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Mehdi Q, Griffin EK, Esplugas J, Gelsleichter J, Galloway AS, Frazier BS, Timshina AS, Grubbs RD, Correia K, Camacho CG, Bowden JA. Species-specific profiles of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in small coastal sharks along the South Atlantic Bight of the United States. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:171758. [PMID: 38521272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gained widespread commercial use across the globe in various industrial and consumer products, such as textiles, firefighting foams, and surface coating materials. Studies have shown that PFAS exhibit a strong tendency to accumulate within aquatic food webs, primarily due to their high bioaccumulation potential and resistance to degradation. Despite such concerns, their impact on marine predators like sharks remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the presence of 34 PFAS in the plasma (n = 315) of four small coastal sharks inhabiting the South Atlantic Bight of the United States (U.S). Among the sharks studied, bonnetheads (Sphyrna tiburo) had the highest ∑PFAS concentration (3031 ± 1674 pg g - 1 plasma, n = 103), followed by the Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae, 2407 ± 969 pg g - 1, n = 101), blacknose shark (Carcharhinus acronotus, 1713 ± 662 pg g - 1, n = 83) and finetooth shark (Carcharhinus isodon, 1431 ± 891 pg g - 1, n = 28). Despite declines in the manufacturing of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the long-chain (C8 - C13) perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were frequently detected, with PFOS, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) present as the most dominant PFAS. Furthermore, males exhibited significantly higher ∑PFAS concentrations than females in bonnetheads (p < 0.01), suggesting possible sex-specific PFAS accumulation or maternal offloading in some species. The results of this study underscore the urgency for more extensive biomonitoring of PFAS in aquatic/marine environments to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the impact and fate of these emerging pollutants on marine fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaim Mehdi
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Emily K Griffin
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Juliette Esplugas
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jim Gelsleichter
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ashley S Galloway
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Bryan S Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, 217 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Alina S Timshina
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R Dean Grubbs
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University 3618 Highway 98, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA
| | - Keyla Correia
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Camden G Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Fiorentino F, Zava B, Quattrocchi F, Serena F. Integrating historical and recent information to understand chondrichthyan dynamics in the central Mediterranean. Mar Environ Res 2024; 197:106468. [PMID: 38537361 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) are highly susceptible to the impacts of fisheries due to their vulnerable life-history traits. Over the last 100 years, several cases of local extinction have been documented in heavily fished areas across the Mediterranean Sea. In the Strait of Sicily (SoS), one of the main demersal fishing grounds of the Mediterranean, chondrichthyans constitute a significant component of both commercial and discarded bycatch. In this area, the lack of long-term data series on these species hinders our ability to fully comprehend the extent of changes due to both overfishing and climate variations. Here we aim to use historical data from the end of the 19th century, provided by Döderlein, to uncover evidence of long-term changes in the occurrence and diversity of these fishes. We employ a semi-quantitative approach to compare past data with recent frequency of occurrence estimates, to improve our ability to propose management advice. We report a decline in both the number of species and the frequency of occurrence of sharks and ray species in the study region over the past 150 years. Our findings shed light on the current status of sharks and rays compared to the historical data from the 19th century and highlight the urgent need to develop management strategies to mitigate the impact of harvesting on these vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorentino
- CNR IRBIM National Research Council - Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology Via Vaccara, 91026, 61, Mazara Del Vallo (Tp), Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Lungomare Cristoforo Colombo, 4521, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Zava
- Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Via Degli Studi 9, 97013, Comiso, (Ragusa), Italy; Wilderness Studi Ambientali, Via Cruillas 27, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Quattrocchi
- University of Palermo, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), Palermo, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Serena
- CNR IRBIM National Research Council - Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology Via Vaccara, 91026, 61, Mazara Del Vallo (Tp), Italy
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3
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Wei Z, Lin JG, Xu F, Zhao YT. Deadly electrocardiogram pattern in Takotsubo syndrome: shark fin sign. QJM 2024; 117:290-291. [PMID: 38039356 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcad272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province), 299 Bianhe Road, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - J-G Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, People's Hospital of Hailing Island Economic Development Pilot Zone, No. 5236 Yangzha Road, Arctic Village Committee, Zhapo Town, Hailing Island Experimental Zone, Yangjiang, Guangzhou 529500, China
| | - F Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Anhui Province), 299 Bianhe Road, Suzhou 234000, China
| | - Y-T Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Aerospace Center Hospital, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Chinacalle-Martínez N, Hearn AR, Boerder K, Murillo Posada JC, López-Macías J, Peñaherrera-Palma CR. Fishing effort dynamics around the Galápagos Marine Reserve as depicted by AIS data. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0282374. [PMID: 38568901 PMCID: PMC10990170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The waters around the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR) are important fishing grounds for authorized artisanal vessels fishing within the reserve as well as for national and foreign industrial fleets operating in the wider Ecuadorian Insular Exclusive Economic Zone (IEEZ). Although it was not originally designed for fisheries management, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data provides useful, open access, near real-time and high-resolution information that allows for increased monitoring, particularly around Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. This study uses AIS data provided by Global Fishing Watch to assess the spatial distribution and seasonal dynamics of fishing effort by vessel flag within the GMR and the IEEZ from 2012 to 2021. Based on kernel density estimation analysis, we determinate the core-use areas (50%) and spatial extent (95%) of fishing activities by fleets (Ecuadorian and foreign), gear types and seasons (warm, from December to May; and cold, from June to November). Our results show that the Ecuadorian fleet recorded the most observed fishing hours in the study area, with 32,829 hours in the IEEZ and 20,816 hours within the GMR. The foreign flags with the most observed fishing hours in the IEEZ were Panama (3,245 hours) and Nicaragua (2,468.5 hours), while in the GMR were the 'Unknown flag' (4,991.4 hours) and Panama (133.7 hours). Vessels fished employing different fishing gears, but the waters of the GMR and IEEZ were mostly targeted by tuna purse-seiners and drifting longlines. The spatial distribution of the fishing effort exhibits marked seasonal variability, likely influenced by seasonal migrations of target species such as tunas (e.g., Thunnus albacares, T. obesus and Katsuwonus pelamis), marlins (e.g., Makaira nigricans) and sharks (e.g., Alopias pelagicus). The collection and use of this type of spatial and seasonal information is an essential step to understand the dynamics of fishing activities in national waters and improve fisheries management, particularly in less studied areas and fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Chinacalle-Martínez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador–Sede Manabí, Manabí, Ecuador
- MigraMar, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Hearn
- MigraMar, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Jean López-Macías
- MigraMar, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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Hammerschlag N, Sims DW. Shark conservation requires mortality-limiting regulations amid global change. Trends Ecol Evol 2024; 39:320-322. [PMID: 38494407 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite anti-finning laws aimed at conserving sharks, Worm et al. have revealed that global shark mortality rates have surprisingly risen over the past decade, driven in large part by increased demand for meat. Here, we discuss the importance of this study, underscoring the need for broader regulations addressing overall shark mortality amid threats from global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hammerschlag
- Shark Research Foundation Inc, Boutiliers Point, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3Z 0M9; Atlantic Shark Expeditions Ltd, Boutiliers Point, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3Z 0M9.
| | - David W Sims
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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Hermans A, Winter HV, Gill AB, Murk AJ. Do electromagnetic fields from subsea power cables effect benthic elasmobranch behaviour? A risk-based approach for the Dutch Continental Shelf. Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123570. [PMID: 38360387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Subsea power cables cause electromagnetic fields (EMFs) into the marine environment. Elasmobranchs (rays, skates, sharks) are particularly sensitive to EMFs as they use electromagnetic-receptive sensory systems for orientation, navigation, and locating conspecifics or buried prey. Cables may intersect with egg laying sites, mating, pupping, and nursery grounds, foraging habitat and migration routes of elasmobranchs and the effects of encountering EMFs on species of elasmobranchs are largely unknown. Demonstrated behavioural effects are attraction, disturbance and indifference, depending on EMF characteristics, exposed life stage, exposure level and duration. We estimated exposure levels of elasmobranchs to subsea power cable EMFs, based on modelled magnetic fields in the Dutch Continental Shelf and compared these to reported elasmobranch sensory sensitivity ranges and experimental effect levels. We conclude that the risk from subsea power cables has a large uncertainty and varies per life stage and species ecology. Based on estimated no-observed effect levels (from 10-3 to 10-1 μT) we discuss what will probably be the most affected species and life stage for six common benthic elasmobranchs in the Southern North Sea. We then identify critical knowledge gaps for reducing the uncertainty in the risk assessments for EMFs effects on benthic elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Hermans
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik V Winter
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. 68, 1970 AB, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Gill
- Cefas, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Albertinka J Murk
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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7
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Whitehead DA, Gayford JH, Pancaldi F, Gobbato J, Boldrin G, Tringali M, Ketchum JT, Magaña FG, Seveso D, Montano S. Heavy metal and trace element concentrations in the blood of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) from La Paz Bay, México. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 201:116155. [PMID: 38401387 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Sharks are particularly susceptible to bioaccumulation due to their life history characteristics and trophic position within marine ecosystems. Despite this, studies of bioaccumulation cover only a small proportion of extant species. In this study we report concentrations of trace elements and heavy metals in blood samples of Sphyrna lewini for the first time. We report high concentrations of several trace elements and heavy metals, with concentrations of some elements exceeding the limit determined safe for human consumption. High elemental concentrations may reflect biochemical differences between blood plasma and other tissues; however, they may also be symptomatic of high levels of exposure triggered by anthropogenic activities. We also provide evidence of elemental accumulation through ontogeny, the nature of which differs from that previously reported. Ultimately, this baseline study increases our understanding of interspecific and intraspecific variation in bioaccumulation and ecotoxicology in elasmobranchs which may prove important in ensuring adequate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren A Whitehead
- Investigación Tiburones Mexico A.C, Mexico; Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - Joel H Gayford
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Shark Measurements, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Pancaldi
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, 23096 La Paz, Mexico
| | - Jacopo Gobbato
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll 12030, Maldives
| | - Giulia Boldrin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Tringali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - James T Ketchum
- Pelagios Kakunjá A.C., 23060 La Paz, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico; MigraMar, Bodega Bay, CA, United States of America
| | - Felipe Galvan Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, 23096 La Paz, Mexico
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll 12030, Maldives
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll 12030, Maldives
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Cardoso MD, Maciel OLDC, de Souza ALM, Roges EM, Gonçalves VD, Siciliano S, Rodrigues DDP, Hauser-Davis RA. Smelly shark, smelly ray: what is infecting you? J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae068. [PMID: 38486350 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Although elasmobranchs are consumed worldwide, bacteriological assessments for this group are still sorely lacking. In this context, this study assessed bacteria of sharks and rays from one of the most important landing ports along the Rio de Janeiro coast. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacteria were isolated from the cloacal swabs of the sampled elasmobranchs. They were cultured, and Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. The isolated bacteria were then biochemically identified and antimicrobial susceptibility assays were performed. Antigenic characterizations were performed for Salmonella spp. and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays were performed to identify Escherichia coli pathotypes. Several bacteria of interest in the One Health context were detected. The most prevalent Enterobacterales were Morganella morganii and Citrobacter freundii, while Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fluvialis were the most prevalent among Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas allosacharophila and Aeromonas veronii bv. veronii were the most frequent among Aeromonas spp. Several bacteria also displayed antimicrobial resistance, indicative of Public Health concerns. A total of 10% of Vibrio strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 40% displayed intermediate resistance to cefoxitin. Salmonella enterica strains displayed intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and streptomycin. All V. cholerae strains were identified as non-O1/non-O139. The detected E. coli strains did not exhibit pathogenicity genes. This is the first study to perform serology assessments for S. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from elasmobranchs, identifying the zoonotic Typhimurium serovar. Salmonella serology evaluations are, therefore, paramount to identify the importance of elasmobranchs in the epidemiological salmonellosis chain. CONCLUSIONS The detection of several pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria may pose significant Public Health risks in Brazil, due to high elasmobranch consumption rates, indicating the urgent need for further bacteriological assessments in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Duarte Cardoso
- Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIPERJ). Pç. Fonseca Ramos s/n - Terminal Rodoviário Roberto Silveira, sobreloja, 24030-020 Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Luiz de C Maciel
- Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIPERJ). Pç. Fonseca Ramos s/n - Terminal Rodoviário Roberto Silveira, sobreloja, 24030-020 Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências (Geoquímica), Departamento de Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Outeiro São João Baptista s/n, 24020-141 Centro, Niterói, RJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Medeiros de Souza
- Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Econômico, Indústria, Comércio e Serviços do Rio de Janeiro (SEDEICS-RJ). Rua Pinheiro Machado s/n, Anexo, Andar 3, 22231-090 Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emily Moraes Roges
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica Dias Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fiocruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1.480 - sala 10, 21040-900 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Tebbett SB, Faul SI, Bellwood DR. Quantum of fear: Herbivore grazing rates not affected by reef shark presence. Mar Environ Res 2024; 196:106442. [PMID: 38484651 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Grazing by nominally herbivorous fishes is widely recognised as a critical ecosystem function on coral reefs. However, several studies have suggested that herbivory is reduced in the presence of predators, especially sharks. Nevertheless, the effects of shark presence on grazing, under natural settings, remains poorly resolved. Using ∼200 h of video footage, we quantify the extent of direct disturbance by reef sharks on grazing fishes. Contrary to expectations, grazing rate was not significantly suppressed due to sharks, with fishes resuming feeding in as little as 4 s after sharks passed. Based on our observations, we estimate that an average m2 area of reef at our study locations would be subjected to ∼5 s of acute shark disturbance during daylight hours. It appears the short-term impact of reef shark presence has a negligible effect on herbivore grazing rates, with the variable nature of grazing under natural conditions overwhelming any fear effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Tebbett
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Sasha I Faul
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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10
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Higueruelo A, Constenla M, Padrós F, Sánchez-Marín P, Carrassón M, Soler-Membrives A, Dallarés S. Coping with current impacts: The case of Scyliorhinus canicula in the NW Mediterranean Sea and implications for human consumption. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 201:116200. [PMID: 38430679 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) is a bottom-dwelling elasmobranch that represents the most discarded catch in terms of biomass in the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Potential impacts affecting its population and food safety implications have been assessed in three localities along the Catalan coast. Distinct indicators were integrated, such as biological data, ingested anthropogenic items (plastic and cellulose-like items), parasitological indices, trace metal concentrations and histopathology using liver as target organ. Although high ingestion rates of fibres and levels of some heavy metals, they do not seem negatively affected by any major pathology nor by the current levels of pollutants. Small-scale differences among localities and depths were found and discussed. No zoonotic parasites were found. Encysted larvae of Grillotia adenoplusia and, above all, the levels of Hg found in the musculature, that are well over the European Commission limits, rise concerns regarding human consumption of S. canicula in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Higueruelo
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro, s/n, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maite Carrassón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Soler-Membrives
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sara Dallarés
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Stock SR, Kierdorf U, James KC, Shevchenko PD, Natanson LJ, Gomez S, Kierdorf H. Micrometer-scale structure in shark vertebral centra. Acta Biomater 2024; 177:300-315. [PMID: 38340886 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The vertebral centra of sharks consist of cartilage, and many species' centra contain a bioapatite related to that in bone. Centra microarchitectures at the 0.5-50 µm scale do not appear to have been described previously. This study examines centrum microarchitecture in lamniform and carcharhiniform sharks with synchrotron microComputed Tomography (microCT), scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopy and light microscopy. The analysis centers on the blue shark (carcharhiniform) and shortfin mako (lamniform), species studied with all three modalities. Synchrotron microCT results from seven other species complete the report. The main centrum structures, the corpus calcareum and intermedialia, consist of fine, closely-spaced, mineralized trabeculae whose mean thicknesses and spacings range from 4.5 to 11.2 µm and 4.5 to 15.6 µm, respectively. A significant (p = 0.00001) positive linear relationship between and exists for multiple positions within one mako centrum. Carcharhiniform species' and exhibit an inverse linear relationship (p = 0.005) while in lamniforms these variables tend toward a positive relationship which does not reach statistical significance (p = 0.099). In all species, the trabeculae form an uninterrupted, interconnected network, and the unmineralized volumes are similarly interconnected. Small differences in mineralization level are observed in trabeculae. Centrum growth band pairs are found to consist of locally higher /lower mineral volume fraction. Within the intermedialia, radial canals and radial microrods were characterized, and compacted trabeculae are prominent in the mako intermedialia. The centra's mineralized central zones were non-trabecular and are also described. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study's novel result is the demonstration that the mineralized cartilage of sharks' vertebral bodies (centra) consists of a fine 3D array of interconnected plates (trabeculae) and an interpenetrating network of unmineralized tissue. This microstructure is radically different from that in tesserae or in teeth, the other main mineralized shark tissues. Using volumetric synchrotron microComputed Tomography, numerical values of mean trabecular thickness and spacing and their relationship were measured for nine species. Scanning electron microscopy added a higher resolution view of the microstructures, and histology provided complementary information on cartilage and cells. The present results suggest centra microstructure helps accommodate the very large in vivo strains and may prevent damage accumulation during millions of cycles of swimming-induced loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Stock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - U Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - K C James
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P D Shevchenko
- The Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - L J Natanson
- (Retired) Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - S Gomez
- Department Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - H Kierdorf
- Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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12
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Welch H, Clavelle T, White TD, Cimino MA, Kroodsma D, Hazen EL. Unseen overlap between fishing vessels and top predators in the northeast Pacific. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadl5528. [PMID: 38446890 PMCID: PMC10917345 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Accurate assessments of human-wildlife risk associated with industrial fishing are critical for the conservation of marine top predators. Automatic Identification System (AIS) data provide a means of mapping fishing and estimating human-wildlife risk; however, risk can be obscured by gaps in the AIS record due to technical issues and intentional disabling. We assessed the extent to which unseen fishing vessel activity due to AIS gaps obscured estimates of overlap between fishing vessel activity and 14 marine predators including sharks, tunas, mammals, seabirds, and critically endangered leatherback turtles. Among vessels equipped with AIS in the northeast Pacific, up to 24% of total predator overlap with fishing vessel activity was unseen, and up to 36% was unseen for some individual species. Waters near 10°N had high unseen overlap with sharks yet low reported shark catch, revealing potential discrepancies in self-reported datasets. Accounting for unseen fishing vessel activity illuminates hidden human-wildlife risk, demonstrating challenges and solutions for transparent and sustainable marine fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Welch
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Megan A. Cimino
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | - Elliott L. Hazen
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA, USA
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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13
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Finucci B, Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Matsushiba JH, Faure-Beaulieu N, Sherman CS, VanderWright WJ, Jabado RW, Charvet P, Mejía-Falla PA, Navia AF, Derrick DH, Kyne PM, Pollom RA, Walls RHL, Herman KB, Kinattumkara B, Cotton CF, Cuevas JM, Daley RK, Dharmadi, Ebert DA, Fernando D, Fernando SMC, Francis MP, Huveneers C, Ishihara H, Kulka DW, Leslie RW, Neat F, Orlov AM, Rincon G, Sant GJ, Volvenko IV, Walker TI, Simpfendorfer CA, Dulvy NK. Fishing for oil and meat drives irreversible defaunation of deepwater sharks and rays. Science 2024; 383:1135-1141. [PMID: 38452078 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The deep ocean is the last natural biodiversity refuge from the reach of human activities. Deepwater sharks and rays are among the most sensitive marine vertebrates to overexploitation. One-third of threatened deepwater sharks are targeted, and half the species targeted for the international liver-oil trade are threatened with extinction. Steep population declines cannot be easily reversed owing to long generation lengths, low recovery potentials, and the near absence of management. Depth and spatial limits to fishing activity could improve conservation when implemented alongside catch regulations, bycatch mitigation, and international trade regulation. Deepwater sharks and rays require immediate trade and fishing regulations to prevent irreversible defaunation and promote recovery of this threatened megafauna group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra L Rigby
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jay H Matsushiba
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nina Faure-Beaulieu
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Wildlands Conservation Trust, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C Samantha Sherman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wade J VanderWright
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rima W Jabado
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patricia Charvet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade (PPGSis), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paola A Mejía-Falla
- Wildlife Conservation Society, WCS Colombia, Cali, Colombia
- Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación y Conservación de Tiburones y Rayas -SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Navia
- Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación y Conservación de Tiburones y Rayas -SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | - Danielle H Derrick
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter M Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Riley A Pollom
- Species Recovery Program, Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel H L Walls
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bineesh Kinattumkara
- Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biology Regional Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Charles F Cotton
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Environmental Science, State University of New York-Cobleskill, Cobleskill, NY, USA
| | - Juan-Martín Cuevas
- Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ross K Daley
- Horizon Consultancy, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dharmadi
- Research Centre for Fisheries Management and Conservation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Government of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - David A Ebert
- Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, USA
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Malcolm P Francis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - David W Kulka
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robin W Leslie
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Sciences, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- MA-RE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis Neat
- Global Ocean Institute, World Maritime University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Alexei M Orlov
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Getulio Rincon
- Coordenação do Curso de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Maranhão-UFMA Campus Pinheiro, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Glenn J Sant
- TRAFFIC, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- ANCORS, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Igor V Volvenko
- Pacific Branch of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO), Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Terence I Walker
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Neidig C, Lee M, Patrick G, Schloesser R. Employing an innovative underwater camera to improve electronic monitoring in the commercial Gulf of Mexico reef fish fishery. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298588. [PMID: 38457427 PMCID: PMC10923404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Vessel electronic monitoring (EM) systems used in fisheries around the world apply a variety of cameras to record catch as it is brought on deck and during fish processing activities. In EM work conducted by the Center for Fisheries Electronic Monitoring at Mote (CFEMM) in the Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery, there was a need to improve upon current technologies to enhance camera views for accurate species identification of large sharks, particularly those that were released while underwater at the vessel side or underneath the hull. This paper describes how this problem was addressed with the development of the first known EM system integrated underwater camera (UCAM) with a specialized vessel-specific deployment device on a bottom longline reef fish vessel. Data are presented based on blind video reviews from CFEMM trained reviewers of the resulting UCAM video footage compared with video from only the overhead EM cameras from 68 gear retrievals collected from eight fishing trips. Results revealed that the UCAM was a successful tool for capturing clear underwater video footage of released large (>2m) sharks to enable reviewers to improve individual species identification, determination, and fate by 34.4%. This was particularly important for obtaining data on incidental catches of large protected shark species. It also provided clear underwater imagery of the presence of potential predators such as marine mammals close to the vessel, more specifically bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) during gear retrieval, which often damaged or removed catch. This information is intended to assist researchers in need of gathering critical data on bycatch in close proximity to a vessel in which conventional overhead EM cameras are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Neidig
- Center for Fisheries Electronic Monitoring, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Max Lee
- Center for Fisheries Electronic Monitoring, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Patrick
- Center for Fisheries Electronic Monitoring, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ryan Schloesser
- Fisheries Ecology & Enhancement, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
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15
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Schneider EVC, Talwar BS, Killen SS, Russell S, Van Leeuwen TE, Bailey DM. Colonization, diversity, and seasonality of fishes at pelagic fish aggregating devices. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:825-836. [PMID: 37853921 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The pelagic zone of the ocean can be a challenging environment in which to conduct research and as a result we lack the robust baseline abundance and diversity data, compared to what is available in more accessible coastal habitats, to be able to track changes or stressors to the biota in this environment. Many large-scale fisheries target pelagic fish, and much of the information available on these species is based on fisheries-dependent data that may be biased towards hotspots and commercially valuable fishes. Here, a long-term video and visual fish survey was conducted on two subsurface moored fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the pelagic waters of the central Bahamas to determine the feasibility of using moored pelagic FADs as tools for collecting fish abundance and diversity data. A wide range of species was documented, including large migratory fish that are the focus of commercial and recreational fisheries, and smaller often overlooked species on which little abundance or seasonality information exists. We found that FADs colonize quickly and reach a peak stable (albeit seasonally cyclical) abundance and diversity within the first several months after deployment. Species richness was higher in video surveys, but abundance was higher in visual surveys, except for sharks. Our results highlight the need to tailor survey methods to fit the context and study objective, and provide further evidence for the importance of fisheries-independent data in monitoring pelagic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V C Schneider
- Exuma Sound Ecosystem Research Project, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, Bahamas
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brendan S Talwar
- Exuma Sound Ecosystem Research Project, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, Bahamas
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shaun S Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samantha Russell
- Exuma Sound Ecosystem Research Project, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, Bahamas
| | | | - David M Bailey
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Bullock RW, Foster C, Lea JSE. Just keep swimming? Observations of resting behavior in gray reef sharks Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856). J Fish Biol 2024; 104:898-900. [PMID: 37983935 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the respiratory modes of sharks has important implications for studying the metabolism, energetics, and behavioral strategies of different species. Here we provide the first reported observations of resting behavior in the gray reef shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, a species typically considered an obligate ram ventilator. Observations were made at several locations in the Republic of Seychelles, where sharks were found resting under reef ledges and were unresponsive to the presence of divers. These findings update our understanding of the respiratory mode of this species and have implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Bullock
- Save Our Seas Foundation-D'Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - James S E Lea
- Save Our Seas Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Pang HL, Lu H, Liu P, Zhang YT, Zhang LT, Ren Q. A chondroitin sulfate purified from shark cartilage and bovine serum albumin interaction activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129499. [PMID: 38262829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was extracted and purified from shark cartilage, and its interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied. The content of chondroitin sulfate in shark cartilage was 29.97 % using the 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue method. The molecular weight of CS was determined to be 62.464 kDa by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. UV and FT-IR spectroscopy identified the characteristics of CS and its functional group information. NMR spectroscopy and disaccharide derivatization revealed that CS was predominantly composed of disulfated disaccharides, specifically ΔDi4,6S. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that the interaction between CS and BSA exhibited static quenching, with a binding site number of 1. The binding process was primarily mediated by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that CS had minimal impact on the polarity and hydrophobicity of the microenvironment surrounding Tyr and Trp residues. UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy demonstrated the altered structure of BSA. The molecular docking analysis revealed that CS formed hydrogen bonds and salt bridges with BSA, predominantly binding to the IIA substructure domain of BSA. Investigating the interaction between CS and BSA holds the potential for enhancing its applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Pang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Rizhao Science and Technology Innovation Service Center, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Tao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Li-Tao Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China.
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18
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Byrum SR, Frazier BS, Grubbs RD, Naylor GJP, Fraser GJ. Embryonic development in the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), a viviparous hammerhead shark. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:351-362. [PMID: 37767812 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae) are an immediately recognizable group of sharks due to their unique head shape. Though there has long been an interest in hammerhead development, there are currently no explicit staging tables published for any members of the group. The bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo is the smallest member of Sphyrnidae and is abundant in estuarine and nearshore waters in the Gulf of Mexico and Western North Atlantic Ocean. Due to their relative abundance, close proximity to shore, and brief gestation period, it has been possible to collect and document multiple embryonic specimens at progressive stages of development. RESULTS We present the first comprehensive embryonic staging series for the Bonnethead, a viviparous hammerhead shark. Our stage series covers a period of development from stages that match the vertebrate phylotypic period, from Stage 23, through stages of morphological divergence to complete development at birth-Stage 35). Notably, we use a variety of techniques to document crucial stages that lead to their extreme craniofacial diversity, resulting in the formation of one of the most distinctive characters of any shark species, the cephalofoil or hammer-like head. CONCLUSION Documenting the development of hard-to-access vertebrates, like this viviparous shark species, offers important information about how new and diverse morphologies arise that otherwise may remain poorly studied. This work will serve as a platform for future comparative developmental research both within sharks and across the phylogeny of vertebrates, underpinning the extreme potential of craniofacial development and morphological diversity in vertebrate animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Byrum
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bryan S Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - R Dean Grubbs
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, St. Teresa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Fontes J, Schouten M, Afonso P, Macena B. The return of Scarface: Philopatry in an ocean wandering shark? Ecology 2024; 105:e4234. [PMID: 38228407 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fontes
- Institute of Marine Sciences - Okeanos, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Afonso
- Institute of Marine Sciences - Okeanos, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Bruno Macena
- Institute of Marine Sciences - Okeanos, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
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20
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Munno K, Hoopes L, Lyons K, Drymon M, Frazier B, Rochman CM. High microplastic and anthropogenic particle contamination in the gastrointestinal tracts of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) caught in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Environ Pollut 2024; 344:123185. [PMID: 38147950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have documented microplastics (<5 mm) in shark gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Here, we report microplastic contamination in the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), an apex predator and generalist feeder, at several different life stages. We examined seven stomachs and one spiral valve from eight individuals captured off the United States Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts (eastern US) and conducted a literature review of publications reporting anthropogenic debris ingestion in elasmobranchs. Specimens were chemically digested in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and density separated using calcium chloride (CaCl2) before quantifying and categorizing suspected anthropogenic particles (>45 μm) by size, morphology, and colour. Anthropogenic particles were found in the stomachs and spiral valve of all sharks. A total of 3151 anthropogenic particles were observed across all stomachs with 1603 anthropogenic particles observed in a single specimen. A subset of suspected anthropogenic particles (14%) were chemically identified using Raman spectroscopy and μ-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy to confirm anthropogenic origin. Overall, ≥95% of particles analyzed via spectroscopy were confirmed anthropogenic, with 45% confirmed as microplastics. Of the microplastics, polypropylene (32%) was the most common polymer. Diverse microparticle morphologies were found, with fragments (57%) and fibers (41%) most frequently observed. The high occurrence and abundance of anthropogenic particle contamination in tiger sharks is likely due to their generalist feeding strategy and high trophic position compared to other marine species. The literature review resulted in 32 studies published through 2022. Several methodologies were employed, and varying amounts of contamination were reported, but none reported contamination as high as detected in our study. Anthropogenic particle ingestion studies should continue in the tiger shark, in addition to other elasmobranch species, to further understand the effects of anthropogenic activities and associated pollution on these predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan Munno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lisa Hoopes
- Georgia Aquarium, IUCN Center for Species Survival, 225 Baker Street NW, Atlanta, GA, 30313, USA
| | - Kady Lyons
- Georgia Aquarium, IUCN Center for Species Survival, 225 Baker Street NW, Atlanta, GA, 30313, USA
| | - Marcus Drymon
- Mississippi State University, Coastal Research and Extension Center, 1815 Popps Ferry Road, Biloxi, MS, 39532, USA; Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Bryan Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, 217 Ft. Johnson Rd. Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Chelsea M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Wilga C, Dumont E, Ferry L. The effect of tessellation on stiffness in the hyoid arch of elasmobranchs. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21681. [PMID: 38366866 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Tessellated cartilage forms much of the skeleton of sharks and rays, in contrast to most other aquatic vertebrates who possess a skeleton of bone. Interestingly, many species of sharks and rays also regularly generate exceptionally high forces in the execution of day-to-day activities, such as when feeding on bony fish, mammals, and hard-shelled invertebrates. Tessellated cartilage differs from other types of cartilage in that they are covered by an outer layer of small mineralized tiles (tesserae) that are connected by fibrous connective tissue. Tesserae, therefore, are hypothesized to play a role in stiffening the cartilaginous skeleton for food capture and other activities that require the generation of high forces. In this study, the hyomandibula and ceratohyal cartilages, which support the jaw and throat regions of sharks and rays, were tested under compressive load in a material testing system to determine the contribution of tesserae to stiffness. Previous hypotheses suggest an abrupt upward shift in the slope of the stress-strain curve in tessellated materials due to collision of tesserae. Young's Modulus (E) was calculated and used to evaluate cartilage stiffness in a range of elasmobranch species. Our results revealed that there was an abrupt shift in Young's Modulus for elements loaded in compression. We postulate that this shift, characterized by an inflection point in the stress-strain curve, is the result of the tesserae approaching one another and compressing the intervening fibrous tissue, supporting the hypothesis that tesserae function to stiffen these cartilages under compressive loading regimes. Using published data for nontessellated cartilage for comparison, we show that this shift is, as expected, unique to tessellated cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Wilga
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dumont
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Lara Ferry
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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22
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Minaglia S, Liegl M. Moonless night sky increases Isistius species (cookiecutter shark) and live human contact. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291852. [PMID: 38381731 PMCID: PMC10880985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The nocturnal feeding behavior and zoogeographical habitat of cookiecutter sharks Isistius brasiliensis and Isistius plutodus (Isistius spp.) greatly reduces interaction of this species with live humans. Attacks on live humans are exceedingly rare with 7 cases reported worldwide, 6 of them in Hawai'i, and 5 of these occuring among channel swimmers. Published research suggests that periods of bright moonlight may increase Isistius spp. contact with live humans and does not otherwise identify significant trends or risk factors. Yet 5 of the 6 Isistius spp. bites on live humans in Hawai'ian waters occurred with the moon set and after nautical twilight end and before nautical twilight start. From 1961-2023 in Hawai'i, 129 successful solo channel crosses and 5 Isistius spp. related injuries in the habitat of cookiecutter sharks were analyzed across two groups: one where both the moon and sun were set (dark group) and one where the moon and/or sun was in the sky (light group). There was a significant difference for swimmers bitten by Isistius spp. in the dark 4 (12%) versus light groups 1 (1%), p = 0.012, RR 12.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-108.9). Swim start time and year was also significant (Pearson correlation 0.566, p <0.001). Swimmer gender and use of shark deterrent devices and artificial illumination were not significant. The growing popularity of channel swimming in Hawai'i and swim start times have contributed to an increasing likelihood of live human and Isistius spp. contact and a moonless night sky is a significant risk factor for this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Minaglia
- Division of Urogynecology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Queen’s University Medical Group and John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Melodee Liegl
- Departments of Pediatrics, Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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23
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Ermakova GV, Meyntser IV, Zaraisky AG, Bayramov AV. Loss of noggin1, a classic embryonic inducer gene, in elasmobranchs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3805. [PMID: 38360907 PMCID: PMC10869764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins of the Noggin family serve as pivotal regulators of early development and cell differentiation in all multicellular animals, including vertebrates. Noggin1 was identified first among all Noggins. Moreover, it was described as the first known embryonic inducer specifically secreted by the Spemann organizer and capable of inducing a secondary body axis when expressed ectopically. In the classical default model of neural induction, Noggin1 is presented as an antagonist of BMP signalling, playing a role as a neural inducer. Additionally, Noggin1 is involved in the dorsalization of embryonic mesoderm and later controls the differentiation of various tissues, including muscles, bones, and neural crest derivatives. Hitherto, noggin1 was found in all studied vertebrates. Here, we report the loss of noggin1 in elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates), which is a unique case among vertebrates. noggin2 and noggin4 retained in this group and studied in the embryos of the grey bamboo shark Chiloscyllium griseum revealed similarities in expression patterns and functional properties with their orthologues described in other vertebrates. The loss of noggin1 in elasmobranchs may be associated with histological features of the formation of their unique internal cartilaginous skeleton, although additional research is required to establish functional connections between these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Ermakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Irina V Meyntser
- Moskvarium Center for Oceanography and Marine Biology, Moscow, 129223, Russia
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Bayramov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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24
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Ono R, Iwahana T, Kato H, Aoki K, Kobayashi Y. Shark Fin Sign. Am J Med 2024; 137:e35-e37. [PMID: 37875220 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan.
| | - Togo Iwahana
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Aoki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan
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25
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Rechimont ME, Ruelas-Inzunza J, Amezcua F, Paéz-Osuna F, Castillo-Géniz JL. Hg and Se in Muscle and Liver of Blue Shark (Prionace glauca) from the Entrance of the Gulf of California: An Insight to the Potential Risk to Human Health. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2024; 86:165-177. [PMID: 38383775 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is the most commonly caught species of Elasmobranchii at the entrance to the Gulf of California. Although fins are the primary target commodity, the entire organism is consumed. This study examined the concentration of Hg and Se in muscle and liver to understand the antagonistic process that occurs between these two elements within the organism. Twenty-two individuals were captured at the Gulf of California inlet between September 2019 and March 2021. Hg was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption, and Se by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite furnace. All individuals studied showed higher concentrations (µg g-1 wet weight) of Hg (0.69) and Se (2.49) in liver than in muscle (Hg 0.63 and Se 0.08). Although the mean Hg values were below the maximum allowable limits (Hg 1.0 µg g-1 wet weight), the molar ratio (< 1.0) and the negative health benefit value of selenium (HBVSe) in muscle show that additional caution should be taken when consuming this species. We recommend a more thorough study of the antagonistic interaction between Hg and Se to accurately assess the health risk for consumers of blue shark.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rechimont
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - J Ruelas-Inzunza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Mazatlán, 82070, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
| | - F Amezcua
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 82040, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - F Paéz-Osuna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 82040, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
- El Colegio de Sinaloa, 80000, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J L Castillo-Géniz
- Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera de Ensenada, Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuacultura, 22760, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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26
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Carrasco-Puig P, Colmenero AI, Ruiz-García D, Molera-Arribas AJ, Hernández-Martínez AM, Raga JA, Barría C. Heavy metal concentrations in sharks, rays and chimaeras from the western Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 199:115942. [PMID: 38154172 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential bioaccumulation of pollutants, such as heavy metals, may pose a threat to the western Mediterranean chondrichthyans and human consumers. Therefore, the first extensive assessment of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) concentrations in the muscle tissue of 17 species of sharks, rays, and chimaeras in this region was conducted via Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS). Significant differences between species were observed, particularly related to the rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa) and the velvet belly lantern shark (Etmopterus spinax), which exceeded the European Union (EU) Commission Regulation 2023/915 threshold of Cd. Overall, heavy metal concentrations correlated negatively with size and trophic level but positively with depth. Although the consumption of these species may entail minimal risk to adult humans, caution is advised, especially for children. These findings are important due to the widespread consumption of chondrichthyans in many western Mediterranean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Carrasco-Puig
- Association for the Study and Conservation of Elasmobranchs and its Ecosystems (Catsharks), Barcelona, Spain; Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana I Colmenero
- Association for the Study and Conservation of Elasmobranchs and its Ecosystems (Catsharks), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ruiz-García
- Association for the Study and Conservation of Elasmobranchs and its Ecosystems (Catsharks), Barcelona, Spain; Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro J Molera-Arribas
- Instituto de Investigación en Medio Ambiente y Ciencia Marina (IMEDMAR-UCV), Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Calpe, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana M Hernández-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación en Medio Ambiente y Ciencia Marina (IMEDMAR-UCV), Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Calpe, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudio Barría
- Association for the Study and Conservation of Elasmobranchs and its Ecosystems (Catsharks), Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gayford JH, Whitehead DA, Jaquemet S. Ontogenetic shifts in body form in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21673. [PMID: 38361272 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered mosaic patterns of allometric and isometric growth underlying ontogenetic shifts in the body form of elasmobranch species (shark and rays). It is thought that shifts in trophic and spatial ecology through ontogeny drive these morphological changes; however, additional hypotheses relating to developmental constraints have also been posed. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) is a large-bodied coastal shark that exhibits strong ontogenetic shifts in trophic and spatial ecology. In this study, we utilise a large data set covering a large number of morphological structures to reveal ontogenetic shifts in the body form of C. leucas, stratifying analyses by sex and size classes to provide fine-scale, more ecomorphologically relevant results. Our results indicate shifts in functional demands across the body through ontogeny, driven by selective pressures relating to trophic and spatial ecology driving the evolution of allometry. We also find significant differences in scaling trends between life stages, and between the sexes, highlighting the importance of utilising large, diverse datasets that can be stratified in this way to improve our understanding of elasmobranch morphological evolution. Ultimately, we discuss the implications of these results for existing ecomorphological hypotheses regarding the evolution of specific morphological structures, and pose novel hypotheses where relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel H Gayford
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Berks, UK
| | | | - Sébastien Jaquemet
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Entropie (Univ. Réunion, IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Nouvelle-Calédonie), Saint Denis Message Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France
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28
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Kouchaki Panchah H, Haseli M. Two new species of Scyphophyllidium (Cestoda: Phyllobothriidea) from Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Bleeker) (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes) from the Persian Gulf, Iran. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:18. [PMID: 38286915 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Two new species of Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927 are described from the Hooktooth shark, Chaenogaleus macrostoma (Bleeker), from the Persian Gulf, Iran. Scyphophyllidium hormuziense n. sp. is assigned to morphological category 2 of its genus because it possesses bothridial marginal loculi and an apical sucker on each flat bothridium, and lacks bothridial facial loculi. Within category 2, it is distinguished from its congeners, except for S. janineae (Ruhnke, Healy and Shapero, 2006), by possessing, rather than lacking, a prominent cephalic peduncle. It differs from S. janineae in the distribution of the vitelline follicles. Scyphophyllidium iraniense n. sp. is assigned to morphological category 5 because its bothridia are essentially flat and lack proximal apertures, marginal loculi, facial loci and semi-circular muscle bands, and bears weakly serrate gladiate spinitriches on its distal bothridial surfaces. Within its morphological category, the presence of a long cephalic peduncle distinguishes S. iraniense n. sp. from its congeners lacking this structure or possessing a short cephalic peduncle. It further differs from S. arnoldi (Ruhnke and Thompson, 2006) and S. typicum (Subhapradha, 1955) in total length, from S. paulum (Linton, 1897) in lacking a conspicuous band of muscles along the locular periphery of the bothridia, and from S. kirstenae (Ruhnke, Healy and Shapero, 2006) in the distribution of the vitelline follicles. This study brings the number of the valid Scyphophyllidium species of the Persian Gulf to five.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Haseli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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29
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Jiao S, Xie X, He Z, Sun Z, Wang Z, Zhang S, Cao H, Hammock BD, Liu X. Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assay for Competitive Detection of Crustacean Allergen Tropomyosin Using Phage-Displayed Shark Single-Domain Antibody. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:1811-1821. [PMID: 38166198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The common food allergy crustacean tropomyosin (TM) poses a significant food safety challenge, which requires rapid and sensitive methods for screening TM in food. Herein, the variable new antigen receptor (VNAR) single-domain antibodies specific for the crustacean TM were isolated from a naïve phage-displayed shark VNAR library. Subsequently, a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) based on the gold nanoparticle-labeled phage-displayed shark VNAR (AuNPs@PSV) probe was developed for the detection of TM in food. The AuNPs@PSV-LFIA took 15 min for one test and had a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 0.1 μg/mL and an instrumental LOD of 0.02 μg/mL. Good selectivity, accuracy, precision, and stability were confirmed for the AuNPs@PSV-LFIA. Moreover, the test results of 21 commercially available food products consisted of the allergen labels and were validated by a commercial ELISA kit. Therefore, this work demonstrated the great potential of VNAR for detecting TM in food by LFIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujia Jiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zheming Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Sihang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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30
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Sadeghi Vilni S, Haseli M. Cestodes of the genus Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850 in five carcharhinid shark species from the southern waters of Iran, with the description of three new species, new host and locality records, and a key to the species of the genus. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:15. [PMID: 38225485 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Examining the intestinal cestode fauna of the shark species Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller and Henle), C. sorrah (Müller and Henle), C. leucas (Müller and Henle), and Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell) from the Persian Gulf and C. macloti (Müller and Henle) from the Gulf of Oman resulted in the description of three new species of the tetraphyllidean genus Anthobothrium van Beneden, 1850, along with the establishment of new host and locality records. Anthobothrium afsanae sp. nov. and A. barsami sp. nov. were found in C. dussumieri and C. sorrah. Carcharhinus macloti was the additional host of A. barsami and new host record for A. parimae Sadeghi Kamachali and Haseli, 2022, for which a new locality record was established in the Gulf of Oman. Carcharhinus leucas is the type host of A. elenae sp. nov. and a new host record for A. lesteri Williams, Burt and Caira, 2004. A new locality record for A. lesteri is the Persian Gulf, which is far away from the type locality, Australia. Rhizoprionodon acutus is new host record for A. samae Sadeghi Kamachali and Haseli, 2022 and A. shayani Sadeghi Kamachali and Haseli, 2022. With 14 valid species of Anthobothrium and given the relatively uniform morphology of members of this genus, a key to the species of Anthobothrium is presented. The biogeographical distribution and host specificity are also discussed for the species of Anthobothrium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Haseli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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31
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Ángel-Moreno Briones Á, Ramírez-Álvarez N, Hernández-Guzmán FA, Galván-Magaña F, Marmolejo-Rodríguez AJ, Sánchez-González A, Baró-Camarasa I, González-Armas R. Levels and species-specific organochlorine accumulation in three shark species from the western Gulf of California with different life history traits. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:168468. [PMID: 37951268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs), such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), remain ubiquitous in marine ecosystems despite their prohibition or restriction, posing a risk to marine wildlife and humans. Their accumulation in liver tissue and potential toxicity in three exploited shark species (the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini; the Pacific sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon longurio; and the Pacific angel shark, Squatina californica) with different physiological and ecological features from the western Gulf of California (GC) were investigated. Forty of the 47 OCs analyzed were identified, evidencing a greater agricultural than industrial influence considering the high DDTs/PCBs ratios. The DDT group was the main contributor to ∑OCs in the three species, while hexa- and hepta-CBs dominated the PCB profiles. S. lewini (juveniles) and R. longurio (juveniles and adults) had similar and significantly (p < 0.05) higher ∑OCP concentrations than S. californica (juveniles and adults), which is attributed to their migration to other polluted regions of the gulf. The three species' ∑PCB levels (lipid weight) were comparable and considered low in comparison to those documented in prior studies conducted worldwide. No intraspecific differences were observed when comparing by sex, but OC concentrations were higher in larger individuals. S. lewini and R. longurio showed different OC bioaccumulation trends against size, while no relationship between size and ∑OC concentrations was observed in S. californica. All shark species' toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated from dioxin-like PCB concentrations and were far below the established TEQ fish thresholds. However, future research is needed regarding the possible PCB and OCP effects in elasmobranchs. This study provides the basis for monitoring organic contaminants in predatory sharks from the western GC. It also highlights the importance of further research on unintentionally produced organochlorine environmental levels and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Ángel-Moreno Briones
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n. La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana no 3917, Ensenada, Baja California C. P. 22860, Mexico
| | - Félix Augusto Hernández-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana no 3917, Ensenada, Baja California C. P. 22860, Mexico
| | - Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n. La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Ana Judith Marmolejo-Rodríguez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n. La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Alberto Sánchez-González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n. La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Isis Baró-Camarasa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n. La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Rogelio González-Armas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n. La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
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32
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Worm B, Orofino S, Burns ES, D'Costa NG, Manir Feitosa L, Palomares MLD, Schiller L, Bradley D. Global shark fishing mortality still rising despite widespread regulatory change. Science 2024; 383:225-230. [PMID: 38207048 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf8984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, sharks have been increasingly recognized among the world's most threatened wildlife and hence have received heightened scientific and regulatory scrutiny. Yet, the effect of protective regulations on shark fishing mortality has not been evaluated at a global scale. Here we estimate that total fishing mortality increased from at least 76 to 80 million sharks between 2012 and 2019, ~25 million of which were threatened species. Mortality increased by 4% in coastal waters but decreased by 7% in pelagic fisheries, especially across the Atlantic and Western Pacific. By linking fishing mortality data to the global regulatory landscape, we show that widespread legislation designed to prevent shark finning did not reduce mortality but that regional shark fishing or retention bans had some success. These analyses, combined with expert interviews, highlight evidence-based solutions to reverse the continued overexploitation of sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Worm
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sara Orofino
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Echelle S Burns
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nidhi G D'Costa
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Leonardo Manir Feitosa
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Maria L D Palomares
- Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Laurenne Schiller
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Darcy Bradley
- Environmental Markets Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, California Oceans Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
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Inoue K, Kasai A, Li YC, Zhang JY, Sato H. Kudoa tanakai n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), a new kudoid species with spheroid myxospores from the scalpel sawtail (Actinopterygii: Prionurus scalparum) from western Japan. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:13. [PMID: 38193985 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We describe a new kudoid species, Kudoa tanakai n. sp., in the scalpel sawfish, Prionurus scalprum (Actinopterygii: Acanthuriformes: Acanthuridae), from the natural water around western Japan. The plasmodia were filamentous, localized in pseudocysts in the myofibers of the trunk muscles. The occurrence of plasmodia in the trunk muscle showed no site preference. Its myxospores were spheroid, measuring 6.6-7.6 (7.0) µm by 5.8-6.9 (6.3) µm in apical view (width) and 5.7-6.6 (6.2) in length (n = 30), with four shell valves and a corresponding number of spheroid polar capsules. Shell valves lacked apical protrusions, but scanning electron microscopy revealed that one of the four shell valves had two semi-lunar flaps at its apical terminus. Nucleotide sequencing of the small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes of the present isolate showed phylogenetic affinities to kudoid species characterized by spheroid myxospores, such as K. musculoliquefaciens, K. hemiscylli, and K. carcharhini, but was molecularly and morphometrically distinct from these and other kudoid species. For direct comparison, Kudoa hemiscylli was collected from the Pacific spadenose shark, Scoliodon macrorhynchos (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), in the South China Sea off Guangdong Province, China, and the myxospore surface of the species was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Our study describes the new host and distribution record of this kudoid species originally described from a variety of elasmobranchs in the Australian Coral Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Inoue
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kasai
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Ying-Chun Li
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Mazhang, Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin-Yong Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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O'Neill HL, White WT, Pogonoski JJ, Alvarez B, Gomez O, Keesing JK. Sharks checking in to the sponge hotel: First internal use of sponges of the genus Agelas and family Irciniidae by banded sand catsharks Atelomycterus fasciatus. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:304-309. [PMID: 37670721 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Trawl surveys within and surrounding two northwestern Australian marine parks revealed banded sand catsharks Atelomycterus fasciatus (family Atelomycteridae) taking refuge within large sponges of the family Irciniidae (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida) and the genus Agelas (Demospongiae: Agelasida: Agelasidae). Five sponges contained a total of 57 A. fasciatus, comprising both sexes and both immature and mature individuals ranging from 102 to 390 mm total length (TL). In the same surveys, only five A. fasciatus were captured unassociated with sponges, suggesting that sponges are an important microhabitat for A. fasciatus and may provide a daytime refuge from predators. A southerly range extension is also reported for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L O'Neill
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia-Australian National Fish Collection, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - William T White
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia-Australian National Fish Collection, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John J Pogonoski
- CSIRO National Research Collections Australia-Australian National Fish Collection, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Belinda Alvarez
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Gomez
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John K Keesing
- CSIRO, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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35
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Ehemann NR, Zambrano-Vizquel LA. Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) in the Caribbean Sea: A recurrent visitor, or are the artisanal fisheries exploiting deeper waters? J Fish Biol 2024; 104:335-340. [PMID: 37874544 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Documentation of Echinorhinus brucus, (Bonnaterre, 1788) in the western Atlantic primarily relies on chance observations. Georeferenced records in this area remain notably scarce. This study contributes the second Venezuelan and seventh Caribbean Sea specimens, increasing the western Atlantic count to 15 individuals. All specimens gathered here were sexually mature, with a slight dominance of females. Our bramble shark record appears to be driven more by the interplay of its biology and environmental factors than being a deliberate deep-sea fishery activity, which likely occurs in the Southern Caribbean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Ehemann
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Proyecto Iniciativa Batoideos PROVITA, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - L A Zambrano-Vizquel
- Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar, Universidad de Oriente Núcleo Nueva Esparta, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela
- Centro para la Investigación de Tiburones (CIT), Caracas, Venezuela
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36
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Huveneers C, Blount C, Bradshaw CJA, Butcher PA, Lincoln Smith MP, Macbeth WG, McPhee DP, Moltschaniwskyj N, Peddemors VM, Green M. Shifts in the incidence of shark bites and efficacy of beach-focussed mitigation in Australia. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115855. [PMID: 38043202 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Shark-human interactions are some of the most pervasive human-wildlife conflicts, and their frequencies are increasing globally. New South Wales (Australia) was the first to implement a broad-scale program of shark-bite mitigation in 1937 using shark nets, which expanded in the late 2010s to include non-lethal measures. Using 196 unprovoked shark-human interactions recorded in New South Wales since 1900, we show that bites shifted from being predominantly on swimmers to 79 % on surfers by the 1980s and increased 2-4-fold. We could not detect differences in the interaction rate at netted versus non-netted beaches since the 2000s, partly because of low incidence and high variance. Although shark-human interactions continued to occur at beaches with tagged-shark listening stations, there were no interactions while SMART drumlines and/or drones were deployed. Our effect-size analyses show that a small increase in the difference between mitigated and non-mitigated beaches could indicate reductions in shark-human interactions. Area-based protection alone is insufficient to reduce shark-human interactions, so we propose a new, globally transferable approach to minimise risk of shark bite more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Huveneers
- Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Craig Blount
- Stantec Australia Pty Ltd., St Leonards, New South Wales 1590, Australia
| | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology | Partuyarta Ngadluku Wardli Kuu, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Paul A Butcher
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Fisheries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia; Southern Cross University, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia
| | - Marcus P Lincoln Smith
- Stantec Australia Pty Ltd., St Leonards, New South Wales 1590, Australia; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - William G Macbeth
- Stantec Australia Pty Ltd., St Leonards, New South Wales 1590, Australia
| | - Daryl P McPhee
- Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4229, Australia
| | - Natalie Moltschaniwskyj
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Fisheries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Nelson Bay, New South Wales 2315, Australia; School of Environmental Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Victor M Peddemors
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Fisheries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
| | - Marcel Green
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Fisheries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
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Gerlach JL, Stevens BN, Garner MM, LaDouceur EEB, Adams LM. PRIMARY HEPATIC NEOPLASIA IN THREE ADULT BAMBOO SHARKS ( CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM AND CHILOSCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM) IN AN AQUARIUM POPULATION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:865-872. [PMID: 38252013 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia in elasmobranchs is uncommonly documented. This report describes primary hepatic neoplasia in three adult female bamboo sharks under managed care: biliary adenocarcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 1; Chiloscyllium plagiosum), biliary adenocarcinoma in a brownbanded bamboo shark (Case 2; Chiloscyllium punctatum), and hepatocellular carcinoma in a whitespotted bamboo shark (Case 3). Case 1 presented with extensive cutaneous papillomas and was electively euthanized. At necropsy, a 4-cm-diameter, pale-tan, firm hepatic mass was identified and diagnosed histologically as a biliary adenocarcinoma. Case 2 presented with decreasing body condition despite normal food intake. Coelomic ultrasound and exploratory surgery revealed several large masses in both hepatic lobes, and the patient was euthanized. At necropsy, nine, 1-6-cm-diameter, black to tan, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as biliary adenocarcinoma with branchial intravascular neoplastic emboli. Case 3 presented for routine health examination and was euthanized for diagnostic purposes after coelomic ultrasound revealed multiple hepatic masses. At necropsy, two 1-3-cm-diameter, brown- and-black mottled, firm hepatic masses were identified and diagnosed histologically as hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed in two of these cases and was noncontributory, likely because of a lack of cross reactivity between antibodies (antipancytokeratin) and elasmobranch tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elise E B LaDouceur
- Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA 98272, USA
- Joint Pathology Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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38
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Spear LN, Kohin S, Mohan JA, Wells RJD. Insights into vertebral band pair deposition rate in the juvenile common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:104-112. [PMID: 37624583 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Validation of band pair deposition rates in elasmobranch vertebrae is essential for accurate age estimation using band pair counting techniques. We present a validation study of the vertebral band pair deposition rate for juvenile common thresher sharks Alopias vulpinus in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (NEPO) using tag and recapture with oxytetracycline (OTC) injection. A total of 14 juvenile A. vulpinus marked with OTC from 1998 through 2013 were recaptured with times at liberty ranging from 1.08 to 3.81 years with an average of 2.14 years (±0.97 years standard deviation, SD). Shark size ranged from 80 to 128 cm fork length (LF) at the time of OTC injection and from 112 to 168 cm LF for those measured at recapture. The slopes of the relationships between band pairs post OTC and years at liberty for each reader ranged from 0.84 to 0.95, slightly lower than the 1.0 slope expected from annual band pair formation. These findings preliminarily support previous age and growth assumptions based on a one band pair per year deposition rate. However, high variation in band pair deposition rates between samples, coupled with regression slopes falling just under one band pair per year, indicates that further investigation is needed to refine band pair deposition rate estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka N Spear
- Fisheries Resources Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Suzanne Kohin
- Fisheries Resources Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John A Mohan
- School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - R J David Wells
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Ecology & Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Coulon N, Elliott S, Teichert N, Auber A, McLean M, Barreau T, Feunteun E, Carpentier A. Northeast Atlantic elasmobranch community on the move: Functional reorganization in response to climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17157. [PMID: 38273525 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
While spatial distribution shifts have been documented in many marine fishes under global change, the responses of elasmobranchs have rarely been studied, which may have led to an underestimation of their potential additional threats. Given their irreplaceable role in ecosystems and their high extinction risk, we used a 24-year time series (1997-2020) of scientific bottom trawl surveys to examine the effects of climate change on the spatial distribution of nine elasmobranch species within Northeast Atlantic waters. Using a hierarchical modeling of species communities, belonging to the joint species distribution models, we found that suitable habitats for four species increased on average by a factor of 1.6 and, for six species, shifted north-eastwards and/or to deeper waters over the past two decades. By integrating species traits, we showed changes in habitat suitability led to changes in the elasmobranchs trait composition. Moreover, communities shifted to deeper waters and their mean trophic level decreased. We also note an increase in the mean community size at maturity concurrent with a decrease in fecundity. Because skates and sharks are functionally unique and dangerously vulnerable to both climate change and fishing, we advocate for urgent considerations of species traits in management measures. Their use would make it better to identify species whose loss could have irreversible impacts in face of the myriad of anthropogenic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Coulon
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Dinard, France
| | - Sophie Elliott
- Salmon & Trout Research Centre, Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Wareham, UK
| | - Nils Teichert
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Dinard, France
| | - Arnaud Auber
- Unité Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, IFREMER, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Matthew McLean
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Barreau
- Service des Stations Marine, Station Marine de Dinard, Dinard, France
| | - Eric Feunteun
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Dinard, France
| | - Alexandre Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
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40
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Eustache KB, van Loon E, Rummer JL, Planes S, Smallegange I. Spatial and temporal analysis of juvenile blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) demographies identifies critical habitats. J Fish Biol 2024; 104:92-103. [PMID: 37726231 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Reef shark species have undergone sharp declines in recent decades, as they inhabit coastal areas, making them an easy target in fisheries (i.e., sharks are exploited globally for their fins, meat, and liver oil) and exposing them to other threats (e.g., being part of by-catch, pollution, and climate change). Reef sharks play a critical role in coral reef ecosystems, where they control populations of smaller predators and herbivorous fishes either directly via predation or indirectly via behavior, thus protecting biodiversity and preventing potential overgrazing of corals. The urgent need to conserve reef shark populations necessitates a multifaceted approach to policy at local, federal, and global levels. However, monitoring programmes to evaluate the efficiency of such policies are lacking due to the difficulty in repeatedly sampling free-ranging, wild shark populations. Over nine consecutive years, we monitored juveniles of the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) population around Moorea, French Polynesia, and within the largest shark sanctuary globally, to date. We investigated the roles of spatial (i.e., sampling sites) and temporal variables (i.e., sampling year, season, and month), water temperature, and interspecific competition on shark density across 10 coastal nursery areas. Juvenile C. melanopterus density was found to be stable over 9 years, which may highlight the effectiveness of local and likely federal policies. Two of the 10 nursery areas exhibited higher juvenile shark densities over time, which may have been related to changes in female reproductive behavior or changes in habitat type and resources. Water temperatures did not affect juvenile shark density over time as extreme temperatures proven lethal (i.e., 33°C) in juvenile C. melanopterus might have been tempered by daily variation. The proven efficiency of time-series datasets for reef sharks to identify critical habitats (having the highest juvenile shark densities over time) should be extended to other populations to significantly contribute to the conservation of reef shark species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim B Eustache
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emiel van Loon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and the College of Science and Engineering James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL," EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, UAR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, French Polynesia
| | - Isabel Smallegange
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Morón-Elorza P, Rojo-Solís C, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Valls-Torres M, García-Párraga D, Encinas T. Pharmacokinetics of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam after administration of multiple doses to nursehound sharks (Scyliorhinus stellaris). Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:71-79. [PMID: 38065822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in the nursehound shark (Scyliorhinus stellaris) during multiple dose administration. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS A total of eight clinically healthy adult nursehounds (four males, four females). METHODS Meloxicam was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1.5 mg kg-1 once daily for 7 days. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for pharmacokinetic analysis at 2.5 hours and 24 hours after drug administration. After a 4 week washout period, meloxicam was administered orally at the same dose at 12 hour intervals for three repeated doses. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the first administration. Sharks were visually monitored during each study and 4 weeks afterwards for side effects or signs of toxicity. Time required to achieve steady state was assessed by visual inspection and statistical comparison of peak and trough concentrations using a Friedman test; comparison between sexes was performed using a Mann-Whitney U test and p-value was set at 0.05. RESULTS No animal died or showed clinical signs of toxicity during the study. Meloxicam administered orally did not produce detectable concentrations in plasma. After intramuscular administration, steady state was achieved after five doses, and mean trough and peak plasma concentrations at steady state were 1.76 ± 0.21 μg mL-1 and 3.02 ± 0.23 μg mL-1, respectively. Mean peak concentration accumulation ratio was 2.50 ± 0.22. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study shows that intramuscular posology produces plasma concentrations considered therapeutic for other species. However, meloxicam was not detected in plasma after oral administration. These results suggest that meloxicam administered intramuscularly may be a useful non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug in nursehound sharks. Further pharmacodynamic studies are needed to fully evaluate its clinical use in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solís
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Álvaro-Álvarez
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Valls-Torres
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain; Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Villagómez-Vélez SI, Noreña-Barroso E, Galván-Magaña F, González-Armas R, Rodríguez-Fuentes G, Marmolejo-Rodríguez AJ. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Skin Biopsies from Bahía de Los Ángeles, Mexico. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2023; 112:18. [PMID: 38141110 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a filter-feeding organism that can be considered a sentinel species, and Bahía de los Ángeles (BLA) in the Gulf of California is an important sighting site for these elasmobranchs. This filter-feeding organism can be considered a pollutant sampler from the marine environment. Persistent organic pollutants are toxic compounds with high mobility and environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and trophic transfer. Among these are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The present work aimed to determine concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in whale shark skin biopsies, collected in 2021 at BLA. Mean detected levels of PAHs and OCPs were 279.4 ng/g dw (dry weight) and 1478.1 ng/g dw, respectively. Analysis of similarities between the ordered sizes (4.2-7.6 m) and the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs indicated no significant differences. Individual PAHs detected indicate pyrogenic and petrogenic sources; the presence of pesticides at levels higher than those of hydrocarbons may be related to agricultural activity in the areas surrounding the Baja California peninsula. This study is the first report of PAH levels in R. typus for the Gulf of California and Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Itzel Villagómez-Vélez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Elsa Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, 97356, Sisal, Yucatán, México.
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (LANRESC), Puerto de Abrigo S/N, 97356, Sisal, Yucatán, México.
| | - Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Rogelio González-Armas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, 97356, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Ana Judith Marmolejo-Rodríguez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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Takizawa F, Hashimoto K, Miyazawa R, Ohta Y, Veríssimo A, Flajnik MF, Parra D, Tokunaga K, Suetake H, Sunyer JO, Dijkstra JM. CD4 and LAG-3 from sharks to humans: related molecules with motifs for opposing functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267743. [PMID: 38187381 PMCID: PMC10768021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4 and LAG-3 are related molecules that are receptors for MHC class II molecules. Their major functional differences are situated in their cytoplasmic tails, in which CD4 has an activation motif and LAG-3 an inhibitory motif. Here, we identify shark LAG-3 and show that a previously identified shark CD4-like gene has a genomic location, expression pattern, and motifs similar to CD4 in other vertebrates. In nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame), the highest CD4 expression was consistently found in the thymus whereas such was not the case for LAG-3. Throughout jawed vertebrates, the CD4 cytoplasmic tail possesses a Cx(C/H) motif for binding kinase LCK, and the LAG-3 cytoplasmic tail possesses (F/Y)xxL(D/E) including the previously determined FxxL inhibitory motif resembling an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM). On the other hand, the acidic end of the mammalian LAG-3 cytoplasmic tail, which is believed to have an inhibitory function as well, was acquired later in evolution. The present study also identified CD4-1, CD4-2, and LAG-3 in the primitive ray-finned fishes bichirs, sturgeons, and gars, and experimentally determined these sequences for sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Therefore, with CD4-1 and CD4-2 already known in teleosts (modern ray-finned fish), these two CD4 lineages have now been found within all major clades of ray-finned fish. Although different from each other, the cytoplasmic tails of ray-finned fish CD4-1 and chondrichthyan CD4 not only contain the Cx(C/H) motif but also an additional highly conserved motif which we expect to confer a function. Thus, although restricted to some species and gene copies, in evolution both CD4 and LAG-3 molecules appear to have acquired functional motifs besides their canonical Cx(C/H) and ITIM-like motifs, respectively. The presence of CD4 and LAG-3 molecules with seemingly opposing functions from the level of sharks, the oldest living vertebrates with a human-like adaptive immune system, underlines their importance for the jawed vertebrate immune system. It also emphasizes the general need of the immune system to always find a balance, leading to trade-offs, between activating and inhibiting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takizawa
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hashimoto
- Emeritus Professor, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Martin F. Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Suetake
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - J. Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Mazurek D, Antczak M. Late Cretaceous coprolite from the Opole area (southern Poland) as evidence for a variable diet in shell-crushing shark Ptychodus (Elasmobranchii: Ptychodontidae). PeerJ 2023; 11:e16598. [PMID: 38111662 PMCID: PMC10726922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coprolites, i.e., fossilized faeces, are an important source of knowledge on the diet and food processing mechanisms in the fossil record. Direct and indirect evidences for the dietary preferences of extinct sharks are rare in the fossil record. The first coprolite attributable to Ptychodus containing prey remains from the European Cretaceous is documented here. Methods A coprolite from the Late Cretaceous of Opole (southern Poland) was scanned using micro-computed tomography to show the arrangement of the inclusions. In addition, the cross-section was examined under the SEM/EDS to analyse the microstructure and chemical composition of the inclusions. Results Brachiopod shell fragments and foraminiferan shells are recognized and identified among the variously shaped inclusions detected through the performed analysis. Conclusions The extinct shell-crushing shark Ptychodus has been identified as the likely producer of the examined coprolite. The presence of brachiopod shell fragments indicates that at least some species of this durophagous predatory shark may have preyed on small benthic elements on the sea bottom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Mazurek
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Opole, Polska
- European Centre of Palaeontology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Mateusz Antczak
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Opole, Polska
- European Centre of Palaeontology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
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Beuningen DVAN, Bennett RH, Abdulla AS. First record of the megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from the United Republic of Tanzania. Zootaxa 2023; 5380:595-598. [PMID: 38221287 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5380.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The megamouth shark Megachasma pelagios (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae) was described in 1976 from a specimen caught off Hawaii (Taylor et al. 1983) and is the only extant member of its family and genus (Diez et al. 2022). From 1976 to 2010 M. pelagios was considered rare, with only 50 individuals recorded globally during that time (Nakaya 2010). In recent years it is apparent that it is more common and widespread than previously thought, with 273 confirmed records to date across 16 countries in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Yu et al. 2021; Diez et al. 2022; Skelton et al. 2023). This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as it is globally distributed and does not appear to be heavily impacted by fisheries (Kyne et al. 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- David VAN Beuningen
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Western Indian Ocean Shark Program; South Africa.
| | - Rhett H Bennett
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Western Indian Ocean Shark Program; South Africa; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity; Grahamstown; South Africa.
| | - Abdalla S Abdulla
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Tanzania Marine Program; Unguja; Tanzania.
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Kuznetsov AN, Kryukova NV. Reconstructing the subcephalic musculature in Pucapampella and Ichthyostega. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21648. [PMID: 37990766 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
We present new reconstructions of subcephalic musculature for the stem chondrichthyan Pucapampella, the tetrapodomorph fish Eusthenopteron, and the Devonian tetrapod Ichthyostega. These reconstructions are based on macroscopic dissections of the head muscles of an archaic shark Heptranchias and an archaic actinopterygian Polypterus, that are combined with functional considerations and a reappraisal of not widely known theoretical concepts from the past. The subcephalic, as well as the supracephalic, musculature is formed by four anterior myomeres. They are continuous with subsequent myomeres of the trunk, but are innervated by ventral nerve roots of the medulla oblongata and thus belong to the head. The fourth subcephalic myomere ends with its posterior myoseptum on the occiput in osteichthyans, but on the first vertebra in chondrichthyans. The original function of subcephalic and supracephalic muscles in basal gnathostomes supposedly was to hold together anterior and posterior parts of the neurocranium during interaction with prey, such as the backward-ripping prey dissection, hypothesized for Pucapampella. In sarcopterygian osteichthyans, subcephalic musculature is involved in active depression of the anterior part of the neurocranium; specialization of this mechanism resulted in a complete separation of m. subcephalicus from trunk myomeres in Latimeria. Fusion of anterior and posterior parts of the neurocranium has resulted in reduction of the subcephalic musculature in the majority of cartilaginous and bony fishes. However, hexanchid sharks retain three posterior subcephalic myomeres for backward-ripping prey dissection. Polypterus and Chauliodus have retained the subcephalic musculature, but its function has shifted to a depression of the whole neurocranium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda V Kryukova
- Laboratory of Ecology, Physiology and Functional Morphology of Higher Vertebrates, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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47
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Baek K, Park C, Sakong J. Increase of blood mercury level with shark meat consumption: A repeated-measures study before and after Chuseok, Korean holiday. Chemosphere 2023; 344:140317. [PMID: 37775060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Sharks are known to contain high levels of mercury in their meat. However, few studies have directly assessed the changes in mercury concentration in the human body according to shark meat intake. One hundred and ninety-seven participants that traditionally consume shark meat during the Chuseok holiday were recruited from two areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea to examine their blood mercury level before and after the holiday season. Blood mercury levels were measured before and after the holiday season. Characteristics such as the consumption of shark meat, intake amount, and the effect on mercury concentration were assessed during the survey. Univariable and multivariable analysis (Linear Mixed Model) were done for assessing the association between shark meat consumption of holiday season and blood mercury level. Among the total participants, 83 consumed shark meat during holiday. In the univariable analysis, a significant increase in blood mercury levels before and after Chuseok was observed only for the group that consumed shark meat during holiday. The multivariable analysis (adjusted for identified confounders that affect both exposure and outcome considering repeated measurements) showed that consuming shark meat was significantly associated with increased blood mercury levels by 3.56 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.64-4.67 μg/L). In the model considering the amount consumed as two group, the level of increase was 2.61 μg/L (95% CI, 1.63-3.58 μg/L) for those consuming <100 g, and 6.20 μg/L (95% CI, 4.77-7.62 μg/L) for those consuming ≥100 g compared to group without consuming shark meat. Considering amount consumed as continuous value, 0.02 μg/L (95% CI, 0.01-0.02 μg/L) of blood mercury increase was significantly associated with consuming 1 g. Consumption of shark meat significantly elevated blood mercury levels, exceeding commonly suggested reference concentrations in less than 2 weeks. These findings suggest the need for public health warnings and regulations regarding shark meat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiook Baek
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chulyong Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Joon Sakong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea.
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48
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Pokidysheva EN, Redhair N, Ailsworth O, Page-McCaw P, Rollins-Smith L, Jamwal VS, Ohta Y, Bächinger HP, Murawala P, Flajnik M, Fogo AB, Abrahamson D, Hudson JK, Boudko SP, Hudson BG. Collagen IV of basement membranes: II. Emergence of collagen IV α345 enabled the assembly of a compact GBM as an ultrafilter in mammalian kidneys. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105459. [PMID: 37977222 PMCID: PMC10746531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The collagen IVα345 (Col-IVα345) scaffold, the major constituent of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), is a critical component of the kidney glomerular filtration barrier. In Alport syndrome, affecting millions of people worldwide, over two thousand genetic variants occur in the COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 genes that encode the Col-IVα345 scaffold. Variants cause loss of scaffold, a suprastructure that tethers macromolecules, from the GBM or assembly of a defective scaffold, causing hematuria in nearly all cases, proteinuria, and often progressive kidney failure. How these variants cause proteinuria remains an enigma. In a companion paper, we found that the evolutionary emergence of the COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, and COL4A6 genes coincided with kidney emergence in hagfish and shark and that the COL4A3 and COL4A4 were lost in amphibians. These findings opened an experimental window to gain insights into functionality of the Col-IVα345 scaffold. Here, using tissue staining, biochemical analysis and TEM, we characterized the scaffold chain arrangements and the morphology of the GBM of hagfish, shark, frog, and salamander. We found that α4 and α5 chains in shark GBM and α1 and α5 chains in amphibian GBM are spatially separated. Scaffolds are distinct from one another and from the mammalian Col-IVα345 scaffold, and the GBM morphologies are distinct. Our findings revealed that the evolutionary emergence of the Col-IVα345 scaffold enabled the genesis of a compact GBM that functions as an ultrafilter. Findings shed light on the conundrum, defined decades ago, whether the GBM or slit diaphragm is the primary filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Pokidysheva
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Neve Redhair
- Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Octavia Ailsworth
- Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patrick Page-McCaw
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Louise Rollins-Smith
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Prayag Murawala
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; Clinic for Kidney and Hypertension Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dale Abrahamson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Julie K Hudson
- Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sergei P Boudko
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Billy G Hudson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Aspirnaut, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kiyatake I, Johnson TL, Cottrant E, Kitadani Y, Onda K, Murata M, Drobniewska NJ, Paulet TG, Nishida K. A comparison of the growth and development of pyjama sharks (Poroderma africanum) in wild and captive populations. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:1515-1525. [PMID: 37670591 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The pyjama shark (Poroderma africanum) is a Scyliorhinid species endemic to South Africa. Even though it is kept in captivity in many aquaria, there is a lack of research on its growth and development. In this study, we investigated the fertilization rate of eggs and the age at female sexual maturation in captive sharks and compared their growth to that of wild individuals. This is the first study to compare the growth of captive and wild catsharks as well as the first study to compare growth in male and female pyjama sharks and benefits from a much larger sample size than has previously been collected. The mean incubation rate (±standard error of the mean [SE]) was 239.46 ± 4.97 days, the mean Lt of hatchlings (±SE) was 14.65 ± 0.24 cm, and the mean Wt (±SE) was 17.19 ± 0.75 g. The observed ratio of male to female offspring (1:3.5) was also significantly different from 1:1. One female laid fertilized eggs 6.6 years after hatching and was considered sexually mature. Both in captivity and in the wild, males showed negative allometric growth and females showed isometric growth. The growth performance (Φ') was also greater in captive sharks compared to wild sharks regardless of sex. However, there was significant variation in growth between individuals of the same sex. The similar growth patterns (i.e., allometry and isometry) found in wild and captive populations are a very useful tool for informing future conservation management if the population of this shark species were to decline in the future and also prove that captive studies for this species are transferable to wild populations with regard to sexual differences. This study also provides a benchmark for further captive studies in other lesser-studied catshark species and raises interesting questions concerning sexual differences in growth for other shark species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emy Cottrant
- South African Shark Conservancy, Hermanus, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy G Paulet
- South African Shark Conservancy, Hermanus, South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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50
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Shipley ON, Olin JA, Scott C, Camhi M, Frisk MG. Emerging human-shark conflicts in the New York Bight: A call for expansive science and management. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:1538-1542. [PMID: 37632707 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent spikes in interactions between humans and sharks in the New York Bight have sparked widespread reporting of possible causalities, many of which lack empirical support. Here we comment on the current state of knowledge regarding shark biology and management in New York waters emphasizing that the possible drivers of increased human-shark interactions are confounded by a lack of historical monitoring data. We outline several key research avenues that should be considered to ensure the safe and sustainable coexistence of humans, sharks, and their prey, in an era of accelerated environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver N Shipley
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jill A Olin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Great Lakes Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Scott
- Division of Marine Resources, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Merry Camhi
- New York Seascape Program, New York Aquarium, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael G Frisk
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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