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Augustyniak M, Kołacka K, Kobak J, Hliwa P, Kłosiński P, Poznańska-Kakareko M, Jermacz Ł, Kakareko T. Differences in predator-avoidance behavior between two invasive gobies and their native competitors. Curr Zool 2023; 69:727-737. [PMID: 37876643 PMCID: PMC10591152 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, fish are frequently introduced beyond their native range. Some, like Ponto-Caspian gobies, are becoming invasive, achieving high colonization rates and constituting frequent prey for native predators. However, little is known about the effectiveness of antipredator behaviors of the invaders, which may shape their role in the invaded community and contribute to the invasion success. We compared antipredator behaviors of invasive gobies and native fish species after their detection by the predator, when the danger becomes direct. We studied 2 fish pairs, each consisting of an invasive and native species co-occurring in the environment and belonging to the same prey guild: (1) the racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus versus European bullhead Cottus gobio, (2) the monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis versus gudgeon Gobio gobio, facing a naïve predator (the Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis). We analyzed behaviors of single prey individuals (escaping, staying in shelter, and activity) and single predators (activity, searching, following, capturing, and latency to prey consumption). In the predator presence, the bullhead was less active and more often managed to escape after capture than the racer goby. The gudgeon escaped before the capture more often than the monkey goby. The predator succeeded later with the bullhead compared to racer goby, whereas no differences in ingestion time occurred between the gudgeon and monkey goby. The results suggest that, in terms of hunting effort of native predators, the invasive gobies are equivalent to or more profitable prey than their native analogs, which can facilitate the integration of the gobies into local food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Augustyniak
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Kalina Kołacka
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Hliwa
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Piotr Kłosiński
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poznańska-Kakareko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kakareko
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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Wyszkowska J, Kobak J, Aonuma H. Electromagnetic field exposure affects the calling song, phonotaxis, and level of biogenic amines in crickets. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:93255-93268. [PMID: 37507567 PMCID: PMC10447283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic field (EMF) is ubiquitous in the environment, constituting a well-known but poorly understood stressor. Few studies have been conducted on insect responses to EMF, although they are an excellent experimental model and are of great ecological importance. In our work, we tested the effects of EMF (50 Hz, 7 mT) on the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus: the male calling song pattern, female mate choice, and levels of biogenic amines in the brain. Exposure of males to EMF increased the number and shortened the period of chips in their calling song (by 2.7% and 5% relative to the control song, respectively), but not the sound frequency. Aged (3-week-old) females were attracted to both natural and EMF-modified male signals, whereas young (1-week-old, virgin) females responded only to the modified signal, suggesting its higher attractance. Stress response of males to EMF may be responsible for the change in the calling song, as suggested by the changes in the amine levels in their brains: an increase in dopamine (by 50% relative to the control value), tyramine (65%), and serotonin (25%) concentration and a decrease in octopamine level (by 25%). These findings indicate that G. bimaculatus responds to EMF, like stressful conditions, which may change the condition and fitness of exposed individuals, disrupt mate selection, and, in consequence, affect the species' existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wyszkowska
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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Stanicka A, Szopieray K, Migdalski Ł, Kobak J. Friends or enemies: Multi-species interactions among biofoulers, endoparasites and their gastropod hosts. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:503-513. [PMID: 36519974 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are a crucial factor that shapes the functioning of communities throughout the world, as are gregarious macrofoulers in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about the effects of three-way interactions between macrofoulers, endoparasites and their hosts. We predict that macrofouling and parasite infection may act (i) independently of each other, (ii) synergistically, increasing their final negative impact on the host or (iii) antagonistically, the former weakening the negative impact of the latter. We investigated multiway relationships between an invasive freshwater filter-feeding macrofouler (the zebra mussel), digenean endoparasite and their gastropod host, Viviparus viviparus. Furthermore, we checked the recruitment of mussels in living gastropods versus their empty shells. We sampled living V. viviparus and their empty shells with attached dreissenids from a Polish dam reservoir. We counted and weighed attached mussels and determined wet weight, shell height and sex of gastropods. Then we dissected the molluscs to look for digenean larvae and gastropod embryos. We use these parameters to look for reciprocal associations between mussel fouling, parasitic infection and gastropod size and fertility, as well as to infer the most likely mechanisms of the observed relationships. Dreissenid overgrowth was associated with reduced fertility and size of viviparids, but also with a lower prevalence of digenean metacercariae (Leucochloridiomorpha sp.). We did not observe a negative influence of these digeneans on their gastropod hosts. In addition, large living viviparids and their empty shells were equally used as substrates by dreissenids, but small living gastropods were more fouled than shells of the corresponding size. A trade-off exists in the studied system: filter-feeding macrofoulers may bring some profits for their host, reducing the pressure of waterborne parasites (which may be crucial in the case of pathogenic species/life stages), although at the cost of the reduced growth and fertility of the host. Furthermore, mussels attached to mollusc hosts can exert a cascading effect on the reduced prevalence of digeneans in their final hosts, including those of medical or veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stanicka
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szopieray
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Migdalski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
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Czarnecka M, Jermacz Ł, Glazińska P, Kulasek M, Kobak J. Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects behaviour, but does not change oxidative status in freshwater shredders. Environ Pollut 2022; 306:119476. [PMID: 35580711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) alters circadian rhythms in animals and therefore can be a source of environmental stress affecting their physiology and behaviour. The impact of ALAN can be related to the increased light level, but also to the spectral composition of night lighting. Previous research showed that many species can be particularly sensitive to the LED light, but it is unclear if they respond to its broad spectrum or specifically to the blue light wavelength. In this study, we tested whether dim ALAN (2 lx) differing in the spectral quality (warm white LED, blue LED, high-pressure sodium HPS light) modifies behaviour and changes oxidative status in two nocturnal freshwater shredder species: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii (Gammaroidea, Amphipoda). Our experiment revealed that ALAN, irrespective of its spectral quality, did not affect the oxidative stress markers in cells (the level of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation). However, ALAN changed the gammarid behaviour in a species-specific manner, which can potentially reduce the fitness of the shredders. Dikerogammarus villosus avoided all types of light compared to darkness. Therefore, confined to the shelter, D. villosus may have fewer opportunities to forage and/or mate. Gammarus jazdzewskii was sensitive only to the narrow-spectrum blue light, but did not respond to the HPS and white LED light. Avoidance is a typical response of gammarids to natural light, thus the disruption of this behaviour in the presence of common ALAN sources can increase the predation risk in this species. To summarize, behavioural modifications induced by ALAN seem more pronounced than changes in physiology and can constitute the main driver of disturbances in the processing of organic matter in freshwater ecosystems by invertebrate shredders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czarnecka
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Milena Kulasek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Jermacz Ł, Kobak J. On the importance of concomitant conditions: Light and conspecific presence modulate prey response to predation cue. Curr Zool 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Assessment of individual costs of the anti-predator defence translating into changes in population parameters is meagre. This is because prey responses are likely to be modulated by additional factors, commonly present in the environment, but often neglected in experimental studies. To evaluate the effect of external factors on prey behaviour and physiology, we exposed amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to the predation cue of Perca fluviatilis in different densities and light conditions. Singletons of both species exposed to the predation cue in light modified their oxygen consumption (D. villosus: reduction, G. jadzewskii: increase) compared to their respiration in predator-free conditions. However , in the presence of conspecifics or in darkness, their respiration became insensitive to the predation cue. On the other hand, the swimming activity of prey was reduced in the presence of the predation cue irrespective of prey density and light conditions, but singletons were consistently more active than groups. Thus, external factors, such as conspecifics and darkness, constantly or periodically occurring in the field, may reduce the costs of predator non-consumptive effects compared to the costs measured under laboratory conditions (in light or absence of conspecifics). Moreover, we showed that behavioural and physiological parameters of prey may change differently in response to predation risk. Thus, conclusions drawn on the basis of single defence mechanisms and/or results obtained in artificial conditions, not reflecting the environmental complexity, strongly depend on the experimental design and endpoint selection and therefore should be treated with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography , Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology , Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Jermacz Ł, Kletkiewicz H, Poznańska-Kakareko M, Klimiuk M, Kobak J. Chronic predation risk affects prey escape abilities through behavioral and physiological changes. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One of the options to reduce predation risk is reallocation of energy into locomotion system. The higher aerobic capacity, the more energy can be partitioned into an escape. Thus, increase in aerobic capacity can increase prey escape abilities. We investigated prey (freshwater crustaceans: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii) ability to improve their locomotor performance through an increase in aerobic capacity under chronic predation risk. We forced gammarids (pre-exposed to the predation cue or control) to long-distance swimming in the presence or absence of predation cues to obtain: control (pre-exposure and test in control conditions), acute (pre-exposure to control conditions, test in the presence of the predation cue) and chronic (pre-exposure and test in the presence of the cue) risk treatments. After this forced swimming effort, we measured various swimming parameters, glycogen content, and lactate concentration of the experimental amphipods. Exposure to predation cues made G. jazdzewskii reduce its speed after prolonged forced swimming in the presence of predation cues, whereas D. villosus never changed its swimming performance due to predation risk. In both species, post-effort lactate concentration was higher under the acute predation risk than in risk-free conditions. However, only D. villosus demonstrated lower lactate concentration when exposed to chronic vs. acute predation risk. Moreover, pre-exposure of both species to predation cues caused reduction in glycogen content. We showed that under chronic predation risk some prey species can modify their physiology to increase aerobic capacity and sustain high efficiency of escape performance. However, this phenomenon is species-specific and costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poznańska-Kakareko
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Klimiuk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
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7
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Poznańska-Kakareko M, Wiśniewski K, Szarmach D, Witkowska A, Kakareko T, Jermacz Ł, Kobak J. Importance of substratum quality for potential competitive niche overlap between native and invasive unionid mussels in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2021; 799:149345. [PMID: 34426362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infaunal freshwater mussels are highly threatened and declining worldwide. One of the potential threats to mussels consists of biological invasions. We intended to investigate the habitat overlap and behavioural differences between native (Unio pictorum, Unio tumidus, Anodonta anatina, Anodonta cygnea) and invasive (Asian Sinanodonta woodiana) unionid bivalves to determine potential sources of competition. Furthermore, we investigated differences between S. woodiana from the established population in artificially heated waters and from the recent population in a natural thermal regime. We used pairwise choice tests on mud, medium, coarse and very coarse sand, mixture of medium and coarse sand, fine, medium and coarse gravel, and observed mussel locomotion and burrowing in preferred and non-preferred substrata. All species generally preferred fine-grained materials. The widest preference range was exhibited by S. woodiana (both populations), whereas A. cygnea was the most selective. The preferences of the cold-water population of S. woodiana were shifted towards coarser materials compared to conspecifics from the heated waters, and highly overlapped with the preferences of the native species. Anodonta cygnea most often moved horizontally and spent the shortest time deeply burrowed. Both Unio species were deeply burrowed for the largest amount of time and the horizontal locomotion of U. tumidus was the lowest among the test species. Sinanodonta woodiana, especially from the heated water population, exhibited relatively weak locomotion (compared to A. cygnea) and burrowing (compared to Unio spp. and A. anatina). Deep burrowing was more common on fine-grained materials. Our results suggest that the native mussels can be threatened by S. woodiana due to their overlapping habitat preferences, potentially hindering habitat separation. However, mobile native mussels may be capable of migrating and avoiding competition. Accumulating knowledge of the biology and ecology of freshwater mussels could contribute to the creation and improvement of conservation plans to protect these threatened animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poznańska-Kakareko
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - K Wiśniewski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - D Szarmach
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - A Witkowska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - T Kakareko
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ł Jermacz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - J Kobak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Kobak J, Rachalewski M, Bącela-Spychalska K. What doesn’t kill you doesn’t make you stronger: Parasites modify interference competition between two invasive amphipods. NB 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.69.73734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We used a freshwater amphipod-microsporidian model (Ponto-Caspian hosts: Dikerogammarus villosus and D. haemobaphes, parasite: Cucumispora dikerogammari) to check whether parasites affect biological invasions by modulating behaviour and intra- and interspecific interactions between the invaders. We tested competition for shelter in conspecific and heterospecific male pairs (one or both individuals infected or non-infected). In general, amphipods of both species increased their shelter occupancy time when accompanied by infected rather than non-infected conspecifics and heterospecifics. Infected amphipods faced lower aggression from non-infected conspecifics. Moreover, D. villosus was more aggressive than D. haemobaphes and more aggressive towards conspecifics vs. heterospecifics. In summary, infection reduced the intra- and interspecific competitivity of amphipods, which became less capable of defending their shelters, despite their unchanged need for shelter occupancy. Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, commonly considered as a weaker competitor, displaced by D. villosus from co-occupied locations, was able to compete efficiently for the shelter with D. villosus when microsporidian infections appeared on the scene. This suggests that parasites may be important mediators of biological invasions, facilitating the existence of large intra- and interspecific assemblages of invasive alien amphipods.
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Czarnecka M, Kobak J, Grubisic M, Kakareko T. Disruptive effect of artificial light at night on leaf litter consumption, growth and activity of freshwater shredders. Sci Total Environ 2021; 786:147407. [PMID: 33965828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a globally widespread phenomenon potentially affecting ecosystem processes, such as leaf litter breakdown, which is a source of organic matter in fresh waters. Here, we conducted a long-term experiment to test the effects of ALAN (2 lx) differing in spectral composition: white LEDs and high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) on leaf consumption, growth and activity of two macroinvertebrate species of shredders: Gammarus jazdzewskii and Dikerogammarus villosus (Crustacea, Amphipoda), compared to the undisturbed light-dark cycle. We also tested if the nocturnal illumination would influence the algal community colonising leaves, which is an important component of the leaf-shredder diet. We found that LED light increased the consumption of leaves by both species, which was nearly twice as high as in other treatments, and supressed the growth rate of G. jazdzewskii, whereas the growth of D. villosus was not affected by either light type. Moreover, D. villosus reduced its activity when exposed to ALAN of both types. As ALAN-induced changes in shredder growth and consumption were not associated with their increased activity or decreased food quality, we suggest that LED light may be a source of physiological stress for shredders, raising their energy expenditure, which was compensated by increased food intake. We have shown that LED illumination induces greater effects on wildlife than alternative, narrow wavelength spectrum light sources, such as HPS lamps, and may potentially alter the litter breakdown in aquatic ecosystems. It may accelerate the turnover of leaves by shredders, but on the other hand, it may negatively affect the fitness of macroinvertebrates and thus disturb the leaf processing over a longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czarnecka
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Maja Grubisic
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Kakareko
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Napiórkowska T, Templin J, Grodzicki P, Kobak J. Thermal preferences of two spider species: an orb-web weaver and a synanthropic funnel-web weaver. The European Zoological Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1950223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Napiórkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | - J. Templin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | - P. Grodzicki
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
| | - J. Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland
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Cichocka JM, Bielecki A, Świątek P, Jabłońska-Barna I, Kobak J, Hildebrand J, Dmitryjuk M, Strużyński W, Rost-Roszkowska M. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes in the digestive system of Acanthobdellida, Branchiobdellida and Hirudinida (Annelida, Clitellata) – considerations on similarity and phylogeny. The European Zoological Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2020.1851402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Cichocka
- Department of Zoology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- XI High School, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A. Bielecki
- Department of Zoology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - P. Świątek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - I. Jabłońska-Barna
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J. Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - J. Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Dmitryjuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - W. Strużyński
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Rost-Roszkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Jermacz Ł, Kletkiewicz H, Krzyżyńska K, Klimiuk M, Kobak J. Does global warming intensify cost of antipredator reaction? A case study of freshwater amphipods. Sci Total Environ 2020; 742:140474. [PMID: 32623164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is a worldwide phenomenon affecting the functioning of diverse ecosystems, including fresh waters. Temperature increase affects physiology and behaviour of ectotherms due to growing energetic demands necessary to sustain increased metabolic rate. Anti-predator responses may resemble temperature-induced changes in organisms, suggesting synergism between these factors. To check how temperature shapes physiological and behavioural responses of ectotherms to predation risk, we exposed amphipods: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii to fish kairomones at 10, 17 or 24 °C. Animals were placed in tanks where temperature was gradually adjusted to the desired test temperature and acclimated under such conditions for 3 subsequent days. Then they were exposed to the predator cue (the Eurasian perch kairomone) for 35 min to test their acute responses. We measured metabolic rate (as respiration), antioxidant defence (CAT: catalase activity, TAS: total antioxidant status), oxidative molecules (TOS: total oxidative status), oxidative damage (TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and behaviour (locomotor activity). Amphipods increased respiration with raising temperature and when exposed to predation risk (all temperatures). Only G. jazdzewskii exhibited increased TOS when exposed to 24 °C or to predation risk at all temperatures. Antioxidant defence increased with raising temperature (CAT, TAS) and decreased under predation risk (CAT). Cellular damage increased in G. jazdzewskii under predation risk at 10 and 24 °C, but raised temperature itself did not generate any damage. Amphipods reduced locomotor activity at 24 °C. Thus, at elevated temperatures, amphipods minimized their cellular damage at the cost of increased antioxidant defence and lower locomotor activity (potentially disadvantageous under higher energetic demands). Under predation risk, the performance of antioxidant systems was reduced, probably due to energy allocation into anti-predatory mechanisms, leading to increased cellular damage at suboptimum temperatures. Thus, negative consequences of elevated temperature for organisms may be amplified by changes in behaviour (compromising food acquisition) and non-consumptive predator effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krzyżyńska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Klimiuk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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14
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Jermacz Ł, Nowakowska A, Kletkiewicz H, Kobak J. Experimental evidence for the adaptive response of aquatic invertebrates to chronic predation risk. Oecologia 2020; 192:341-350. [PMID: 31919694 PMCID: PMC7002334 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As acute stress induced by predation risk can generate significant oxidative damage, prey organisms are forced to balance their defence reaction and the cost of activating the cellular defence system. Stress tolerance differs significantly among species; therefore predator pressure indirectly shapes the community structure. To test adaptation abilities of amphipod crustaceans (Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii) we exposed them to acute (35 min.) and chronic (1 or 7 days) predation risk (the Eurasian perch). We measured respiration (related to metabolic rate), cellular defence systems (antioxidant enzyme (catalase) activity and heat shock protein (Hsp70) concentration), and the level of oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration). Both amphipods increased their respiration rate in the presence of predation cues, irrespective of the duration of their pre-exposure to danger. This increase in D. villosus was initiated more quickly (immediately vs. after 10 min. of the test) and lasted for a longer time (20 vs. 10 min.) than in G. jazdzewskii. However, only G. jazdzewskii after a short exposure to predation risk exhibited an increase in its catalase activity, Hsp70 concentration and oxidative damage. No changes in these parameters were exhibited by D. villosus or after a chronic exposure of G. jazdzewskii to predation cues. Our results show that prey organisms are able to reconfigure their physiology to maintain increased metabolic rate under prolonged predator pressure and, at the same time, reduce oxidative damage as well as costs related to anti-oxidant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland. .,Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Anna Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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15
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Czarnecka M, Kakareko T, Jermacz Ł, Pawlak R, Kobak J. Combined effects of nocturnal exposure to artificial light and habitat complexity on fish foraging. Sci Total Environ 2019; 684:14-22. [PMID: 31150872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of artificial light, freshwater ecosystems in urban areas at night are often subjected to light of intensities exceeding that of the moonlight. Nocturnal dim light could modify fish behaviour and benefit visual predators because of enhanced foraging success compared to dark nights. However, effects of nocturnal light could be mitigated by the presence of structured habitats providing refuges for prey. We tested in laboratory experiments whether nocturnal light of low intensity (2 lx) increases foraging efficiency of the Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) on invertebrate prey (Gammarus fossarum). The tests were conducted at dusk and night under two light regimes: natural cycle with dark nights and disturbed cycle with artificially illuminated nights, in habitats differing in structural complexity: sand and woody debris. We found that nocturnal illumination significantly enhanced the consumption of gammarids by fish compared to dark nights. In addition, the perch was as effective predator in illuminated nights (2 lx) as at dusk (10 lx). Woody debris provided an effective refuge only in combination with undisturbed darkness, but not in illuminated nights. Our results suggest that nocturnal illumination in aquatic ecosystems may contribute to significant reductions in invertebrate population sizes through fish predation. The loss of darkness reduces the possibility of using shelters by invertebrates and hence the effects of elevated light levels at night could not be mitigated by an increased habitat complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czarnecka
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kakareko
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Roman Pawlak
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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16
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Ożgo M, Cameron RAD, Horsák M, Pokryszko B, Chudaś M, Cichy A, Kaczmarek S, Kobak J, Marzec M, Mierzwa-Szymkowiak D, Parzonko D, Pyka G, Rosin Z, Skawina A, Soroka M, Sulikowska-Drozd A, Surowiec T, Szymanek M, Templin J, Urbańska M, Zając K, Zielska J, Żbikowska E, Żołądek J. Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Poland: patterns of variation in a range-expanding species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Ożgo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ossolinskich, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert A D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Michal Horsák
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská, Brno, Czechia
| | - Beata Pokryszko
- Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, Sienkiewicza, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chudaś
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ossolinskich, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Cichy
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kaczmarek
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ossolinskich, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | | | - Dariusz Parzonko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Zuzanna Rosin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Skawina
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marianna Soroka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Sulikowska-Drozd
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Surowiec
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ossolinskich, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Szymanek
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Julita Templin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Maria Urbańska
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamila Zając
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Zielska
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Żołądek
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Ossolinskich, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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17
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Ragunathan G, Kobak J, Gillard G, Pacuski W, Sobczak K, Borysiuk J, Skolnick MS, Chekhovich EA. Direct Measurement of Hyperfine Shifts and Radio Frequency Manipulation of Nuclear Spins in Individual CdTe/ZnTe Quantum Dots. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:096801. [PMID: 30932537 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.096801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We achieve direct detection of electron hyperfine shifts in individual CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots. For the previously inaccessible regime of strong magnetic fields B_{z}≳0.1 T, we demonstrate robust polarization of a few-hundred-particle nuclear spin bath, with an optical initialization time of ∼1 ms and polarization lifetime exceeding ∼1 s. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of individual dots reveals strong electron-nuclear interactions characterized by Knight fields |B_{e}|≳50 mT, an order of magnitude stronger than in III-V semiconductor quantum dots. Our studies confirm II-VI semiconductor quantum dots as a promising platform for hybrid electron-nuclear spin qubit registers, combining the excellent optical properties comparable to III-V dots and the dilute nuclear spin environment similar to group-IV semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ragunathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - J Kobak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Gillard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - W Pacuski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Sobczak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Borysiuk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E A Chekhovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
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18
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Jermacz Ł, Kobak J. The Braveheart amphipod: a review of responses of invasive Dikerogammarus villosus to predation signals. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5311. [PMID: 30083455 PMCID: PMC6076984 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator pressure is a fundamental force driving changes at all levels of the community structure. It may protect native ecosystems from alien species. Therefore, resistance to diverse predators resulting from a universal anti-predator strategy seems crucial for invasion success. We present a comprehensive review of the responses of an invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus to sympatric and allopatric predator signals. We summarize diverse aspects of the gammarid anti-predator strategy, including predator identification, morphological and behavioural adaptations, effectiveness of shelter use and resistance to indirect predator effects. The response of D. villosus is independent of predator species (including totally allopatric taxa), which assures the high flexibility of its predator recognition system. It has a harder exoskeleton and better capability of utilizing shelters compared to other gammarids, resulting in relatively high resistance to predators. Therefore, it can use predator kairomones as indirect food signals (sharing the diet with the predator) and follow the predator scent. This resistance may allow D. villosus to reduce the costs of its physiological responses to predators and sustain growth in their presence. This might facilitate invasion success by increasing its competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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19
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Rachalewski M, Kobak J, Szczerkowska-Majchrzak E, Bącela-Spychalska K. Some like it hot: factors impacting thermal preferences of two Ponto-Caspian amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus (Sovinsky, 1894) and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald, 1841). PeerJ 2018; 6:e4871. [PMID: 29868278 PMCID: PMC5985147 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a crucial factor determining biology and ecology of poikilothermic animals. It often constitutes an important barrier for invasive species originating from different climate zones but, on the other hand, may facilitate the invasion process of animals with wide thermal preferences and high resistance to extreme temperatures. In our experimental study, we investigated the thermal behaviour of two Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustaceans-Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes. Both species are known to live under a wide range of thermal conditions which may promote their invasion. Moreover, both these amphipods are hosts for microsporidian parasites which co-evolved with them within the Ponto-Caspian region and spread in European waters. As the presence of a parasite may influence the thermal preferences of its host, we expected to observe behavioural changes in infected individuals of the studied amphipods leading to (1) behavioural fever (selecting a warmer habitat) or (2) anapyrexia (selecting a colder habitat). The experiment (N = 20) was carried out for 30 min in a 100 cm. 20 cm from boths sides were not avaliable for amphipods long thermal gradient (0-40 °C), using 30 randomly selected adult amphipod individuals of one species. At the end of each trial, we checked the position of amphipods along the gradient and determined their sex and infection status (uninfected or infected by one of microsporidium species). D. villosus was infected with Cucumispora dikerogammari whereas D. haemobaphes was a host for C. dikerogammari, Dictyocoela muelleri or D. berillonum. Thermal preferences of amphipods depended on their species and sex. Females of D. villosus preferred warmer microhabitats (often much above 30 °C) than conspecific males and females of D. haemobaphes, whereas no significant differences were found among males of both species and both sexes of D. haemobaphes. Moreover, infected males of D. villosus stayed in warmer water more often than uninfected males of this species, selecting temperatures higher than 30 °C, which may be explained either as a behavioural fever constituting a defence mechanism of a host against the infection, or as a parasite manipulation of the host behaviour increasing the parasite fitness. On the other hand, none of the parasite species affected the thermal preferences of D. haemobaphes, including also C. dikerogammari, changing the behaviour of D. villosus. Our research presents the complexity of the thermal behaviour of studied amphipods and the evidence that microsporidia may trigger a change in temperature preferendum of their host species and those observations may be the result of different host-parasite coevolution time which may vary for the two host species (Poulin, 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rachalewski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Torun, Poland
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20
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Rosin ZM, Kwieciński Z, Lesicki A, Skórka P, Kobak J, Szymańska A, Osiejuk TS, Kałuski T, Jaskulska M, Tryjanowski P. Shell colour, temperature, (micro)habitat structure and predator pressure affect the behaviour of Cepaea nemoralis. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:35. [PMID: 29744635 PMCID: PMC5942350 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although shell colour polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis is a well-known phenomenon, proximate and ultimate factors driving its evolution remain uncertain. Polymorphic species show variation in behavioural responses to selective forces. Therefore, we estimated effects of various environmental factors (temperature, humidity, food availability, (micro)habitat structure and predatory pressure) on behavioural response (frequency of locomotion, climbing and hiding) of C. nemoralis morphs, in experimental and natural conditions. In the experimental part of study, the frequency of locomotion was negatively affected by temperature and the presence of food and positively influenced by the presence of light. Morphs significantly differed in behavioural responses to environmental variability. Pink mid-banded and yellow five-banded morphs climbed less often and hide in shelter more often than yellow and pink unbanded individuals when temperature was low and food was absent. Snails fed most often at moderate temperature compared to low and high temperatures. Field investigations partially confirmed differences among morphs in frequency of climbing, but not in terms of probability of hiding in sheltered sites. In natural colonies, temperature and (micro)habitat structure significantly affected frequency of climbing as well as hiding in shelter. Snails more often hid in sheltered sites where thrushes preyed on Cepaea. Tendency of unbanded morphs to climb trees may have evolved under avian predatory pressure as thrushes forage on a ground. Tendency of banded morphs to hide in sheltered sites may reflect prey preferences for cryptic background. The results implicate that differential behaviour of C. nemoralis morphs compensate for their morphological and physiological limitations of adaptation to habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Rosin
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Se, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zbigniew Kwieciński
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lesicki
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Skórka
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Szymańska
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz S Osiejuk
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kałuski
- Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Research Centre of Quarantine, Invasive and Genetically Modified Organisms, Wl. Wegorka 20, 60-318, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Jaskulska
- Department of Entomology, Animal Pests & Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Wladyslawa Wegorka 20, 60-318, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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21
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Napiórkowska T, Kobak J. The allometry of the arcuate body in the postembryonic development of the giant house spider Eratigena atrica. Invert Neurosci 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29525854 PMCID: PMC5845603 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-018-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain of arachnids contains a special neuropil area called the arcuate body (AB), whose function has been widely discussed. Its growth and proportion in the brain volume during postembryogenesis have been investigated only in several spider species. Our allometric study is aimed at determining to what extent the development of the AB in Eratigena atrica, a spider with unique biology and behaviour, is similar to the development of this body in other species. We put forward a hypothesis of allometric growth of this body in relation to the volume of the central nervous system (CNS) and its neuropil as well as in relation to the volume of the brain and its neuropil. The analysis of paraffin embedded, H + E stained histological preparations confirmed our hypothesis. The AB developed more slowly than the CNS and the neuropil of both the brain and the CNS. In contrast, it exhibited positive allometry in relation to the volume of the brain. This body increased more than nine times within the postembryonic development. Its proportion in the brain volume varied; the lowest was recorded in larvae and nymphs I; then, it increased in nymphs VI and decreased to 2.93% in nymphs X. We conclude that in Eratigena atrica, the AB develops differently that in orb-weaver and wandering spiders. There is no universal model of the AB development, although in adult spiders, regardless of their behaviour, the proportion of this area in the brain volume is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Napiórkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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22
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Napiórkowska T, Kobak J, Napiórkowski P, Templin J. The effect of temperature and light on embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis of the spider Eratigena atrica (Araneae, Agelenidae). J Therm Biol 2017; 72:26-32. [PMID: 29496011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis of spiders depend on several environmental factors including light and temperature. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of different thermal and lighting conditions on embryonic and early post-embryonic development of Eratigena atrica. Embryos, larvae, nymphs I and II were incubated at constant temperatures of 12, 22, 25 and 32°C under three different light regimes: light, dark, light/dark. Extreme temperatures (12 and 32°C) significantly increased mortality of embryos (to 100%) and nymphs II, whereas larvae and nymphs I suffered reduced survival only at the lowest temperature. Moreover, the lowest temperature reduced the development rate of all stages. The impact of light conditions was less pronounced and more variable: constant light reduced the survival of nymphs I at lower temperatures, but increased that of larvae. Moreover, light increased the time of embryonic development and duration of nymphal stages, particularly at lower temperatures (12-22°C). Thus, the most optimal locations for spiders seem to be dark (though except larval stage) and warm (25°C) sites, where their development is fastest and mortality lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Napiórkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Paweł Napiórkowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Julita Templin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń 87-100, Poland
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Napiórkowska T, Kobak J. The allometry of the central nervous system during the postembryonic development of the spider Eratigena atrica. Arthropod Struct Dev 2017; 46:805-814. [PMID: 28864302 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During ontogenesis, the size of a spider body, tissues and organs increases dramatically. The aim of the study was to estimate changes in the central nervous system of postembryonic stages of Eratigena atrica and compare them with the literature data on species differing in behavioural traits. Allometric analysis involved evaluation of histological slides embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The reduced major axis regression (RMA) was applied to find allometric relationships between the volumes of the particular parts of the body. All the measured parts of the central nervous system (CNS) were negatively allometrically related to the volume of the prosoma, showing that the increment of the CNS was lower than that of the entire body. The growth of the brain was negatively allometrically related to the growth of the CNS but the increment of the subesophageal ganglion was greater than that of the CNS, exhibiting a positive allometry. Within both these structures, the increase in neuropil volume was greater than the growth of the cortex (cell body rind). Thus, in postembryonic development, the share of the subesophageal ganglion and neuropil in the total volume of the CNS increased, whereas that of the brain and cortex decreased. The mode of the CNS development in E. atrica is similar to that observed in other arthropods, including Argiope aurantia, a spider of different ecology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Napiórkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Lwowska 1, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Lwowska 1, Poland.
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Jermacz Ł, Andrzejczak J, Arczyńska E, Zielska J, Kobak J. An enemy of your enemy is your friend: Impact of predators on aggregation behavior of gammarids. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Jagoda Andrzejczak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Emilia Arczyńska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Joanna Zielska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
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Dzierżyńska-BiaŁończyk A, Skrzypczak A, Kobak J. Happy together? Avoidance of conspecifics by gregarious mussels. Curr Zool 2017; 64:53-61. [PMID: 29492038 PMCID: PMC5809031 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha is a Ponto-Caspian species invasive in Europe and North America, with great environmental impact. It lives byssally attached to hard substrata in large aggregations, which is often explained by its preferences for conspecifics, though direct evidence for such preferences has been rather limited so far. We studied the reactions of zebra mussels to conspecifics, hypothesizing that they may either be attracted to one another or form aggregations only in the absence of alternative attachment sites. In Experiment 1, we tested mussel tendency to detach from existing druses depending on druse size (2-25 individuals) and substratum type (soft: sand; hard: glass). Mussels detached significantly more often on the hard substratum and from larger druses compared to soft substratum and smaller druses, respectively. This indicates that mussels tended to avoid conspecifics at high density, particularly when alternative substratum was available. In Experiment 2, we tested the responses of single mussels to distant (3 or 15 cm) conspecifics (0, 3, 15 individuals per 2.5 l tank) on the sandy substratum. The presence of conspecifics, regardless of their distance and density, resulted in single unattached mussels staying more often in their initial positions. Mussels did not move preferentially towards or away from the conspecifics. Thus, even on unsuitable substratum mussels were not attracted by conspecifics and probably exhibited an avoidance reaction by reducing their movement. This suggests that dense mussel aggregations are formed due to the lack of available alternative attachment sites rather than due to their preferences for conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dzierżyńska-BiaŁończyk
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
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26
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Kobak J, Poznańska M, Jermacz Ł, Kakareko T, Prądzynski D, Łodygowska M, Montowska K, Bącela-Spychalska K. Zebra mussel beds: an effective feeding ground for Ponto-Caspian gobies or suitable shelter for their prey? PeerJ 2016; 4:e2672. [PMID: 27896025 PMCID: PMC5119280 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregations of the Ponto-Caspian invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) constitute a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates, considerably increasing their abundance and providing effective antipredator protection. Thus, the overall effect of a mussel bed on particular predator species may vary from positive to negative, depending on both prey density increase and predator ability to prey in a structurally complex habitat. Alien Ponto-Caspian goby fish are likely to be facilitated when introduced into new areas by zebra mussels, provided that they are capable of utilizing mussel beds as habitat and feeding grounds. We ran laboratory experiments to find which prey (chironomid larvae) densities (from ca. 500 to 2,000 individuals m−2) in a mussel bed make it a more beneficial feeding ground for the racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus (RG) and western tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris (WTG) compared to sandy and stone substrata (containing the basic prey density of 500 ind. m−2). Moreover, we checked how food availability affects habitat selection by fish. Mussel beds became more suitable for fish than alternative mineral substrata when food abundance was at least two times higher (1,000 vs. 500 ind. m−2), regardless of fish size and species. WTG was associated with mussel beds regardless of its size and prey density, whereas RG switched to this habitat when it became a better feeding ground than alternative substrata. Larger RG exhibited a stronger affinity for mussels than small individuals. WTG fed more efficiently from a mussel bed at high food abundances than RG. A literature review has shown that increasing chironomid density, which in our study was sufficient to make a mussel habitat an attractive feeding ground for the gobies, is commonly observed in mussel beds in the field. Therefore, we conclude that zebra mussels may positively affect the alien goby species and are likely to facilitate their establishment in novel areas, contributing to an invasional meltdown in the Ponto-Caspian invasive community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poznańska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Łukasz Jermacz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Tomasz Kakareko
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Daniel Prądzynski
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Łodygowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Karolina Montowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Karolina Bącela-Spychalska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Rutkowska D, Pawłowska K, Witkowska L, Poznańska M. Impact of predators and competitors on the depth selection by two invasive gammarids. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - Ł. Jermacz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - D. Rutkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - K. Pawłowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - L. Witkowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
| | - M. Poznańska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland
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Kobak J, Smoleński T, Goryca M, Rousset JG, Pacuski W, Bogucki A, Oreszczuk K, Kossacki P, Nawrocki M, Golnik A, Płachta J, Wojnar P, Kruse C, Hommel D, Potemski M, Kazimierczuk T. Comparison of magneto-optical properties of various excitonic complexes in CdTe and CdSe self-assembled quantum dots. J Phys Condens Matter 2016; 28:265302. [PMID: 27173643 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/26/265302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a comparative study of two self-assembled quantum dot (QD) systems based on II-VI compounds: CdTe/ZnTe and CdSe/ZnSe. Using magneto-optical techniques we investigated a large population of individual QDs. The systematic photoluminescence studies of emission lines related to the recombination of neutral exciton X, biexciton XX, and singly charged excitons (X(+), X(-)) allowed us to determine average parameters describing CdTe QDs (CdSe QDs): X-XX transition energy difference 12 meV (24 meV); fine-structure splitting δ1=0.14 meV (δ1=0.47 meV); g-factor g = 2.12 (g = 1.71); diamagnetic shift γ=2.5 μeV T(-2) (γ =1.3 μeV T(-2)). We find also statistically significant correlations between various parameters describing internal structure of excitonic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kobak
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Adamiak‐Brud Ż, Bielecki A, Kobak J, Jabłońska‐Barna I. Rate of short‐term colonization and distribution of leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) on artificial substrates. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ż. Adamiak‐Brud
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Biology University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Bielecki
- Department of Zoology Faculty of Biology University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń Poland
| | - I. Jabłońska‐Barna
- Department of Applied Ecology Faculty of Environmental Sciences University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn Poland
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30
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Smoleński T, Kazimierczuk T, Kobak J, Goryca M, Golnik A, Kossacki P, Pacuski W. Magnetic ground state of an individual Fe(2+) ion in strained semiconductor nanostructure. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10484. [PMID: 26818580 PMCID: PMC4738340 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single impurities with nonzero spin and multiple ground states offer a degree of freedom that can be utilized to store the quantum information. However, Fe(2+) dopant is known for having a single nondegenerate ground state in the bulk host semiconductors and thus is of little use for spintronic applications. Here we show that the well-established picture of Fe(2+) spin configuration can be modified by subjecting the Fe(2+) ion to high strain, for example, produced by lattice mismatched epitaxial nanostructures. Our analysis reveals that high strain induces qualitative change in the ion energy spectrum and results in nearly doubly degenerate ground state with spin projection Sz= ± 2. We provide an experimental proof of this concept using a new system: a strained epitaxial quantum dot containing individual Fe(2+) ion. Magnetic character of the Fe(2+) ground state in a CdSe/ZnSe dot is revealed in photoluminescence experiments by exploiting a coupling between a confined exciton and the single-iron impurity. We also demonstrate that the Fe(2+) spin can be oriented by spin-polarized excitons, which opens a possibility of using it as an optically controllable two-level system free of nuclear spin fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Smoleński
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T. Kazimierczuk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Kobak
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Goryca
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Golnik
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P. Kossacki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - W. Pacuski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kobak
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - Ł. Jermacz
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
| | - A. Dzierżyńska-Białończyk
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Toruń Poland
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32
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Kobak J, Smoleński T, Goryca M, Papaj M, Gietka K, Bogucki A, Koperski M, Rousset JG, Suffczyński J, Janik E, Nawrocki M, Golnik A, Kossacki P, Pacuski W. Designing quantum dots for solotronics. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3191. [PMID: 24463946 PMCID: PMC3916836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Solotronics, optoelectronics based on solitary dopants, is an emerging field of research and technology reaching the ultimate limit of miniaturization. It aims at exploiting quantum properties of individual ions or defects embedded in a semiconductor matrix. It has already been shown that optical control of a magnetic ion spin is feasible using the carriers confined in a quantum dot. However, a serious obstacle was the quenching of the exciton luminescence by magnetic impurities. Here we show, by photoluminescence studies on thus-far-unexplored individual CdTe dots with a single cobalt ion and CdSe dots with a single manganese ion, that even if energetically allowed, nonradiative exciton recombination through single-magnetic-ion intra-ionic transitions is negligible in such zero-dimensional structures. This opens solotronics for a wide range of as yet unconsidered systems. On the basis of results of our single-spin relaxation experiments and on the material trends, we identify optimal magnetic-ion quantum dot systems for implementation of a single-ion-based spin memory. Single-atom dopants embedded in a semiconductor matrix are of potential use for optical, spintronics as well as information storage applications. Here, Kobak et al. realize CdTe and CdSe quantum dots with single cobalt and manganese ions and show how the quantum dot design influences single-spin relaxation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kobak
- 1] Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland [2]
| | - T Smoleński
- 1] Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland [2]
| | - M Goryca
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - M Papaj
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - K Gietka
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - A Bogucki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - M Koperski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - J-G Rousset
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - J Suffczyński
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - E Janik
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - M Nawrocki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - A Golnik
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - P Kossacki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
| | - W Pacuski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, Warsaw 00-681, Poland
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33
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Jermacz U, Dzierzy ska A, Kakareko T, Pozna ska M, Kobak J. The art of choice: predation risk changes interspecific competition between freshwater amphipods. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wołczuk K, Kobak J. Post-natal growth of the gastrointestinal tract of the Siberian hamster: morphometric analysis. Anat Histol Embryol 2013; 43:453-67. [PMID: 24261618 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Post-natal growth of the gastrointestinal tract of the Siberian hamster was studied in newborn and 3-, 7-, 14-, 21-, 42- and 90-day-old animals. Morphometric measurements and calculations were carried out: length and internal surface of gastrointestinal tract segments, size (height, width, surface) and density of villi as well as allometric growth rate of the length and internal surface of the segments with respect to the body mass. The fastest growth rate of the gastrointestinal tract segments was noticed during the first 3 days of the post-natal life. Nevertheless, significant regional differences in their growth rate were found. The increase in the length and internal surface of the large intestine was fastest, while the smallest increase was observed in the oesophagus. All segments of the gastrointestinal tract except oesophagus exhibited a positive allometric relationship to the body mass from birth till final weaning, whereas during the post-weaning period, the increase was isometric. Thus, at birth, the gastrointestinal tract segments were relatively smaller compared with those observed in adults, but then, the gastrointestinal tract grew faster than the rest of the body and reached its adult proportions just before the transition to solid food. Most probably, reaching the adult structure of the gastrointestinal tract before the final weaning is an essential condition for the proper growth of an organism after the weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wołczuk
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology of Vertebrates, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, Poland
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36
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Rosin ZM, Kobak J, Lesicki A, Tryjanowski P. Differential shell strength of Cepaea nemoralis colour morphs--implications for their anti-predator defence. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:843-51. [PMID: 23921905 PMCID: PMC3753478 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most spectacular evolutionary forces is predation, evidenced to stimulate polymorphism in many prey species. Shell colour polymorphism of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis is a well-known model in evolutionary research. Nevertheless, the knowledge on the ecological causes driving its evolution remains incomplete and proximal factors shaping predatory pressure on C. nemoralis morphs are unknown. We evaluated shell crushing resistance and thickness, constituting crucial snail anti-predator defences in two shell areas (the apex and labium) of eight C. nemoralis morphotypes differing in shell colour and banding pattern. A GLM showed a significant effect of shell colour, banding pattern and shell thickness on shell strength. Pink shells were stronger than yellow ones, and banded forms had stronger shells than unbanded snails. The labium (usually attacked by mice) was generally thicker and more resistant than the apex (usually crushed by birds). Thicker shells were more resistant to crushing, and the rate of shell strength increase per unit of shell thickness was greater in pink and banded individuals compared to yellow and unbanded ones. Yellow and unbanded morphs have been found to be preferred by mice in the previous studies, which suggests that shell strength may be an important trait used in prey selection by these shell-crushing predators. The differences in potential anti-predator defences among snail morphs, found in the present study, justify future research on direct effect of C. nemoralis morphs shell strength on predator selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Rosin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Kakareko T, Kobak J, Grabowska J, Jermacz Ł, Przybylski M, Poznańska M, Pietraszewski D, Copp GH. Competitive interactions for food resources between invasive racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus and native European bullhead Cottus gobio. Biol Invasions 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-013-0470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wołczuk K, Wilczyńska B, Jaroszewska M, Kobak J. Morphometric characteristics of the small and large intestines of Mus musculus during postnatal development. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2011; 70:252-259. [PMID: 22117242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the size of the small and large intestine in postnatal development of Mus musculus mice. The gut was obtained from 2-, 4-, 6-, and 12-week-old animals. The morphometric analysis was performed at microscopic level. Measurements and calculations included dimensions of villi (height, diameter) and their number per 1 mm(2) surface area in the proximal, middle, and distal section of the small intestine, as well as the length and surface area (external and internal) of the small and large intestines. To find the allometric relationship between the size of the small and large intestines and body mass, reduced major axis regression was applied. The length and surface area of both intestinal segments gradually increased with age. The increase in the internal surface area of the small intestine was the result of lengthening of the intestine and increasing diameter of the villi in its proximal and middle sections. No increase in villus height during the studied period was detected. A marked increase in the size of the intestinal segments was observed between the 2(nd) and 4(th) weeks of life, when the length doubled and the surface area tripled in size. Allometric analysis revealed that the increase in length and internal surface area of the small and large intestines was more rapid than the body mass increase during the weaning period, while it was not different from isometry after the weaning. In conclusion, the greatest changes in the structure and size of the small and large intestines of mice occurred in the weaning period. During this period these two segments of intestine grew faster than the rest of the body and reached adult proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wołczuk
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology of Vertebrates, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Corpenicus University, Torun, Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - T. Kakareko
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - M. Poznańska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - J. Żbikowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Żbikowski J, Kakareko T, Poznańska M, Kobak J. Malacofauna of two hydrologically different habitats in the near-shore zone of the Włocławek Dam Reservoir (Vistula River, Poland). Folia Malac 2009. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.015.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zbikowska E, Kobak J, Zbikowski J, Kaklewski J. Infestation of Lymnaea stagnalis by digenean flukes in the Jeziorak Lake. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:434-9. [PMID: 16596414 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The low number of articles on naturally trematode-infected snails results from the difficulty to obtain the quantitatively representative material. The main aim of our study was to check which age (size) groups of snails are the most susceptible to trematode invasion. Furthermore, we examined in which season the parasite prevalence is the highest. We collected Lymnaea stagnalis individuals in a nearshore zone of the Jeziorak Lake (the longest Polish lake located in northern Poland). The shell height of the snails was measured and the infestation by trematode larvae was determined. The logistic regression has shown that parasite prevalence increased significantly with the snail size (with the individuals >30 mm being the most infected), the distance from the beginning of the year (i.e., month) and the vicinity of summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Zbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100, Torun, Poland.
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Abstract
The effects of several factors (shell length, exposure time, substratum orientation in space, illumination, temperature, conspecifics) upon the attachment strength (measured with a digital dynamometer) of the freshwater, gregarious bivalve Dreissena polymorpha were studied under laboratory conditions. A rapid increase in attachment strength was observed on resocart (a thermosetting polymer based on phenol-formaldehyde resin, with paper as filler) substrata during the first 4-d exposure, after which it stabilised at ca 1 N. The attachment strength increased also with mussel size. Mussel adhesion on variously oriented surfaces (vertical, upper horizontal and lower horizontal) was similar. Illumination inhibited attachment strength, as expected for a photophobic species, but only after a 2-d exposure. After 6 d, no effects of light were detected. Thus, illumination seemed to influence the attachment rate, rather than the final strength. The optimum temperature for mussel attachment was 20- 25 degrees C. At lower and higher temperatures (5-15 degrees C and 30 degrees C), their adhesion strength decreased. The presence of conspecifics stimulated mussel attachment strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Kobak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
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Kobak J, Kłosowska-Mikułan E, Wiśniewski R. Impact of copper substrate on survival, mobility and attachment strength of adult Dreissena polymorpha (Pall.). Folia Malac 2002. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.010.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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