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Liang C, Luong LT. Ghosts of parasites past influence current non-consumptive effects in Drosophila nigrospiracula. Int J Parasitol 2024:S0020-7519(24)00078-X. [PMID: 38677400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Parasites can indirectly impact hosts through non-consumptive effects (NCEs) via changes in behaviour, morphology, and/or physiology. These responses can be understood in terms of the ecology of fear (ectoparasites) or the ecology of disgust (endoparasites) framework. We tested the hypothesis that NCEs of parasite exposure (e.g., parasite avoidance and defense) trade off with other important behaviours such as feeding and resting. We predicted that when exposed to parasites (without infection), hosts will increase their defensive behaviors at the expense of feeding. We also posited that history of exposure (without infection), or previous infection would impact the expression of these NCEs. The study system involves a cactophilic fruit fly (Drosophila nigrospiracula) and a naturally occurring parasitic mite (Macrocheles subbadius). First, we assessed how prior mite exposure affected fly behaviour in response to current parasite exposure. Mite presence resulted in increased grooming and movement, but exposure history did not affect these behaviours. However, the interaction between previous and current exposure influenced host feeding and resting behaviours. We found that previously exposed flies increased feeding and decreased resting upon a secondary mite exposure. In a second experiment, we tested the role of infection history on current parasite exposure. Compared with naïve flies, previously infected flies were expected to increase defensive behaviours upon secondary exposure. Flies increased defensive and ambulatory behaviour in the presence of mites, and consequently less time was spent resting but feeding was unaffected. None of the behaviours measured were affected by previous infection status. In general, current parasite exposure resulted in NCEs. Moreover, our results showed that previous exposure (without infection) to parasites may have an even stronger effect upon secondary exposure than infection history. Our study highlights the importance of the ecology of fear and the role that exposure and infection history plays in generating NCEs of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liang
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - L T Luong
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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2
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Tebbett SB, Faul SI, Bellwood DR. Quantum of fear: Herbivore grazing rates not affected by reef shark presence. Mar Environ Res 2024; 196:106442. [PMID: 38484651 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Grazing by nominally herbivorous fishes is widely recognised as a critical ecosystem function on coral reefs. However, several studies have suggested that herbivory is reduced in the presence of predators, especially sharks. Nevertheless, the effects of shark presence on grazing, under natural settings, remains poorly resolved. Using ∼200 h of video footage, we quantify the extent of direct disturbance by reef sharks on grazing fishes. Contrary to expectations, grazing rate was not significantly suppressed due to sharks, with fishes resuming feeding in as little as 4 s after sharks passed. Based on our observations, we estimate that an average m2 area of reef at our study locations would be subjected to ∼5 s of acute shark disturbance during daylight hours. It appears the short-term impact of reef shark presence has a negligible effect on herbivore grazing rates, with the variable nature of grazing under natural conditions overwhelming any fear effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Tebbett
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Sasha I Faul
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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3
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Li F, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Lv T, Yu H, Yu D, Liu C. Predation risk-mediated indirect effects promote submerged plant growth: Implications for lake restoration. J Environ Manage 2024; 355:120512. [PMID: 38442660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Biological manipulation, involving fish stockings, is commonly used to counteract the deterioration of submerged vegetation in eutrophic lakes. Nevertheless, the non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of stocked carnivorous fish are often overlooked. Using a controlled experimental system, we investigated the NCEs of a native carnivorous fish, snakehead (Channa argus), on two key biological factors, herbivore-dominated grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and disturbance-dominated loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), influencing submerged plants growth. Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis on predation risk and primary productivity. The results reveal that predation risk induces oxidative stress damage and affects grass carp growth. Non-significant changes in cortisol and glucose may be linked to predation risk prediction. Simultaneously, predation risk reduces fish feeding and disturbance behavior, relieving pressure on submerged plants to be grazed and disturbed, thereby supporting plant development. The presence of submerged plants, in turn, enhances loach activity and influences water body characteristics through negative feedback. Furthermore, the meta-analysis results indicate the facilitative effect of predation risk on primary producers. Our findings contribute to the understanding of biological manipulation theory. We demonstrate that the predation risk associated with introducing carnivorous fish can promote the growth of submerged plants through behaviorally mediated indirect effects. This highlights the potential utility of predation risk in lake restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Li
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian Lv
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haihao Yu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dan Yu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Benítez S, Lagos NA, Duarte C, Cid MJ, Navarro JM. Effects of ocean acidification and warming on physiological and behavioural responses of an herbivore snail to waterborne predator cues. Environ Pollut 2024; 340:122798. [PMID: 37879553 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ocean Acidification (OA) and Ocean Warming (OW) represent major climate stressors that may disrupt species interactions. However, despite the knowledge about the impacts of OA and OW on the performance of individual species, it is still unclear how biological interactions can be modified by the combined effects of these stressors. Consequently, in this study, we assess the effects of changes in temperature (12 °C and 20 °C) and pCO2 (500 and 1600 μatm) levels in seawater, along with the presence/absence of waterborne cues from the predator crab Homalaspis plana on the physiological and behavioural performance of the snail Tegula atra. Snail consumption rate was positively affected by OW and negatively by predator cues whereas absorption efficiency (AE) was positively affected by OW without interactions among these stressors. Oxygen uptake of snails reared in OW conditions was greater than those in control conditions, but only at control pCO2 levels. When pCO2 level was also raised, the positive effect of warmer temperature on oxygen uptake was reduced. While biomass was negatively affected by OW, OA and predator cues, without interactions. In the presence of predator cues the self-righting times of snails were significantly slower in individuals reared at OW conditions. Additionally, OA and OW conditions do not affect the prey hunting, efficiency (consumption) and preference, and claw strength of the predatory crab. These results indicate that OA and OW affect physiological and behavioral traits of snails but no the predatory behavior of crab. This environmentally-induced decoupling of co-evolutionary predator-prey dynamics may have important consequences on the structure and stability of coastal communities and ecosystems under the influence of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benítez
- Instituto Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.
| | - N A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático (CiiCC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera, (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
| | - C Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - M José Cid
- Instituto Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J M Navarro
- Instituto Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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5
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Gu L, De Meester L, Yang Z. The role of prey and predator identity in eliciting inducible defenses of Daphnia. Ecology 2023; 104:e4033. [PMID: 36938979 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Predators can modify population and community dynamics not only through direct predation, but also through non-consumptive effects. Predator-induced changes in the traits of prey species are important components of these non-consumptive effects. While these are well studied in simplified one-predator one-prey settings, relatively little is known about how kairomones act on prey across heterogeneous aquatic ecosystems with diverse identities of predator and prey. Kairomones are, to some extent, predator specific, and can be classified as diet-dependent or diet-independent. This classification depends on whether the identity of the prey plays a role in eliciting a defense response. In an effort to elucidate how prey and predator identity determine defense responses in waterfleas, we used inducible morphology and life history traits of Daphnia mitsukuri as a model to systematically explore to what extent predator and prey identity, and species composition of the prey community determine the expression of inducible defenses, and to what extent predator-induced responses differ among genotypes. Our results showed that the defense responses of D. mitsukuri mainly relied on diet-dependent kairomones, which were not influenced by fish species identity but were highly dependent on the phylogenetic distances between D. mitsukuri and the prey ingested by fish. This phylogenetic signal is strong, with D. mitsukuri responding only to the kairomones of fish that feed on cladocerans. We also found that the amplitude of the responses to fish kairomones increased with the amount of cladoceran in the dietary community. We observed significant differences in defensive traits among three D. mitsukuri genotypes, but the differences were minor compared to the effects of kairomones themselves. The results of our systematic analyses point to the role of prey phylogeny in eliciting inducible defenses of D. mitsukuri, thereby enriching our understanding of non-consumptive effects in aquatic ecosystems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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6
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Manríquez PH, González CP, Jara ME, Watson SA, Torres R, Domenici P, Duarte C. Combined effects of climate change stressors and predators with contrasting feeding-digestion strategies on a mussel species. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 187:114554. [PMID: 36621303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the combined effects of Ocean Warming (OW), Acidification (OA) and predator cues (Non-Consumptive Effects; NCEs) of two predators with contrasting feeding-digestion strategies on the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. We considered starfish-NCEs (partially external digestion) and snail-NCEs (internal digestion). Mussels were exposed for 13 weeks to cross-factored OA (~500 and ~1400 μatm, pCO2) and OW (~15 and ~20 °C) conditions, in the presence/absence of NCEs from one or both predators. Mussels exposed to both NCEs exhibited smaller length and buoyant weight growth than those under control or snail-NCEs conditions. Mussels exposed to starfish-NCEs exhibited smaller wet mass than control mussels. OW and starfish-NCEs in isolation or combined with snail-NCEs increased mussel oxygen consumption. Byssal biogenesis was affected by the three-factors interaction. Clearance rates were affected by the OW × OA interaction. We suggest that mainly starfish-NCEs, in isolation or interacting with OA or/and OW, can threat mussel traits and the associated community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María Elisa Jara
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile; Centro de Investigación, Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IBF Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N°1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; CNR-IAS Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Oristano, Italy
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
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7
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Wei X, Liu J, Zhang ZQ. Predation stress experienced as immature mites extends their lifespan. Biogerontology 2023; 24:67-79. [PMID: 36085209 PMCID: PMC9845153 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The early-life experience is important in modulating the late-life performance of individuals. It has been predicted that there were trade-offs between early-life fitness and late-life success. Most of the studies on senescence have focused on the trade-offs between the reproduction and lifespan, and the influences of diet, mating, and other factors. Because the negative, non-consumptive effects of predators could also modulate the behaviour and underlying mechanisms of the prey, this study aimed to examine the different effects of predator-induced stress experienced in the early life compared with later life of the prey. The prey (Tyrophagus putrescentiae) was exposed to predation stress from the predator (Neoseiulus cucumeris) during different periods of its life (immature, oviposition period, and post-oviposition period). The results showed that the predation stress experienced during immature stages delayed development by 7.3% and prolonged lifespan by 9.7%, while predation stress experienced in the adult stage (both oviposition and post-oviposition periods) decreased lifespans of T. putrescentiae (by 24.8% and 28.7%, respectively). Predation stress experienced during immature stages also reduced female fecundity by 7.3%, whereas that experienced during the oviposition period reduced fecundity of the prey by 50.7%. This study demonstrated for the first time lifespan extension by exposure to predation stress when young and highlighted the importance of early-life experience to aging and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, People’s Republic of China, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, 231 Morrin Road, St Johns, Auckland, New Zealand.
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8
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Wei X, Zhang ZQ. Level-dependent effects of predation stress on prey development, lifespan and reproduction in mites. Biogerontology 2022. [PMID: 35879518 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In predator-prey interactions, non-consumptive effects of predators have been less studied than consumptive effects. However, non-consumptive effects may have significant influences on prey and can change different aspects of their life history such as development, reproduction and lifespan. The odour and other cues associated with a predator, without direct contact, could induce stress in prey, leading to phenotypic changes in life history traits. In this study, we investigate how mild and strong predator-induced stress could affect prey life history. The prey (Tyrophagus putrescentiae) was exposed, from hatching to death, to three different levels of predation stress from its predator (Neoseiulus cucumeris) (1, 3 or 5 predator adults in an adjacent cage separated by a mesh screen). Compared with the control, both males and females under predator-induced stress had longer developmental time and shorter lifespan when the level of predation stress increased, showing significant level-dependence. In addition, females had reduced fecundity under predation stress. Sex-specific response to predation stress was observed under a low level of predation stress: females had greater reduction in lifespan than males. Furthermore, the reduction in female lifespan was due more from the decrease in the post-oviposition period than the decrease in the oviposition period. Future studies applying even milder levels of predation press, such as exposure of prey to predator cues only during part of the prey lifespan, may provide additional insights.
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Manríquez PH, Jara ME, González CP, Jeno K, Domenici P, Watson SA, Duarte C, Brokordt K. Multiple-stressor effects of ocean acidification, warming and predation risk cues on the early ontogeny of a rocky-shore keystone gastropod. Environ Pollut 2022; 302:118918. [PMID: 35227850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand how climate change stressors might affect marine organisms and support adequate projections it is important to know how multiple stressors may be modulated by the presence of other species. We evaluated the direct effects of ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) together with non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of the predatory crab Acanthocyclus hassleri on early ontogeny fitness-related traits of the commercially important rocky-shore keystone gastropod Concholepas concholepas. We measured the response of nine traits to these stressors at either the organismal level (survival, growth, feeding rates, tenacity, metabolic rate, calcification rate) or sub-organismal level (nutritional status, ATP-supplying capacity, stress condition). C. concholepas survival was not affected by any of the stressors. Feeding rates were not affected by OW or OA; however, they were reduced in the presence of crab NCEs compared with control conditions. Horizontal tenacity was affected by the OA × NCEs interaction; in the presence of NCEs, OA reduced tenacity. The routine metabolic rate, measured by oxygen consumption, increased significantly with OW. Nutritional status assessment determined that carbohydrate content was not affected by any of the stressors. However, protein content was affected by the OA × NCEs interaction; in the absence of NCEs, OA reduced protein levels. ATP-supplying capacity, measured by citrate synthase (CS) activity, and cellular stress condition (HSP70 expression) were reduced by OA, with reduction in CS activity found particularly at the high temperature. Our results indicate C. concholepas traits are affected by OA and OW and the effects are modulated by predator risk (NCEs). We conclude that some C. concholepas traits are resilient to climate stressors (survival, growth, horizontal tenacity and nutritional status) but others are affected by OW (metabolic rate), OA (ATP-supplying capacity, stress condition), and NCEs (feeding rate). The results suggest that these negative effects can adversely affect the associated community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - María Elisa Jara
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Katherine Jeno
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IBF Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Italy; CNR-IAS Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino, Oristano, Italy
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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10
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Riedemann-Saldivia B, Büchner-Miranda JA, Salas-Yanquin LP, Valdivia N, Catalán AM, Scrosati RA, Chaparro OR. Non-consumptive effects of a predatory snail (Acanthina monodon) on a dominant habitat-forming mussel species (Perumytilus purpuratus). Mar Environ Res 2022; 175:105573. [PMID: 35134640 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Predators can influence prey through direct consumption as well as through non-consumptive effects (NCEs). NCEs usually occur mediated by behavioral changes in the prey upon detection of predator cues. Such changes may involve reduction of feeding with a variety of physiological consequences. We evaluated NCEs from an intertidal predatory snail (Acanthina monodon) on a dominant habitat-forming mussel species (Perumytilus purpuratus) from the southeastern Pacific coast. We tested whether A. monodon exerts negative NCEs on clearance rate, oxygen consumption rate, biodeposit production, and between-valve gap size in P. purpuratus. We found that waterborne predator cues triggered a decrease in these variables except biodeposit production. However, the organic content of the biodeposits increased in the presence of predator cues. The snail's physical contact with the mussels strengthened the negative NCEs on between-valve gap size. Since P. purpuratus is a dominant filter-feeder and foundation species in rocky intertidal habitats, predator NCEs on this species might indirectly influence ecosystem-level processes and community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis P Salas-Yanquin
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alexis M Catalán
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Scrosati
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile.
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11
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Des Roches S, Robinson RR, Kinnison MT, Palkovacs EP. The legacy of predator threat shapes prey foraging behaviour. Oecologia 2021. [PMID: 34817645 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Predators exert strong selection on prey foraging behaviour such that prey responses may reflect a combination of ancestral effects of predators (genetic and nongenetic transgenerational effects), past individual experience with predators (phenotypic plasticity), and current exposure to predators (behavioural response). However, the importance of these factors in shaping prey foraging behaviour is not well understood. To test the relative effects of ancestry, prior experience, and current exposure, we measured foraging rates and food size preference of different ancestry and exposure groups of Western mosquitofish in the presence and absence of immediate threat from predatory largemouth bass. Our results confirm that mosquitofish had lower foraging rate in the immediate presence of predator threat. Mosquitofish also foraged at a lower rate if they had ancestry with predators, regardless of immediate threat. In contrast, individual prior experience with predators only caused reduced foraging rates in the immediate presence of a predator. This suggests that phenotypic plasticity could carry a lower risk of maladaptive antipredator responses-i.e., reduced food intake-in the complete absence of a predator. Finally, in the presence of a predator, mosquitofish with both ancestry and experience with predators consumed larger, presumably more energetically valuable, food items. Overall, our results show that non-consumptive effects of predators on prey behaviour can persist within and across generations, such that the legacy of past predator exposure-or "the ghost of predation past"-may continue to shape prey behaviour even when predators are no longer around.
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12
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Hermann SL, Bird SA, Ellis DR, Landis DA. Predation risk differentially affects aphid morphotypes: impacts on prey behavior, fecundity and transgenerational dispersal morphology. Oecologia 2021; 197:411-9. [PMID: 34542673 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To avoid predation, prey initiate anti-predator defenses such as altered behavior, physiology and/or morphology. Prey trait changes in response to perceived predation risk can influence several aspects of prey biology that collectively contribute to individual success and thus population growth. However, studies often focus on single trait changes in a discrete life stage or morphotype. We assessed how predation risk by Harmonia axyridis affects several important traits in the aphid, Myzus persicae: host plant preference, fecundity and investment in dispersal. Importantly, we examined whether these traits changed in a similar way between winged (alate) and wingless (apterous) adult aphid morphotypes, which differ in morphology, but also in life-history characteristics important for reproduction and dispersal. Host plant preference was influenced by the presence of H.axyridis odors in choice tests; wingless aphids were deterred by the odor of plants with H.axyridis whereas winged aphids preferred plants with H.axyridis present. Wingless aphids reared in the presence of ladybeetle cues produced fewer offspring in the short-term, but significantly more when reared with exposure to predator cues for multiple generations. However, winged aphid fecundity was unaffected by H.axyridis cues. Lastly, transgenerational plasticity was demonstrated in response to predation risk via increased formation of winged aphid morphotypes in the offspring of predator cue-exposed wingless mothers. Importantly, we found that responses to risk differ across aphid polyphenism and that plasticity in aphid morphology occurs in response to predation risk. Together our results highlight the importance of considering how predation risk affects multiple life stages and morphotypes.
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13
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Grunseich JM, Aguirre NM, Thompson MN, Ali JG, Helms AM. Chemical Cues from Entomopathogenic Nematodes Vary Across Three Species with Different Foraging Strategies, Triggering Different Behavioral Responses in Prey and Competitors. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:822-833. [PMID: 34415500 PMCID: PMC8613145 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cues play important roles in predator-prey interactions. Semiochemicals can aid predator foraging and alert prey organisms to the presence of predators. Previous work suggests that predator traits differentially influence prey behavior, however, empirical data on how prey organisms respond to chemical cues from predator species with different hunting strategies, and how foraging predators react to cues from potential competitors, is lacking. Furthermore, most research in this area has focused on aquatic and aboveground terrestrial systems, while interactions among belowground, soiling-dwelling organisms have received relatively little attention. Here, we assessed how chemical cues from three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), each with a different foraging strategy, influenced herbivore (cucumber beetle) and natural enemy (EPN) foraging behavior. We predicted these cues could serve as chemical indicators of increased predation risk, prey availability, or competition. Our findings revealed that foraging cucumber beetle larvae avoided chemical cues from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (active-foraging cruiser EPNs), but not Steinernema carpocapsae (ambusher EPNs) or Steinernema riobrave (intermediate-foraging EPNs). In contrast, foraging H. bacteriophora EPNs were attracted to cues produced by the two Steinernema species but not conspecific cues. Notably, the three EPN species produced distinct blends of olfactory cues, with only a few semi-conserved compounds across species. These results indicate that a belowground insect herbivore responds differently to chemical cues from different EPN species, with some EPN species avoiding prey detection. Moreover, the active-hunting EPNs were attracted to heterospecific cues, suggesting these cues indicate a greater probability of available prey, rather than strong interspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Natalie M Aguirre
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Morgan N Thompson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jared G Ali
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Anjel M Helms
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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14
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Manríquez PH, Jara ME, González CP, Seguel ME, Domenici P, Watson SA, Anguita C, Duarte C, Brokordt K. The combined effects of climate change stressors and predatory cues on a mussel species. Sci Total Environ 2021; 776:145916. [PMID: 33639464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to make adequate projections on the consequences of climate change stressors on marine organisms, it is important to know how impacts of these stressors are affected by the presence of other species. Here we assessed the direct effects of ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) along with non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of a predatory crab and/or a predatory snail on the habitat-forming mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. Mussels were exposed for 10-14 weeks to contrasting pCO2 (500 and 1400 μatm) and temperature (15 and 20 °C) levels, in the presence/absence of cues from one or two predator species. We compared mussel traits at sub-organismal (nutritional status, metabolic capacity-ATP production-, cell stress condition via HSP70 expression) and organismal (survival, oxygen consumption, growth, byssus biogenesis, clearance rates, aggregation) levels. OA increased the mussels' oxygen consumption; and OA combined with OW increased ATP demand and the use of carbohydrate reserves. Mussels at present-day pCO2 levels had the highest protein content. Under OW the predatory snail cues induced the highest cell stress condition on the mussels. Temperature, predator cues and the interaction between them affected mussel growth. Mussels grew larger at the control temperature (15 °C) when crab and snail cues were present. Mussel wet mass and calcification were affected by predator cues; with highest values recorded in crab cue presence (isolated or combined with snail cues). In the absence of predator cues in the trails, byssus biogenesis was affected by OA, OW and the OA × OW and OA × predator cues interactions. At present-day pCO2 levels, more byssus was recorded with snail than with crab cues. Clearance rates were affected by temperature, pCO2 and the interaction between them. The investigated stressors had no effects on mussel aggregation. We conclude that OA, OW and the NCEs may lead to neutral, positive or negative consequences for mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - María Elisa Jara
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Mylene E Seguel
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IBF Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N° 1 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Cristóbal Anguita
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Vida Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
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15
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Yule KM, Johnson CA, Bronstein JL, Ferrière R. Interactions among interactions: The dynamical consequences of antagonism between mutualists. J Theor Biol 2020; 501:110334. [PMID: 32492378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Species often interact with multiple mutualistic partners that provide functionally different benefits and/or that interact with different life-history stages. These functionally different partners, however, may also interact directly with one another in other ways, indirectly altering net outcomes and persistence of the mutualistic system as a whole. We present a population dynamical model of a three-species system involving antagonism between species sharing a mutualist partner species with two explicit life stages. We find that, regardless of whether the antagonism is predatory or non-consumptive, persistence of the shared mutualist is possible only under a restrictive set of conditions. As the rate of antagonism between the species sharing the mutualist increases, indirect rather than direct interactions increasingly determine species' densities and sometimes result in complex, oscillatory dynamics for all species. Surprisingly, persistence of the mutualistic system is particularly dependent upon the degree to which each of the two mutualistic interactions is specialized. Our work investigates a novel mechanism by which changing ecological conditions can lead to extinction of mutualist partners and provides testable predictions regarding the interactive roles of mutualism and antagonism in net outcomes for species' densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Yule
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Christopher A Johnson
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich Universitäetstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Judith L Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Régis Ferrière
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210088, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Eco-Evo-Math Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; International Research Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Global Environmental Studies (iGLOBES), University of Arizona, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences & Lettres University, 845 N Park Avenue, AZ 85721, USA
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16
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Sheriff MJ, Orrock JL, Ferrari MCO, Karban R, Preisser EL, Sih A, Thaler JS. Proportional fitness loss and the timing of defensive investment: a cohesive framework across animals and plants. Oecologia 2020; 193:273-283. [PMID: 32542471 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The risk of consumption is a pervasive aspect of ecology and recent work has focused on synthesis of consumer-resource interactions (e.g., enemy-victim ecology). Despite this, theories pertaining to the timing and magnitude of defenses in animals and plants have largely developed independently. However, both animals and plants share the common dilemma of uncertainty of attack, can gather information from the environment to predict future attacks and alter their defensive investment accordingly. Here, we present a novel, unifying framework based on the way an organism's ability to defend itself during an attack can shape their pre-attack investment in defense. This framework provides a useful perspective on the nature of information use and variation in defensive investment across the sequence of attack-related events, both within and among species. It predicts that organisms with greater proportional fitness loss if attacked will gather and respond to risk information earlier in the attack sequence, while those that have lower proportional fitness loss may wait until attack is underway. This framework offers a common platform to compare and discuss consumer effects and provides novel insights into the way risk information can propagate through populations, communities, and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sheriff
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, USA.
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Evan L Preisser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Rogy P, Hammill E, Smith MA, Rost-Komiya B, Srivastava DS. Bromeliads affect the interactions and composition of invertebrates on their support tree. Oecologia 2020; 192:879-891. [PMID: 32067120 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individual species can have profound effects on ecological communities, but, in hyperdiverse systems, it can be challenging to determine the underlying ecological mechanisms. Simplifying species' responses by trophic level or functional group may be useful, but characterizing the trait structure of communities may be better related to niche processes. A largely overlooked trait in such community-level analyses is behaviour. In the Neotropics, epiphytic tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) harbour a distinct fauna of terrestrial invertebrates that is mainly composed of predators, such as ants and spiders. As these bromeliad-associated predators tend to forage on the bromeliads' support tree, they may influence the arboreal invertebrate fauna. We examined how, by increasing associated predator habitat, bromeliads may affect arboreal invertebrates. Specifically, we observed the trophic and functional group composition, and the behaviour and interspecific interactions of arboreal invertebrates in trees with and without bromeliads. Bromeliads modified the functional composition of arboreal invertebrates, but not the overall abundance of predators and herbivores. Bromeliads did not alter the overall behavioural profile of arboreal invertebrates, but did lead to more positive interactions in the day than at night, with a reverse pattern on trees without bromeliads. In particular, tending behaviours were influenced by bromeliad-associated predators. These results indicate that detailed examination of the functional affiliations and behaviour of organisms can reveal complex effects of habitat-forming species like bromeliads, even when total densities of trophic groups are insensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rogy
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, NR 210, Logan, UT, 84322-5210, USA
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Beatrice Rost-Komiya
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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18
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Wood ZT, Fryxell DC, Moffett ER, Kinnison MT, Simon KS, Palkovacs EP. Prey adaptation along a competition-defense tradeoff cryptically shifts trophic cascades from density- to trait-mediated. Oecologia 2020; 192:767-778. [PMID: 31989320 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trophic cascades have become a dominant paradigm in ecology, yet considerable debate remains about the relative strength of density- (consumptive) and trait-mediated (non-consumptive) effects in trophic cascades. This debate may, in part, be resolved by considering prey experience, which shapes prey traits (through genetic and plastic change) and influences prey survival (and therefore density). Here, we investigate the cascading role of prey experience through the addition of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from predator-experienced or predator-naïve sources to mesocosms containing piscivorous largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), zooplankton, and phytoplankton. These two sources were positioned along a competition-defense tradeoff. Results show that predator-naïve mosquitofish suffered higher depredation rates, which drove a density-mediated cascade, whereas predator-experienced mosquitofish exhibited higher survival but fed less, which drove a trait-mediated cascade. Both cascades were similar in strength, leading to indistinguishable top-down effects on lower trophic levels. Therefore, the accumulation of prey experience with predators can cryptically shift cascade mechanisms from density- to trait-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - David C Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emma R Moffett
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Kevin S Simon
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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19
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Jermacz Ł, Nowakowska A, Kletkiewicz H, Kobak J. Experimental evidence for the adaptive response of aquatic invertebrates to chronic predation risk. Oecologia 2020; 192:341-350. [PMID: 31919694 PMCID: PMC7002334 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As acute stress induced by predation risk can generate significant oxidative damage, prey organisms are forced to balance their defence reaction and the cost of activating the cellular defence system. Stress tolerance differs significantly among species; therefore predator pressure indirectly shapes the community structure. To test adaptation abilities of amphipod crustaceans (Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii) we exposed them to acute (35 min.) and chronic (1 or 7 days) predation risk (the Eurasian perch). We measured respiration (related to metabolic rate), cellular defence systems (antioxidant enzyme (catalase) activity and heat shock protein (Hsp70) concentration), and the level of oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration). Both amphipods increased their respiration rate in the presence of predation cues, irrespective of the duration of their pre-exposure to danger. This increase in D. villosus was initiated more quickly (immediately vs. after 10 min. of the test) and lasted for a longer time (20 vs. 10 min.) than in G. jazdzewskii. However, only G. jazdzewskii after a short exposure to predation risk exhibited an increase in its catalase activity, Hsp70 concentration and oxidative damage. No changes in these parameters were exhibited by D. villosus or after a chronic exposure of G. jazdzewskii to predation cues. Our results show that prey organisms are able to reconfigure their physiology to maintain increased metabolic rate under prolonged predator pressure and, at the same time, reduce oxidative damage as well as costs related to anti-oxidant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland. .,Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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20
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Pruett JL, Weissburg MJ. Hydrodynamics affect predator controls through physical and sensory stressors. Oecologia 2018; 186:1079-89. [PMID: 29460028 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Predators influence communities through either consuming prey (consumptive effects, CEs) or altering prey traits (non-consumptive effects, NCEs), which has cascading effects on lower trophic levels. CEs are well known to decrease in physically stressful environments, but NCEs may be reduced at physically benign levels that affect the ability of prey to detect and respond to predators (i.e., sensory stress). We investigated the influence of physical and sensory stressors created by spatial and temporal differences in tidal flow on predator controls in a tritrophic system. We estimated mud crab reactive ranges to blue crab NCEs by evaluating mud crab CEs on juvenile oysters at different distances away from caged blue crabs across flow conditions. Mud crab reactive ranges were large at lower physical and sensory stress levels and blue crabs had a positive cascading effect on oyster survival. Blue crab NCEs were not important at higher flow conditions. Oyster survival was a complicated function of both types of stressors. Physical stress (i.e., current speed) had a positive effect on oyster survival by physically limiting mud crab CEs at high current speeds. Sensory stress (i.e., turbulence) interfered with the propagation of blue crab chemical cues used by mud crabs for predator detection, which removed blue crab NCEs. Mud crab CEs increased as a result and had a negative effect on oyster survival in turbulent conditions. Thus, environmental properties, such as fluid flow, can inflict physical and sensory stressors that have distinct effects on basal prey performance through impacts on different predator effects.
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21
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Weissburg M, Poulin RX, Kubanek J. You Are What you Eat: a Metabolomics Approach to Understanding Prey Responses to Diet-Dependent Chemical Cues Released by Predators. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1037-46. [PMID: 27683309 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prey responses to predator cues are graded in intensity in accordance with the degree of threat presented by the predator. In systems in which prey gather information on predators by using chemicals, prey often respond more to the odor of predators that have consumed conspecifics, as opposed to heterospecifics. We investigated the response of a prey species, the mud crab, Panopeus herbstii, to urine of blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, fed mud crabs or oysters. Behavioral analysis was combined with metabolomics to characterize bioactive deterrents in the urine of predators fed different diets. Urine from blue crabs fed oysters or mud crabs depressed mud crab foraging when presented singly, with the urine derived from a mud crab diet being more potent. The magnitude of foraging depression increased with urine concentration. When urine from blue crabs fed oysters or mud crabs was combined, response to the urine mixture was no different from that to urine derived only from a mud crab diet. Metabolomics analysis indicated diet-dependent differences were related to a set of shared spectral features that differed in concentration in the respective urines, likely consisting of aromatic compounds, amino acids, and lipids. Taken together, these results suggest mud crabs distinguish diet of, and therefore the risk imposed by, predators through detection of a suite of compounds that together represent what the predator has recently consumed.
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22
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Weissburg M, Beauvais J. The smell of success: the amount of prey consumed by predators determines the strength and range of cascading non-consumptive effects. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1426. [PMID: 26618090 PMCID: PMC4655096 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether chemically mediated risk perception by prey and the effects of changes in prey behavior on basal resources vary as a function of the amount of prey biomass consumed by the predator. We studied these issues using a tritrophic system composed of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus (top predator), mud crabs Panopeus herbstii (intermediate prey), and oysters Crassostrea virginica (basal resource). Working in a well characterized field environment where experiments preserve natural patterns of water flow, we found that biomass consumed by a predator determines the range, intensity and nature of prey aversive responses. Predators that consume large amounts of prey flesh more strongly diminish consumption of basal resources by prey and exert effects over a larger range (in space and time) compared to predators that have eaten less. Less well-fed predators produce weaker effects, with the consequence that behaviorally mediated cascades preferentially occur in refuge habitats. Well-fed predators affected prey behavior and increased basal resources up to distances of 1-1.5 m, whereas predators fed restricted diet evoked changes in prey only when they were extremely close, typically 50 cm or less. Thus, consumptive and non-consumptive effects may be coupled; predators that have a greater degree of predatory success will affect prey traits more strongly and non-consumptive and consumptive effects may fluctuate in tandem, with some lag. Moreover, differences among predators in their degree of prey capture will create spatial and temporal variance in risk cue availability in the absence of underlying environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Weissburg
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Jeffrey Beauvais
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA , USA
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