah Negahdar
- Tropical Ecology, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mahmood Soofi
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- CSIRO Land and Water, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Bleyhl
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillermo Fandos
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Igor Khorozyan
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Waltert
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Global challenges and priorities for interventions addressing illegal harvest, use and trade of marine turtles. ORYX 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605320001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Worldwide, conservation initiatives have attempted to curb illegal harvest, use and trade of marine turtles at least since the 1950s. Despite some declines in local trade and consumption, these illegal activities are still often reported as a key threat to marine turtle populations. Reassessing and refining global conservation priorities for marine turtles allows us to formulate evidence-based strategies and effective interventions to address this threat. We surveyed a total of 103 marine turtle conservation researchers and practitioners globally to understand how conservation efforts can be better allocated to curb illegal harvest, use and trade. We explored the characteristics of these illegal activities, conservation priorities, challenges and lessons learnt. According to participants’ perceptions, progress has been achieved, but illegal harvest, use and trade remain pressing threats globally. Current challenges to addressing illegal activities relate to fisheries management, enforcement and legislation. Recommended priority actions include law and penalty enforcement, enhancing environmental literacy, awareness and stakeholder participation, and improving local conservation leadership and onshore/maritime management based on research. Based on participants' perceptions, we identify priorities for marine turtle conservation interventions that aim to curb illegal harvest, use and trade. Given the challenges of obtaining reliable information on sensitive topics such as illegal harvest, use and trade, further work should seek to validate our findings through empirical research. Further work could also seek to comprehend better how expert elicitation in conservation is influenced by individual experience, perspectives and goals.
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Kisingo A, Wilfred P, Magige FJ, Kayeye H, Nahonyo CL, Milner‐Gulland EJ. Resource managers' and users' perspectives on factors contributing to unauthorised hunting in western Tanzania. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kisingo
- College of African Wildlife Management Moshi Tanzania
| | - Paulo Wilfred
- Department of Life Sciences Open University of Tanzania Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | | | - Heri Kayeye
- Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania
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Poudel TR, Aryal PC, Thapa-Parajuli R, Thapa A, Yadav SK, Prakash M. Depredation loss drives human-wildlife conflict perception in the Trans-Himalayas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114763. [PMID: 35279492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Communities in and around protected areas are exposed to a higher level of human-wildlife interactions. The conservation practice with persistently adverse local livelihood outcomes can potentially aggravate such interactions leading to conflict. In our study, we examined how perceptions of HWC have formed in a protected area of the Trans-Himalayas whose conservation program collides with a centuries-long tradition of transhumance pastoralism. To examine determinants of depredation and how conflict perception has developed there, along with the socioeconomic and ecological interactions underlying those trends, we collected data using household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. We employed Poisson-logit maximum-likelihood hurdle, binary logit, and multinomial ordered logit regressions in order to explore the determinants of annual livestock depredation, predator attacks on the shed, and household-level perceptions of HWC, respectively. Depredation and encounters with wildlife were the principal causes of perceived HWC, and depredation caused an average household-level loss of US $422.5, up to 23.28% of annual income in some households. Predators' attacks on high-quality sheds were relatively infrequent but more common in areas with perceived habitat degradation. Social customs, pastoral practices, and the present compensation mechanism were identified as being antithetical to conflict reduction and sustainable pastureland management. Further analysis revealed that a diversity of livelihoods, however, lowered conflict perception formation. The identified socio-ecological factors will continue to increase depredation, exacerbate perceived HWC, and degrade pastureland unless local conservation authorities take appropriate remedial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika Ram Poudel
- GoldenGate International College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 4059, Nepal; Environment Protection and Study Center (ENPROSC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakash Chandra Aryal
- GoldenGate International College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 4059, Nepal; Environment Protection and Study Center (ENPROSC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, 9092, Nepal
| | - Resham Thapa-Parajuli
- Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, 44600, Nepal; Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Lalitpur, 3084, Nepal
| | - Arjun Thapa
- GoldenGate International College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 4059, Nepal; Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, 9092, Nepal
| | | | - Manab Prakash
- Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, 44600, Nepal.
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10
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Kifle Z. Human-olive baboon (Papio anubis) conflict in the human-modified landscape, Wollo, Ethiopia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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11
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Wilson-Holt O, Roe D. Community-Based Approaches to Tackling Illegal Wildlife Trade—What Works and How Is It Measured? FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.765725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is a global issue that threatens the conservation of many species of fauna and flora and affects the livelihoods of people who are dependent upon wildlife. By far the most common approach to tackling IWT is to enhance law enforcement, including arming rangers and tougher penalties for perpetrators. Yet, critics of this approach argue that efforts to reduce IWT in source countries are likely to fail without the involvement of local people. However, little is known about the effectiveness of community-based approaches to tackling IWT or how this is being measured. We used information from the www.peoplenotpoaching.org learning platform to analyze over 100 case studies of community-based anti-IWT interventions to understand what proportion have been effective and how this has been measured. We present a typology of frequently reported outcomes, their indicators and means of verification. We show that effectiveness in community-based anti-IWT interventions is measured by a number of indicators and using a variety of verification means. Our findings suggest that conservation practitioners more frequently implement activities to measure conservation outcomes in comparison to livelihood outcomes, which has implications for how we consider if a community-based anti-IWT project has been effective. We recommend that future community-based anti-IWT projects build in more robust monitoring, evaluation and learning activities to measure how livelihood benefits impact local communities given their support is crucial to achieving long-term conservation success.
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12
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Ruppert KA, Sponarski CC, Davis EO, Masiaine S, Larpei L, Lekalgitele J, Lekupanai R, Lekushan J, Lemirgishan J, Lenaipa D, Lenyakopiro J, Lerapayo S, Lororua M, Stacy-Dawes J, Glikman JA. Use of specialized questioning techniques to detect decline in giraffe meat consumption. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Viollaz J, Long B, Trung CT, Kempinski J, Rawson BM, Quang HX, Hiền NN, Liên NTB, Dũng CT, Huyền HT, McWhirter R, Dung NTT, Gore ML. Using crime script analysis to understand wildlife poaching in Vietnam. AMBIO 2021; 50:1378-1393. [PMID: 33738731 PMCID: PMC8116459 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Poaching can contribute to the failure of biodiversity conservation efforts and inflict diverse harms on human livelihoods. We applied crime script analysis to the case of snare poaching-an illegal hunting activity-in three Vietnamese protected areas. Our goal was to enhance the understanding about the opportunity structure underlying snare poaching to advance the suite of community-based crime prevention activities. We analyzed crime scripts for three types of poachers across nine stages of the poaching process using expert-based elicitation with 13 workshop participants in Vinh, Vietnam, 2018. Five stages were similar, clustered toward the early stages, and two were different, clustered around middle crime stages. Analysis produced systematic crime-specific insight about the procedural aspects and requirements for poaching from preparation to hunt to selling one's catch. Stages identify multiple entry points to apply prevention techniques and match techniques with different types of snare poaching or poachers. Although this research focused on protected areas, the interdisciplinary approach applied herein may be adapted to other conservation contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Viollaz
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barney Long
- Global Wildlife Conservation, Austin, TX 78767 USA
| | | | - Josh Kempinski
- Fauna & Flora International, Vietnam Progarmme, 118 Tu Hoa, Tay Ho, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Benjamin M. Rawson
- WWF-Vietnam, No. 06, Lane 18, Nguyen Co Thach Rd., Nam TuLiem Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | - Hoàng Thương Huyền
- Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Street, Vinh, Vietnam
- Fauna & Flora International, Vietnam Progarmme, 118 Tu Hoa, Tay Ho, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Renée McWhirter
- Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Street, Vinh, Vietnam
- The Crawford Research Institute, 278 Crawford Street, Toronto, ON M6J 2V8 Canada
| | - Nguyễn Thị Thùy Dung
- Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Street, Vinh, Vietnam
- Center for Environment and Rural Development, Vinh University, Vinh, Vietnam
| | - Meredith L. Gore
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University Or Maryland, 2181 LeFrack Hall, College Park, MD 20740 USA
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Silva MRO, Pennino MG, Lopes PFM. Predicting potential compliance of small-scale fishers in Brazil: The need to increase trust to achieve fisheries management goals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112372. [PMID: 33756387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many global management and conservation initiatives fail to prevent overfishing either because they do not plan for local engagement, surveillance, and enforcement, and/or because they fail to include alternatives for short-term losses. Thus, these initiatives do not gain support among fishers. In this study, we interviewed fishers to investigate their stated behavior toward fisheries regulations. We assessed possible (non)compliant behavior under scenarios where fishers would face a moratorium on some of their target species. Additionally, we investigated the consequences of such a moratorium on the food web if it were to lead to fishing alternative species. Using data from two Brazilian coastal sites, we found that younger fishers and those who demonstrated a trustworthy relationship with stakeholders were inclined to comply with the rules. The level of potential compliance also varied between the studied places, probably due to unidentified local idiosyncrasies. Fishers tended to trust community actors (e.g., the leader or head of the fishing community) more than institutional actors (e.g., environmental agencies). When fishers were asked why they would choose specific replacement species in the event of a moratorium, they most often cited expected profitability and ease of capture as reasons. Fishers also tended to say that they would replace endangered species with species in the same and/or lower trophic categories. We suggest working toward stronger stakeholder engagement, given that an overall sense of trust in a community appears to be an important asset toward successful management. Higher levels of trust could promote more transparency in the decision-making process, which could facilitate information dissemination, awareness, and the need for compliance. The mixed methods approach used here could help predict responses to new and existing management policies and support adaptive fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R O Silva
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - M G Pennino
- Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Spain
| | - P F M Lopes
- Fishing Ecology, management and economics group, Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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15
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Chanyandura A, Muposhi VK, Gandiwa E, Muboko N. An analysis of threats, strategies, and opportunities for African rhinoceros conservation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5892-5910. [PMID: 34141191 PMCID: PMC8207337 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and magnitude of threats to black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros conservation in Africa have triggered global concerns and actions. In this study, we analyzed (i) threats to rhinoceros conservation including external shocks, (ii) historical rhinoceros conservation strategies in Zimbabwe and Africa, more broadly, and (iii) opportunities for enhanced rhinoceros conservation in Zimbabwe and Africa. A literature search from 1975 to 2020 was carried out using a predefined search protocol, involving a number of filters based on a set of keywords to balance search sensitivity with specificity. A total of 193 articles, which were most relevant to key themes on rhinoceros conservation, were used in this study. The common threats to rhinoceros conservation identified in this paper include poaching, habitat fragmentation and loss, international trade in illegal rhino products, and external shocks such as global financial recessions and pandemics. Cascading effects emanating from these threats include small and isolated populations, which are prone to genetic, demographic, and environmental uncertainties. Rhinoceros conservation strategies being implemented include education and awareness campaigns, better equipped and more antipoaching efforts, use of innovative systems and technologies, dehorning, and enhancing safety nets, and livelihoods of local communities. Opportunities for rhinoceros conservation vary across the spatial scale, and these include (a) a well-coordinated stakeholder and community involvement, (b) strategic meta-population management, (c) enhancing law enforcement initiatives through incorporating real-time surveillance technologies and intruder detection sensor networks for crime detection, (d) scaling up demand reduction awareness campaigns, and (e) developing more certified wildlife crime and forensic laboratories, and information repository for international corporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admire Chanyandura
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and ConservationChinhoyi University of TechnologyChinhoyiZimbabwe
| | - Victor K. Muposhi
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and ConservationChinhoyi University of TechnologyChinhoyiZimbabwe
| | - Edson Gandiwa
- Scientific ServicesZimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management AuthorityHarareZimbabwe
| | - Never Muboko
- School of Wildlife, Ecology and ConservationChinhoyi University of TechnologyChinhoyiZimbabwe
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Collins C, Nuno A, Benaragama A, Broderick A, Wijesundara I, Wijetunge D, Letessier TB. Ocean‐scale footprint of a highly mobile fishing fleet: Social‐ecological drivers of fleet behaviour and evidence of illegal fishing. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Collins
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
| | - Ana Nuno
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA) School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH) NOVA University Lisbon Lisboa Portugal
| | | | - Annette Broderick
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | | | | | - Tom B. Letessier
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- The UWA Oceans Institute University of Western Australia (M092) Crawley WA Australia
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17
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Jones S, Papworth S, Keane AM, Vickery J, St John FAV. The bean method as a tool to measure sensitive behavior. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:722-732. [PMID: 32789918 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conservationists need to measure human behavior to guide decisions and evaluate their impact. However, activities can be misreported and reporting accuracy may change following conservation interventions, making it hard to verify any apparent changes. Techniques for asking sensitive questions are increasingly integrated into survey designs to improve data quality, but some can be costly or hard for nonexperts to implement. We demonstrate a straightforward, low-cost approach, the bean method in which respondents give anonymous answers by adding a colored bean to a jar to denote a yes or no response. We applied the bean method to measure wild-meat hunting and trading over 2 years at a conservation-project (hunting reduction) site in Gola Forest, Liberia. We extended the technique to accommodate questions about hunting and meat-selling frequency. We compared responses given using the bean method and direct questioning for groups that did and did not participate in conservation interventions. Results from the bean method corresponded to those from direct questioning, and there was no indication of change in question sensitivity following conservation interventions. Estimates from both methods indicated that wild-meat trading decreased in project and nonproject households (from 36% to 20%) and that hunting decreased in 1 project group (38-28%). Where inconsistent answers were given (2-6% of respondents), differences were in both directions and were most likely attributable to measurement error. The bean method was quick and straightforward to administer in a low-literacy setting. We showed how it can be modified for answers of more than 2 categories and consider it a valuable tool that could be adapted for a wide range of conservation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorrel Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW200EX, U.K
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG192DL, U.K
| | - Sarah Papworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW200EX, U.K
| | - Aidan M Keane
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93JW, U.K
| | - Juliet Vickery
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG192DL, U.K
| | - Freya A V St John
- School of Natural Resources, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL572UW, U.K
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18
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Human-Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Impacts Community Perceptions around Kibale National Park, Uganda. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The attitudes of community members living around protected areas are an important and often overlooked consideration for effective conservation strategies. Around Kibale National Park (KNP) in western Uganda, communities regularly face the threat of crop destruction from wildlife, including from a variety of endangered species, such as African elephants (Loxodonta africana), common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus tephrosceles), as well as other nonhuman primates, including olive baboons (Papio anubis). These frequent negative interactions with wildlife lead many community members to resent the park and the animals that live within it. To mitigate these issues, community members around KNP partnered with researchers to start a participatory action research project to reduce human-wildlife interactions. The project tested four sustainable human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies: digging and maintaining trenches around the park border, installing beehive fences in swampy areas where trenches could not be dug, planting tea as a buffer, and growing garlic as a cash crop. These physical exclusion methods and agriculture-based deterrents aimed to reduce crop destruction by wild animals and improve conditions for humans and wildlife alike. We conducted oral surveys with members of participating communities and a nonparticipating community that border KNP to determine the impact of these sustainable human-wildlife conflict mitigation strategies on attitudes toward KNP, wildlife officials, and animal species in and around KNP. We found that there is a positive correlation between participation in the project and perceived benefits of living near KNP. We also found that respondents who participated in the project reported more positive feelings about the Uganda Wildlife Authority, the organization that oversees KNP. This research will help inform future conservation initiatives around KNP and other areas where humans and animals face conflict through crop damage.
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19
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MacKeracher T, Mizrahi M, Bergseth B, Maung KMC, Khine ZL, Phyu ET, Simpfendorfer CA, Diedrich A. Understanding non-compliance in small-scale fisheries: Shark fishing in Myanmar's Myeik Archipelago. AMBIO 2021; 50:572-585. [PMID: 33079371 PMCID: PMC7882651 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Achieving fisheries compliance is challenging in contexts where enforcement capacity is limited and the incentives for rule-breaking are strong. This challenge is exemplified in Myanmar, where an active shark fishery exists despite a nationwide ban on targeted shark fishing. We used the Kipling method (5W1H) to gather a complete story of non-compliance in five small-scale fishing communities in the Myeik Archipelago. Among 144 fishers surveyed, 49% were aware of the nationwide ban. Shark fishers (24%) tended to be younger individuals who did not own a boat and perceived shark fishing to be prevalent. Compliant fishers were motivated by a fear of sharks and lack of capacity (equipment, knowledge), whereas food and income were cited as key motivations for non-compliance. The results of our study emphasize that in resource-dependent communities, improving compliance for effective shark conservation may require addressing broader issues of poverty, food security and the lack of alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy MacKeracher
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Me'ira Mizrahi
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Brock Bergseth
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Khin May Chit Maung
- Marine Science Department, Myeik University, Myeik, Thanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Zin Lin Khine
- Marine Science Department, Myeik University, Myeik, Thanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Ei Thal Phyu
- Marine Science Department, Myeik University, Myeik, Thanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Amy Diedrich
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries & Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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20
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Booth H, Arias M, Brittain S, Challender DWS, Khanyari M, Kuiper T, Li Y, Olmedo A, Oyanedel R, Pienkowski T, Milner-Gulland EJ. “Saving Lives, Protecting Livelihoods, and Safeguarding Nature”: Risk-Based Wildlife Trade Policy for Sustainable Development Outcomes Post-COVID-19. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.639216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge loss of life, and immense social and economic harm. Wildlife trade has become central to discourse on COVID-19, zoonotic pandemics, and related policy responses, which must focus on “saving lives, protecting livelihoods, and safeguarding nature.” Proposed policy responses have included extreme measures such as banning all use and trade of wildlife, or blanket measures for entire Classes. However, different trades pose varying degrees of risk for zoonotic pandemics, while some trades also play critical roles in delivering other key aspects of sustainable development, particularly related to poverty and hunger alleviation, decent work, responsible consumption and production, and life on land and below water. Here we describe how wildlife trade contributes to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in diverse ways, with synergies and trade-offs within and between the SDGs. In doing so, we show that prohibitions could result in severe trade-offs against some SDGs, with limited benefits for public health via pandemic prevention. This complexity necessitates context-specific policies, with multi-sector decision-making that goes beyond simple top-down solutions. We encourage decision-makers to adopt a risk-based approach to wildlife trade policy post-COVID-19, with policies formulated via participatory, evidence-based approaches, which explicitly acknowledge uncertainty, complexity, and conflicting values across different components of the SDGs. This should help to ensure that future use and trade of wildlife is safe, environmentally sustainable and socially just.
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21
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Shao ML, Newman C, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW, Zhou ZM. Understanding wildlife crime in China: Socio-demographic profiling and motivation of offenders. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246081. [PMID: 33508005 PMCID: PMC7842910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife crime presents a growing threat to the integrity of ecological communities. While campaigns have raised consumer awareness, little is known about the socio-demographic profile of wildlife offenders, or how to intervene. Using data from China Judgements Online (2014–2018), we documented 4,735 cases, involving 7,244 offenders who smuggled, hunted, transported, sold and/or purchased protected species in contravention of China’s Criminal Law. Offenders were predominantly men (93.0% of 7,143 offenders), aged 30–44 (43.9% of 4,699), agricultural workers (48.4% of 3,960), with less schooling (78.6% of 4,699 < senior secondary school). Socio-economic profiles related to crime seriousness, the type of illegal activity, motivation and taxon involved. These generalizations reveal scope to tailor specific intervention and mitigation approaches to offender profiles, through public information campaigns, proactive incentives opposed by punitive disincentives, and provision of alternative incomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Shao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences Unit 2, University of British Columbia, Okanagen, Canada
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhao-Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Milich KM, Sorbello K, Kolinski L, Busobozi R, Kugonza M. Case study of participatory action research for wildlife conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Milich
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Kayce Sorbello
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Lev Kolinski
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
| | | | - Moses Kugonza
- Makerere University Biological Field Station Fort Portal Uganda
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23
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Booth H, Mardhiah U, Siregar H, Hunter J, Giyanto, Putra MIH, Marlow J, Cahyana A, Boysandi, Demoor AYL, Lewis S, Adhiasto D, Adrianto L, Yulianto I. An integrated approach to tackling wildlife crime: Impact and lessons learned from the world's largest targeted manta ray fishery. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hollie Booth
- The Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Ulfah Mardhiah
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Hanifah Siregar
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | - Giyanto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | - Jo Marlow
- Misool Foundation, Savu Sea Program Larantuka Indonesia
| | - Andi Cahyana
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Boysandi
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dwi Adhiasto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Luky Adrianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
| | - Irfan Yulianto
- The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program Kota Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia
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25
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Abstract
AbstractIn northern Cambodia, threatened wildlife, livestock and people are being poisoned by pesticides deposited in seasonal waterholes. Addressing this critical conservation threat requires understanding the drivers of poisoning behaviours and the social contexts in which they occur. This study across 10 communities in two protected areas aimed to provide a first assessment of this phenomenon. We used the theory of planned behaviour to measure socio-psychological determinants of behaviour and deepened this understanding using informant interviews and focus group discussions. Informants reported that so-called termite poisons, including powerful carbamates, are deliberately deposited at waterholes to catch wildlife for consumption. This method is perceived to be low effort and high efficacy, and perceptions of the health risks vary. Predominant users are young men and children, but it is unclear whether the practice is related to food insecurity. Threatened wildlife species reported as affected include the giant ibis Pseudibis gigantea and vulture species. Overall, social norms are strongly negative towards poisoning; 75% of survey respondents perceived negative norms because of impacts on human and livestock health, environmental quality, and risks of legal sanctions. This has led to interventions by local authorities in half of the studied villages. We suggest that future interventions should raise the salience of negative norms by providing a non-conflictual mechanism for community members to participate in monitoring and sanctioning, such as a reporting hotline. Regulatory interventions are also required to control the supply of restricted pesticides.
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26
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Oyanedel R, Gelcich S, Milner‐Gulland E. Motivations for (non‐)compliance with conservation rules by small‐scale resource users. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Oyanedel
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Center for the Study of Multiple‐Drivers on Marine Socio‐Ecological Systems Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - E.J. Milner‐Gulland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
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27
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Anagnostou M, Mwedde G, Roe D, Smith RJ, Travers H, Baker J. Ranger perceptions of the role of local communities in providing actionable information on wildlife crime. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development London UK
| | - Robert J. Smith
- School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Henry Travers
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science University of Oxford Oxford UK
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28
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de Lange E, Milner-Gulland E, Keane A. Improving Environmental Interventions by Understanding Information Flows. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1034-1047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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