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Finucci B, Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Matsushiba JH, Faure-Beaulieu N, Sherman CS, VanderWright WJ, Jabado RW, Charvet P, Mejía-Falla PA, Navia AF, Derrick DH, Kyne PM, Pollom RA, Walls RHL, Herman KB, Kinattumkara B, Cotton CF, Cuevas JM, Daley RK, Dharmadi, Ebert DA, Fernando D, Fernando SMC, Francis MP, Huveneers C, Ishihara H, Kulka DW, Leslie RW, Neat F, Orlov AM, Rincon G, Sant GJ, Volvenko IV, Walker TI, Simpfendorfer CA, Dulvy NK. Fishing for oil and meat drives irreversible defaunation of deepwater sharks and rays. Science 2024; 383:1135-1141. [PMID: 38452078 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The deep ocean is the last natural biodiversity refuge from the reach of human activities. Deepwater sharks and rays are among the most sensitive marine vertebrates to overexploitation. One-third of threatened deepwater sharks are targeted, and half the species targeted for the international liver-oil trade are threatened with extinction. Steep population declines cannot be easily reversed owing to long generation lengths, low recovery potentials, and the near absence of management. Depth and spatial limits to fishing activity could improve conservation when implemented alongside catch regulations, bycatch mitigation, and international trade regulation. Deepwater sharks and rays require immediate trade and fishing regulations to prevent irreversible defaunation and promote recovery of this threatened megafauna group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra L Rigby
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jay H Matsushiba
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nina Faure-Beaulieu
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Wildlands Conservation Trust, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C Samantha Sherman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wade J VanderWright
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rima W Jabado
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Elasmo Project, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patricia Charvet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade (PPGSis), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paola A Mejía-Falla
- Wildlife Conservation Society, WCS Colombia, Cali, Colombia
- Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación y Conservación de Tiburones y Rayas -SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Navia
- Fundación Colombiana para la Investigación y Conservación de Tiburones y Rayas -SQUALUS, Cali, Colombia
| | - Danielle H Derrick
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter M Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Riley A Pollom
- Species Recovery Program, Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel H L Walls
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bineesh Kinattumkara
- Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biology Regional Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Charles F Cotton
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Environmental Science, State University of New York-Cobleskill, Cobleskill, NY, USA
| | - Juan-Martín Cuevas
- Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ross K Daley
- Horizon Consultancy, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dharmadi
- Research Centre for Fisheries Management and Conservation, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Government of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - David A Ebert
- Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, USA
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Malcolm P Francis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Charlie Huveneers
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - David W Kulka
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robin W Leslie
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Sciences, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- MA-RE Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francis Neat
- Global Ocean Institute, World Maritime University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Alexei M Orlov
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Getulio Rincon
- Coordenação do Curso de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Maranhão-UFMA Campus Pinheiro, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Glenn J Sant
- TRAFFIC, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- ANCORS, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Igor V Volvenko
- Pacific Branch of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO), Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Terence I Walker
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Kindsvater HK, Juan‐Jordá M, Dulvy NK, Horswill C, Matthiopoulos J, Mangel M. Size-dependence of food intake and mortality interact with temperature and seasonality to drive diversity in fish life histories. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13646. [PMID: 38333556 PMCID: PMC10848883 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding how growth and reproduction will adapt to changing environmental conditions is a fundamental question in evolutionary ecology, but predicting the responses of specific taxa is challenging. Analyses of the physiological effects of climate change upon life history evolution rarely consider alternative hypothesized mechanisms, such as size-dependent foraging and the risk of predation, simultaneously shaping optimal growth patterns. To test for interactions between these mechanisms, we embedded a state-dependent energetic model in an ecosystem size-spectrum to ask whether prey availability (foraging) and risk of predation experienced by individual fish can explain observed diversity in life histories of fishes. We found that asymptotic growth emerged from size-based foraging and reproductive and mortality patterns in the context of ecosystem food web interactions. While more productive ecosystems led to larger body sizes, the effects of temperature on metabolic costs had only small effects on size. To validate our model, we ran it for abiotic scenarios corresponding to the ecological lifestyles of three tuna species, considering environments that included seasonal variation in temperature. We successfully predicted realistic patterns of growth, reproduction, and mortality of all three tuna species. We found that individuals grew larger when environmental conditions varied seasonally, and spawning was restricted to part of the year (corresponding to their migration from temperate to tropical waters). Growing larger was advantageous because foraging and spawning opportunities were seasonally constrained. This mechanism could explain the evolution of gigantism in temperate tunas. Our approach addresses variation in food availability and individual risk as well as metabolic processes and offers a promising approach to understand fish life-history responses to changing ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K. Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife ConservationVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Maria‐José Juan‐Jordá
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)GipuzkoaSpain
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO‐CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Cat Horswill
- ZSL Institute of ZoologyLondonUK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Marc Mangel
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Department of Applied Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
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Hochkirch A, Bilz M, Ferreira CC, Danielczak A, Allen D, Nieto A, Rondinini C, Harding K, Hilton-Taylor C, Pollock CM, Seddon M, Vié JC, Alexander KN, Beech E, Biscoito M, Braud Y, Burfield IJ, Buzzetti FM, Cálix M, Carpenter KE, Chao NL, Chobanov D, Christenhusz MJM, Collette BB, Comeros-Raynal MT, Cox N, Craig M, Cuttelod A, Darwall WRT, Dodelin B, Dulvy NK, Englefield E, Fay MF, Fettes N, Freyhof J, García S, Criado MG, Harvey M, Hodgetts N, Ieronymidou C, Kalkman VJ, Kell SP, Kemp J, Khela S, Lansdown RV, Lawson JM, Leaman DJ, Brehm JM, Maxted N, Miller RM, Neubert E, Odé B, Pollard D, Pollom R, Pople R, Presa Asensio JJ, Ralph GM, Rankou H, Rivers M, Roberts SPM, Russell B, Sennikov A, Soldati F, Staneva A, Stump E, Symes A, Telnov D, Temple H, Terry A, Timoshyna A, van Swaay C, Väre H, Walls RHL, Willemse L, Wilson B, Window J, Wright EGE, Zuna-Kratky T. A multi-taxon analysis of European Red Lists reveals major threats to biodiversity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293083. [PMID: 37939028 PMCID: PMC10631624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge and minimizing extinction rates is the goal of several multilateral environmental agreements. Policy decisions require comprehensive, spatially explicit information on species' distributions and threats. We present an analysis of the conservation status of 14,669 European terrestrial, freshwater and marine species (ca. 10% of the continental fauna and flora), including all vertebrates and selected groups of invertebrates and plants. Our results reveal that 19% of European species are threatened with extinction, with higher extinction risks for plants (27%) and invertebrates (24%) compared to vertebrates (18%). These numbers exceed recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) assumptions of extinction risk. Changes in agricultural practices and associated habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution and development are major threats to biodiversity. Maintaining and restoring sustainable land and water use practices is crucial to minimize future biodiversity declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochkirch
- Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, Trier, Germany
- IUCN SSC Steering Committee, Caracas, Venezuela
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
| | - Melanie Bilz
- Institute of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- IUCN SSC Freshwater Plant Specialist Group, Stroud, United Kingdom
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catarina C. Ferreira
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
- UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Danielczak
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - David Allen
- IUCN, Biodiversity Assessment and Knowledge Team, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Nieto
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
- IUCN, Species Conservation Action Team, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome; Rome, Italy
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Kate Harding
- IUCN, Biodiversity Assessment and Knowledge Team, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mary Seddon
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee, Trier, Germany
- IUCN SSC Mollusc Specialist Group, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Christophe Vié
- IUCN SSC Steering Committee, Caracas, Venezuela
- Fondation Franklinia, Genève, Switzerland
- IUCN SSC Plant Conservation Committee, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Emily Beech
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Biscoito
- Funchal Natural History Museum, Funchal, Portugal
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yoan Braud
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
| | - Ian J. Burfield
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- IUCN SSC Red List Authority for Birds, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Maria Buzzetti
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
- Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto, Sezione Zoologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Marta Cálix
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
- Rewilding Portugal, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Kent E. Carpenter
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Biological Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | | | - Dragan Chobanov
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Bruce B. Collette
- IUCN Tuna and Billfish Specialist Group, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mia T. Comeros-Raynal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Neil Cox
- IUCN-Conservation International Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Matthew Craig
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Cuttelod
- IUCN Red List Unit, IUCN Global Species Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benoit Dodelin
- IUCN Specialist Adviser on European Saproxylic Beetles, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Eve Englefield
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F. Fay
- IUCN SSC Orchid Specialist Group, Royal Botanic Gardens; Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Fettes
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
- Scott Cawley, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jörg Freyhof
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mariana García Criado
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Harvey
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Biological Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Nick Hodgetts
- European Committee for the Conservation of Bryophytes, Portree, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Shelagh P. Kell
- The University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Kemp
- IUCN European Regional Office, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonia Khela
- IUCN SSC Cave Invertebrate Specialist Group, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julia M. Lawson
- IUCN Red List Unit, IUCN Global Species Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Joana Magos Brehm
- The University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- IUCN SSC Crop Wild Relative Specialist Group, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Maxted
- The University of Birmingham, School of Biosciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Miller
- IUCN Red List Unit, IUCN Global Species Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Baudewijn Odé
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
- FLORON Plant Conservation Netherlands, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David Pollard
- Department of Ichthyology, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
| | - Riley Pollom
- Species Recovery Program, Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rob Pople
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gina M. Ralph
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Biological Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Hassan Rankou
- IUCN SSC Orchid Specialist Group, Royal Botanic Gardens; Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Rivers
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, United Kingdom
- IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart P. M. Roberts
- Department of Agroecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barry Russell
- IUCN Snapper, Seabream and Grunt Specialist Group, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia
| | - Alexander Sennikov
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabien Soldati
- Office National des Forêts, Laboratoire National d’Entomologie Forestière, Quillan, France
| | - Anna Staneva
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Stump
- IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Biological Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Andy Symes
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Telnov
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- Coleopterological Research Center, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Helen Temple
- The Biodiversity Consultancy, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Terry
- Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasiya Timoshyna
- IUCN SSC Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, Ottawa, Canada
- TRAFFIC, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris van Swaay
- Vlinderstichting (Dutch Butterfly Conservation), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henry Väre
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rachel H. L. Walls
- Reef Environmental Education Foundation, Key Largo, FL, United States of America
| | - Luc Willemse
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brett Wilson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Window
- IUCN, Biodiversity Assessment and Knowledge Team, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Zuna-Kratky
- IUCN SSC Grasshopper Specialist Group, Trier, Germany
- Ingenieurbüro für Landschaftsplanung und Landschaftspflege, Vienna, Austria
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Iliou AS, Vanderwright W, Harding L, Jacoby DMP, Payne NL, Dulvy NK. Tail shape and the swimming speed of sharks. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:231127. [PMID: 37830029 PMCID: PMC10565402 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based ecology is a rapidly growing approach for developing insights and predictions for data-poor species. Caudal tail fin shape has the potential to reveal much about the energetics, activity and ecology of fishes and can be rapidly measured from field guides, which is particularly helpful for data-sparse species. One outstanding question is whether swimming speed in sharks is related to two morphological traits: caudal fin aspect ratio (CFAR, height2/tail area) and caudal lobe asymmetry ratio (CLAR). We derived both metrics from the species drawings in Sharks of the world (Ebert et al. 2013 Sharks of the world: a fully illustrated guide) and related fin shape to two published datasets of (1) instantaneous swimming speeds (Jacoby et al. 2015 Biol. Lett. 11, 20150781 (doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0781)) and (2) cruising speeds (Harding et al. 2021 Funct. Ecol. 35, 1951-1959 (doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13869)) for 28 total unique shark species. Both estimates of swimming speed were positively related to CFAR (and weakly negatively to CLAR). Hence, shark species with larger CFAR and more symmetric tails (low CLAR) tended to be faster-moving and have higher average speeds. This relationship demonstrates the opportunity to use tail shape as an easily measured trait to index shark swimming speed to broader trait-based analyses of ecological function and extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Iliou
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Wade Vanderwright
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Lucy Harding
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - David M. P. Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Nicholas L. Payne
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Prinzing TS, Bigman JS, Skelton ZR, Dulvy NK, Wegner NC. The allometric scaling of oxygen supply and demand in the California horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246054. [PMID: 37493039 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The gill surface area of aquatic ectotherms is thought to be closely linked to the ontogenetic scaling of metabolic rate, a relationship that is often used to explain and predict ecological patterns across species. However, there are surprisingly few within-species tests of whether metabolic rate and gill area scale similarly. We examined the relationship between oxygen supply (gill area) and demand (metabolic rate) by making paired estimates of gill area with resting and maximum metabolic rates across ontogeny in the relatively inactive California horn shark, Heterodontus francisci. We found that the allometric slope of resting metabolic rate was 0.966±0.058 (±95% CI), whereas that of maximum metabolic rate was somewhat steeper (1.073±0.040). We also discovered that the scaling of gill area shifted with ontogeny: the allometric slope of gill area was shallower in individuals <0.203 kg in body mass (0.564±0.261), but increased to 1.012±0.113 later in life. This appears to reflect changes in demand for gill-oxygen uptake during egg case development and immediately post hatch, whereas for most of ontogeny, gill area scales in between that of resting and maximum metabolic rate. These relationships differ from predictions of the gill oxygen limitation theory, which argues that the allometric scaling of gill area constrains metabolic processes. Thus, for the California horn shark, metabolic rate does not appear limited by theoretical surface-area-to-volume ratio constraints of gill area. These results highlight the importance of data from paired and size-matched individuals when comparing physiological scaling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S Prinzing
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Jennifer S Bigman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Zachary R Skelton
- Ocean Associates Inc., under contract to Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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6
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Sherman CS, Digel ED, Zubick P, Eged J, Haque AB, Matsushiba JH, Simpfendorfer CA, Sant G, Dulvy NK. High overexploitation risk due to management shortfall in highly traded requiem sharks. Conserv Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Samantha Sherman
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- TRAFFIC International Cambridge UK
| | - Eric D. Digel
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Patrick Zubick
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Jonathan Eged
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Alifa B. Haque
- Nature‐Based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Department of Zoology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Jay H. Matsushiba
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Colin A. Simpfendorfer
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Glenn Sant
- TRAFFIC International Cambridge UK
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Juan-Jordá MJ, Murua H, Arrizabalaga H, Merino G, Pacoureau N, Dulvy NK. Seventy years of tunas, billfishes, and sharks as sentinels of global ocean health. Science 2022; 378:eabj0211. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abj0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fishing activity is closely monitored to an increasing degree, but its effects on biodiversity have not received such attention. Using iconic and well-studied fish species such as tunas, billfishes, and sharks, we calculate a continuous Red List Index of yearly changes in extinction risk over 70 years to track progress toward global sustainability and biodiversity targets. We show that this well-established biodiversity indicator is highly sensitive and responsive to fishing mortality. After ~58 years of increasing risk of extinction, effective fisheries management has shifted the biodiversity loss curve for tunas and billfishes, whereas the curve continues to worsen for sharks, which are highly undermanaged. While populations of highly valuable commercial species are being rebuilt, the next management challenge is to halt and reverse the harm afflicted by these same fisheries to broad oceanic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Juan-Jordá
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Hilario Murua
- International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haritz Arrizabalaga
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Gorka Merino
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA). Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Pardo SA, Dulvy NK. Body mass, temperature, and depth shape the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks and rays. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9441. [PMCID: PMC9618967 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An important challenge in ecology is to understand variation in species' maximum intrinsic rate of population increase, rmax, not least because rmax underpins our understanding of the limits of fishing, recovery potential, and ultimately extinction risk. Across many vertebrate species, terrestrial and aquatic, body mass and environmental temperature are important correlates of rmax. In sharks and rays, specifically, rmax is known to be lower in larger species, but also in deep sea ones. We use an information‐theoretic approach that accounts for phylogenetic relatedness to evaluate the relative importance of body mass, temperature, and depth on rmax. We show that both temperature and depth have separate effects on shark and ray rmax estimates, such that species living in deeper waters have lower rmax. Furthermore, temperature also correlates with changes in the mass scaling coefficient, suggesting that as body size increases, decreases in rmax are much steeper for species in warmer waters. These findings suggest that there are (as‐yet understood) depth‐related processes that limit the maximum rate at which populations can grow in deep‐sea sharks and rays. While the deep ocean is associated with colder temperatures, other factors that are independent of temperature, such as food availability and physiological constraints, may influence the low rmax observed in deep‐sea sharks and rays. Our study lays the foundation for predicting the intrinsic limit of fishing, recovery potential, and extinction risk species based on easily accessible environmental information such as temperature and depth, particularly for data‐poor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A. Pardo
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada,Ecology Action CentreHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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9
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Dulvy NK, Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Pollom RA, Jabado RW, Ebert DA, Finucci B, Pollock CM, Cheok J, Derrick DH, Herman KB, Sherman CS, VanderWright WJ, Lawson JM, Walls RHL, Carlson JK, Charvet P, Bineesh KK, Fernando D, Ralph GM, Matsushiba JH, Hilton-Taylor C, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA. Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5118-5119. [PMID: 34813743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Dulvy NK, Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Pollom RA, Jabado RW, Ebert DA, Finucci B, Pollock CM, Cheok J, Derrick DH, Herman KB, Sherman CS, VanderWright WJ, Lawson JM, Walls RHL, Carlson JK, Charvet P, Bineesh KK, Fernando D, Ralph GM, Matsushiba JH, Hilton-Taylor C, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA. Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4773-4787.e8. [PMID: 34492229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The scale and drivers of marine biodiversity loss are being revealed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment process. We present the first global reassessment of 1,199 species in Class Chondrichthyes-sharks, rays, and chimeras. The first global assessment (in 2014) concluded that one-quarter (24%) of species were threatened. Now, 391 (32.6%) species are threatened with extinction. When this percentage of threat is applied to Data Deficient species, more than one-third (37.5%) of chondrichthyans are estimated to be threatened, with much of this change resulting from new information. Three species are Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), representing possibly the first global marine fish extinctions due to overfishing. Consequently, the chondrichthyan extinction rate is potentially 25 extinctions per million species years, comparable to that of terrestrial vertebrates. Overfishing is the universal threat affecting all 391 threatened species and is the sole threat for 67.3% of species and interacts with three other threats for the remaining third: loss and degradation of habitat (31.2% of threatened species), climate change (10.2%), and pollution (6.9%). Species are disproportionately threatened in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Science-based limits on fishing, effective marine protected areas, and approaches that reduce or eliminate fishing mortality are urgently needed to minimize mortality of threatened species and ensure sustainable catch and trade of others. Immediate action is essential to prevent further extinctions and protect the potential for food security and ecosystem functions provided by this iconic lineage of predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Cassandra L Rigby
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Riley A Pollom
- IUCN SSC Global Center for Species Survival, Indianapolis Zoo, 1200 West Washington Street, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
| | - Rima W Jabado
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Elasmo Project, PO Box 29588, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - David A Ebert
- Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA; South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape 6140, South Africa
| | - Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Caroline M Pollock
- IUCN, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Jessica Cheok
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Danielle H Derrick
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - C Samantha Sherman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Wade J VanderWright
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Julia M Lawson
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA
| | - Rachel H L Walls
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John K Carlson
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center-Panama City Laboratory, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL 32408, USA
| | - Patricia Charvet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Kinattumkara K Bineesh
- Marine Biology Regional Centre, 130 Santhome High Road, Marine Biology Regional Centre, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - Daniel Fernando
- Blue Resources Trust, 86 Barnes Place, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka; Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Gina M Ralph
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jay H Matsushiba
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Craig Hilton-Taylor
- IUCN, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Sonja V Fordham
- Shark Advocates International c/o The Ocean Foundation, 1320 19th Street NW, Fifth Floor, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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11
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Sumaila UR, Skerritt DJ, Schuhbauer A, Villasante S, Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Sinan H, Burnside D, Abdallah PR, Abe K, Addo KA, Adelsheim J, Adewumi IJ, Adeyemo OK, Adger N, Adotey J, Advani S, Afrin Z, Aheto D, Akintola SL, Akpalu W, Alam L, Alava JJ, Allison EH, Amon DJ, Anderies JM, Anderson CM, Andrews E, Angelini R, Anna Z, Antweiler W, Arizi EK, Armitage D, Arthur RI, Asare N, Asche F, Asiedu B, Asuquo F, Badmus L, Bailey M, Ban N, Barbier EB, Barley S, Barnes C, Barrett S, Basurto X, Belhabib D, Bennett E, Bennett NJ, Benzaken D, Blasiak R, Bohorquez JJ, Bordehore C, Bornarel V, Boyd DR, Breitburg D, Brooks C, Brotz L, Campbell D, Cannon S, Cao L, Cardenas Campo JC, Carpenter S, Carpenter G, Carson RT, Carvalho AR, Castrejón M, Caveen AJ, Chabi MN, Chan KMA, Chapin FS, Charles T, Cheung W, Christensen V, Chuku EO, Church T, Clark C, Clarke TM, Cojocaru AL, Copeland B, Crawford B, Crépin AS, Crowder LB, Cury P, Cutting AN, Daily GC, Da-Rocha JM, Das A, de la Puente S, de Zeeuw A, Deikumah SKS, Deith M, Dewitte B, Doubleday N, Duarte CM, Dulvy NK, Eddy T, Efford M, Ehrlich PR, Elsler LG, Fakoya KA, Falaye AE, Fanzo J, Fitzsimmons C, Flaaten O, Florko KRN, Aviles MF, Folke C, Forrest A, Freeman P, Freire KMF, Froese R, Frölicher TL, Gallagher A, Garcon V, Gasalla MA, Gephart JA, Gibbons M, Gillespie K, Giron-Nava A, Gjerde K, Glaser S, Golden C, Gordon L, Govan H, Gryba R, Halpern BS, Hanich Q, Hara M, Harley CDG, Harper S, Harte M, Helm R, Hendrix C, Hicks CC, Hood L, Hoover C, Hopewell K, Horta E Costa BB, Houghton JDR, Iitembu JA, Isaacs M, Isahaku S, Ishimura G, Islam M, Issifu I, Jackson J, Jacquet J, Jensen OP, Ramon JJ, Jin X, Jonah A, Jouffray JB, Juniper SK, Jusoh S, Kadagi I, Kaeriyama M, Kaiser MJ, Kaiser BA, Kakujaha-Matundu O, Karuaihe ST, Karumba M, Kemmerly JD, Khan AS, Kimani P, Kleisner K, Knowlton N, Kotowicz D, Kurien J, Kwong LE, Lade S, Laffoley D, Lam ME, Lam VWL, Lange GM, Latif MT, Le Billon P, Le Brenne V, Le Manach F, Levin SA, Levin L, Limburg KE, List J, Lombard AT, Lopes PFM, Lotze HK, Mallory TG, Mangar RS, Marszalec D, Mattah P, Mayorga J, McAusland C, McCauley DJ, McLean J, McMullen K, Meere F, Mejaes A, Melnychuk M, Mendo J, Micheli F, Millage K, Miller D, Mohamed KS, Mohammed E, Mokhtar M, Morgan L, Muawanah U, Munro GR, Murray G, Mustafa S, Nayak P, Newell D, Nguyen T, Noack F, Nor AM, Nunoo FKE, Obura D, Okey T, Okyere I, Onyango P, Oostdijk M, Orlov P, Österblom H, Owens D, Owens T, Oyinlola M, Pacoureau N, Pakhomov E, Abrantes JP, Pascual U, Paulmier A, Pauly D, Pèlèbè ROE, Peñalosa D, Pennino MG, Peterson G, Pham TTT, Pinkerton E, Polasky S, Polunin NVC, Prah E, Ramírez J, Relano V, Reygondeau G, Robadue D, Roberts C, Rogers A, Roumbedakis K, Sala E, Scheffer M, Segerson K, Seijo JC, Seto KC, Shogren JF, Silver JJ, Singh G, Soszynski A, Splichalova DV, Spring M, Stage J, Stephenson F, Stewart BD, Sultan R, Suttle C, Tagliabue A, Tall A, Talloni-Álvarez N, Tavoni A, Taylor DRF, Teh LSL, Teh LCL, Thiebot JB, Thiele T, Thilsted SH, Thumbadoo RV, Tigchelaar M, Tol RSJ, Tortell P, Troell M, Uzmanoğlu MS, van Putten I, van Santen G, Villaseñor-Derbez JC, Wabnitz CCC, Walsh M, Walsh JP, Wambiji N, Weber EU, Westley F, Williams S, Wisz MS, Worm B, Xiao L, Yagi N, Yamazaki S, Yang H, Zeller D. WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies. Science 2021; 374:544. [PMID: 34709891 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rashid Sumaila
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel J Skerritt
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna Schuhbauer
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sebastian Villasante
- Cross-Research in Environmental Technologies, Department of Applied Economics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | | | - Hussain Sinan
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Duncan Burnside
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrízia Raggi Abdallah
- Instituto de Ciências Econômicas, Administrativas e Contábeis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Keita Abe
- Centre for Applied Research at Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kwasi A Addo
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julia Adelsheim
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ibukun J Adewumi
- Global Ocean Accounts Partnership, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,African Marine Environment Sustainability Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olanike K Adeyemo
- Fish and Wildlife Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Neil Adger
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX44RJ, UK
| | - Joshua Adotey
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sahir Advani
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Dakshin Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Zahidah Afrin
- The World Maritime University-Sasakawa Global Ocean Institute, World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Denis Aheto
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Wisdom Akpalu
- School of Research and Graduate Studies, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Achimota-Accra, Ghana
| | - Lubna Alam
- Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Juan José Alava
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - John M Anderies
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Christopher M Anderson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan Andrews
- Ocean Frontier Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Ronaldo Angelini
- Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, CP 1524, Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Zuzy Anna
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.,SDGs Center, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Werner Antweiler
- Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Evans K Arizi
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Derek Armitage
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Robert I Arthur
- Woodhill Solutions, Glyneath House, Longtown, Herefordshire, UK
| | - Noble Asare
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Frank Asche
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.,Department of Industrial Economics, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Berchie Asiedu
- Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Francis Asuquo
- Department of Oceanography, University of Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Lanre Badmus
- World Aquaculture Society, African Chapter West African Region, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Megan Bailey
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Natalie Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Edward B Barbier
- Department of Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1771, USA
| | - Shanta Barley
- Minderoo Foundation, Broadway Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Colin Barnes
- Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, University of Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | | | - Xavier Basurto
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | | | - Elena Bennett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Nathan J Bennett
- The Peopled Seas Initiative, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,People and the Ocean Specialist Group, Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Benzaken
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Blasiak
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John J Bohorquez
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Cesar Bordehore
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Virginie Bornarel
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David R Boyd
- School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Cassandra Brooks
- Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303-0397, USA
| | - Lucas Brotz
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Donovan Campbell
- Department of Geography and Geology, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Sara Cannon
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ling Cao
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Steve Carpenter
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Richard T Carson
- Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adriana R Carvalho
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Castrejón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alex J Caveen
- Biological and Marine Sciences, Hull University, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - M Nicole Chabi
- Hokkaido University, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kai M A Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - F Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Tony Charles
- School of the Environment, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.,School of Business, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - William Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Villy Christensen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ernest O Chuku
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Trevor Church
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Clark
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tayler M Clarke
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreea L Cojocaru
- Department of Innovation, Management and Marketing, University of Stavanger Business School, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Brian Copeland
- Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Crawford
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Crépin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Larry B Crowder
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Philippe Cury
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Marseille, France
| | - Allison N Cutting
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Natural Capital Project, Biology Department and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jose Maria Da-Rocha
- Economics and Business Administration for Society, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Campus Universitario, 32004 Ourense, Spain.,Facultade de Ciencias Empresariais e Turismo, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas, Campus Universitario, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Abhipsita Das
- Department of Applied Economics, Auburn University, College of Agriculture, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Santiago de la Puente
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Aart de Zeeuw
- Tilburg Sustainability Center and Department of Economics, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Savior K S Deikumah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mairin Deith
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Boris Dewitte
- Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones, Campus Andrés Bello Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Nancy Doubleday
- Faculty of Humanities, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre and Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tyler Eddy
- Fisheries & Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Meaghan Efford
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paul R Ehrlich
- Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura G Elsler
- World Maritime University of the International Maritime Organization, a Specialized Agency of the United Nations, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - A Eyiwunmi Falaye
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Clare Fitzsimmons
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ola Flaaten
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katie R N Florko
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marta Flotats Aviles
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl Folke
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Freeman
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Kátia M F Freire
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rainer Froese
- Geomar-Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas L Frölicher
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Veronique Garcon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria A Gasalla
- University of Sao Paulo, Oceanographic Institute, Fisheries Ecosystems Laboratory, São Paulo, 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Jessica A Gephart
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Mark Gibbons
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Belville, Western Cape, South Africa.,University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kyle Gillespie
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alfredo Giron-Nava
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kristina Gjerde
- IUCN Global Marine and Polar Programme, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sarah Glaser
- Secure Fisheries, a program of One Earth Future foundation, Broomfield, CO 80021, USA
| | - Christopher Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Line Gordon
- Global Resilience Partnership, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugh Govan
- School of Government, Development and International Affairs, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Rowenna Gryba
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA.,National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Quentin Hanich
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mafaniso Hara
- Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Christopher D G Harley
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sarah Harper
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Michael Harte
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Rebecca Helm
- University of North Carolina, Asheville, NC 28804, USA.,Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Cullen Hendrix
- Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.,Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Christina C Hicks
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Lincoln Hood
- Marine Futures Laboratory and Sea Around Us - Indian Ocean, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Carie Hoover
- Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kristen Hopewell
- School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bárbara B Horta E Costa
- Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan D R Houghton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Johannes A Iitembu
- Department of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia, Henties Bay, Namibia
| | - Moenieba Isaacs
- Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sadique Isahaku
- General Education Academic and Career Pathway, Milwaukee Area Technical College, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | | | - Monirul Islam
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Issifu
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Jackson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Olaf P Jensen
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Xue Jin
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Ocean Development Research Institute, Major Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Alberta Jonah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - S Kim Juniper
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Sufian Jusoh
- Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
| | | | - Masahide Kaeriyama
- Hokkaido University, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michel J Kaiser
- The Lyell Centre, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Brooks Alexandra Kaiser
- Department of Sociology, Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern Denmark, Degnevej 14, 6705 Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Selma T Karuaihe
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | | | | | - Ahmed S Khan
- Department of Agriculture and Agro-Industry, Agribusiness Division, African Development Bank, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Patrick Kimani
- Coastal and Marine Resource Development, Bamburi, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | | | - Dawn Kotowicz
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | | | - Lian E Kwong
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven Lade
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dan Laffoley
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, World Commission on Protected Areas, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Mimi E Lam
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vicky W L Lam
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Mohd T Latif
- Department of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Philippe Le Billon
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Simon A Levin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA.,High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lisa Levin
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karin E Limburg
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - John List
- The Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amanda T Lombard
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Priscila F M Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tabitha G Mallory
- China Ocean Institute, Seattle, WA 98122 USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roshni S Mangar
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Marszalec
- Department of Economics and Business, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Precious Mattah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Juan Mayorga
- Environmental Market Solutions Lab, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA.,National Geographic Society, Pristine Seas, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Carol McAusland
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Douglas J McCauley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey McLean
- Global Health Graduate Programs, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karly McMullen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Frank Meere
- Sustainable Fisheries Management, Calwell, ACT 2905, Australia
| | - Annie Mejaes
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael Melnychuk
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jaime Mendo
- Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.,Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Millage
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mazlin Mokhtar
- Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Lance Morgan
- Marine Conservation Institute, Glen Ellen CA 95442, USA
| | - Umi Muawanah
- The Agency for Research and Human Development on Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
| | - Gordon R Munro
- Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grant Murray
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - Saleem Mustafa
- Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Dianne Newell
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tu Nguyen
- Department of Applied Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Frederik Noack
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Adibi M Nor
- International Institute of Public Policy and Management, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Francis K E Nunoo
- Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development - Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa 80101, Kenya
| | - Tom Okey
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Isaac Okyere
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Paul Onyango
- University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Maartje Oostdijk
- World Maritime University of the International Maritime Organization, a Specialized Agency of the United Nations, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Polina Orlov
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Henrik Österblom
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dwight Owens
- Ocean Networks, Canada University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tessa Owens
- School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Mohammed Oyinlola
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Evgeny Pakhomov
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | - Aurélien Paulmier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Pauly
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rodrigue Orobiyi Edéya Pèlèbè
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Benin
| | | | - Maria G Pennino
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Garry Peterson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thuy T T Pham
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Evelyn Pinkerton
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nicholas V C Polunin
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Ekow Prah
- Centre for Coastal Management, Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Veronica Relano
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Don Robadue
- Coastal Resources Center, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Callum Roberts
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Katina Roumbedakis
- Cross-Research in Environmental Technologies, Department of Applied Economics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Enric Sala
- National Geographic, Pristine Seas, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Segerson
- Department of Economics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Seijo
- School of Natural Resources, Universidad Marista de Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Karen C Seto
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jason F Shogren
- Department of Economics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Gerald Singh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Ambre Soszynski
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dacotah-Victoria Splichalova
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jesper Stage
- Department of Social Sciences, Technology and Arts, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Fabrice Stephenson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Bryce D Stewart
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Riad Sultan
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Curtis Suttle
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Amadou Tall
- The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Wuse, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nicolás Talloni-Álvarez
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alessandro Tavoni
- Department of Economics, Universita di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - D R Fraser Taylor
- Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Louise S L Teh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lydia C L Teh
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Torsten Thiele
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Romola V Thumbadoo
- Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Richard S J Tol
- Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9SL, UK.,Institute for Environmental Studies and Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Tortell
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Max Troell
- The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Selçuk Uzmanoğlu
- Department of Fisheries, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ingrid van Putten
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | - Colette C C Wabnitz
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Walsh
- Marine Conservation Finance Consulting and Ocean Finance Initiative, Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - J P Walsh
- Graduate School of Oceanography, The University of Rhode Island, Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Nina Wambiji
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Elke U Weber
- Andlinger Center for Energy and Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | | | - Mary S Wisz
- World Maritime University of the International Maritime Organization, a Specialized Agency of the United Nations, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lan Xiao
- Hokkaido University, Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yagi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Tasmanian School of Business and Economics, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, UK, RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Dirk Zeller
- School of Biological Sciences & Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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12
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Larson S, Lowry D, Dulvy NK, Wharton J, Galván-Magaña F, Sianipar AB, Lowe CG, Meyer E. Current and future considerations for shark conservation in the Northeast and Eastern Central Pacific Ocean. Adv Mar Biol 2021; 90:1-49. [PMID: 34728053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sharks are iconic and ecologically important predators found in every ocean. Because of their ecological role as predators, some considered apex predators, and concern over the stability of their populations due to direct and indirect overfishing, there has been an increasing amount of work focussed on shark conservation, and other elasmobranchs such as skates and rays, around the world. Here we discuss many aspects of current shark science and conservation and the path to the future of shark conservation in the Northeastern and Eastern Central Pacific. We explore their roles in ecosystems as keystone species; the conservation measures and laws in place at the international, national, regional and local level; the conservation status of sharks and rays in the region, fisheries for sharks in the Northcentral Pacific specifically those that target juveniles and the implications to shark conservation; a conservation success story: the recovery of Great White Sharks in the Northeast Pacific; public perceptions of sharks and the roles zoos and aquariums play in shark conservation; and the path to the future of shark conservation that requires bold partnerships, local stakeholders and innovative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Larson
- Seattle Aquarium, Conservation Programs and Partnerships, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Dayv Lowry
- National Marine Fisheries Service, West Coast Region, Protected Resources Division, Lacey, WA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jim Wharton
- Seattle Aquarium, Conservation Engagement and Learning, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico National, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Abraham B Sianipar
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher G Lowe
- California State University Long Beach Shark Lab, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Erin Meyer
- Seattle Aquarium, Conservation Programs and Partnerships, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Wong S, Bigman JS, Yopak KE, Dulvy NK. Gill surface area provides a clue for the respiratory basis of brain size in the blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus). J Fish Biol 2021; 99:990-998. [PMID: 34019307 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brain size varies dramatically, both within and across species, and this variation is often believed to be the result of trade-offs between the cognitive benefits of having a large brain for a given body size and the energetic cost of sustaining neural tissue. One potential consequence of having a large brain is that organisms must also meet the associated high energetic demands. Thus, a key question is whether metabolic rate correlates with brain size. However, using metabolic rate to measure energetic demand yields a relatively instantaneous and dynamic measure of energy turnover, which is incompatible with the longer evolutionary timescale of changes in brain size within and across species. Morphological traits associated with oxygen consumption, specifically gill surface area, have been shown to be correlates of oxygen demand and energy use, and thus may serve as integrated correlates of these processes, allowing us to assess whether evolutionary changes in brain size correlate with changes in longer-term oxygen demand and energy use. We tested how brain size relates to gill surface area in the blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus. First, we examined whether the allometric slope of brain mass (i.e., the rate that brain mass changes with body mass) is lower than the allometric slope of gill surface area across ontogeny. Second, we tested whether gill surface area explains variation in brain mass, after accounting for the effects of body mass on brain mass. We found that brain mass and gill surface area both had positive allometric slopes, with larger individuals having both larger brains and larger gill surface areas compared to smaller individuals. However, the allometric slope of brain mass was lower than the allometric slope of gill surface area, consistent with our prediction that the allometric slope of gill surface area could pose an upper limit to the allometric slope of brain mass. Finally, after accounting for body mass, individuals with larger brains tended to have larger gill surface areas. Together, our results provide clues as to how fishes may evolve and maintain large brains despite their high energetic cost, suggesting that C. limbatus individuals with a large gill surface area for their body mass may be able to support a higher energetic turnover, and, in turn, a larger brain for their body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wong
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Bigman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Shiffman DS, Macdonald CC, Wallace SS, Dulvy NK. The role and value of science in shark conservation advocacy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16626. [PMID: 34404844 PMCID: PMC8370980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of sharks are threatened with extinction, and there has been a longstanding debate in scientific and environmental circles over the most effective and appropriate strategy to conserve and protect them. Should we allow for sustainable fisheries exploitation of species which can withstand fishing pressure, or ban all fisheries for sharks and trade in shark products? In the developing world, exploitation of fisheries resources can be essential to food security and poverty alleviation, and global management efforts are typically focused on sustainably maximizing economic benefits. This approach aligns with traditional fisheries management and the perspectives of most surveyed scientific researchers who study sharks. However, in Europe and North America, sharks are increasingly venerated as wildlife to be preserved irrespective of conservation status, resulting in growing pressure to prohibit exploitation of sharks and trade in shark products. To understand the causes and significance of this divergence in goals, we surveyed 155 shark conservation focused environmental advocates from 78 environmental non-profits, and asked three key questions: (1) where do advocates get scientific information? (2) Does all policy-relevant scientific information reach advocates? and (3) Do advocates work towards the same policy goals identified by scientific researchers? Findings suggest many environmental advocates are aware of key scientific results and use science-based arguments in their advocacy, but a small but vocal subset of advocates report that they never read the scientific literature or speak to scientists. Engagement with science appears to be a key predictor of whether advocates support sustainable management of shark fisheries or bans on shark fishing and trade in shark products. Conservation is a normative discipline, and this analysis more clearly articulates two distinct perspectives in shark conservation. Most advocates support the same evidence-based policies as academic and government scientists, while a smaller percentage are driven more by moral and ethical beliefs and may not find scientific research relevant or persuasive. We also find possible evidence that a small group of non-profits may be misrepresenting the state of the science while claiming to use science-based arguments, a concern that has been raised by surveyed scientists about the environmental community. This analysis suggests possible alternative avenues for engaging diverse stakeholders in productive discussions about shark conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Shiffman
- Earth to Oceans Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada. .,New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ, 85306, USA.
| | - Catherine C Macdonald
- Field School Scientific Consulting, Miami, FL, USA.,Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - S Scott Wallace
- David Suzuki Foundation, 2211 West 4th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V6K 4S2, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Oceans Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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15
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Prinzing TS, Zhang Y, Wegner NC, Dulvy NK. Analytical methods matter too: Establishing a framework for estimating maximum metabolic rate for fishes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9987-10003. [PMID: 34367554 PMCID: PMC8328417 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in experimental design and equipment have simplified the collection of maximum metabolic rate (MMR) data for a more diverse array of water-breathing animals. However, little attention has been given to the consequences of analytical choices in the estimation of MMR. Using different analytical methods can reduce the comparability of MMR estimates across species and studies and has consequences for the burgeoning number of macroecological meta-analyses using metabolic rate data. Two key analytical choices that require standardization are the time interval, or regression window width, over which MMR is estimated, and the method used to locate that regression window within the raw oxygen depletion trace. Here, we consider the effect of both choices by estimating MMR for two shark and two salmonid species of different activity levels using multiple regression window widths and three analytical methods: rolling regression, sequential regression, and segmented regression. Shorter regression windows yielded higher metabolic rate estimates, with a risk that the shortest windows (<1-min) reflect more system noise than MMR signal. Rolling regression was the best candidate model and produced the highest MMR estimates. Sequential regression models consistently produced lower relative estimates than rolling regression models, while the segmented regression model was unable to produce consistent MMR estimates across individuals. The time-point of the MMR regression window along the oxygen consumption trace varied considerably across individuals but not across models. We show that choice of analytical method, in addition to more widely understood experimental choices, profoundly affect the resultant estimates of MMR. We recommend that researchers (1) employ a rolling regression model with a reliable regression window tailored to their experimental system and (2) explicitly report their analytical methods, including publishing raw data and code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S. Prinzing
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Zoology & Faculty of Land and Food SystemsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Nicholas C. Wegner
- Fisheries Resources DivisionSouthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)La JollaCalifornia
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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16
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Walls RHL, Dulvy NK. Tracking the rising extinction risk of sharks and rays in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15397. [PMID: 34321530 PMCID: PMC8319307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of biodiversity is increasingly well understood on land, but trajectories of extinction risk remain largely unknown in the ocean. We present regional Red List Indices (RLIs) to track the extinction risk of 119 Northeast Atlantic and 72 Mediterranean shark and ray species primarily threatened by overfishing. We combine two IUCN workshop assessments from 2003/2005 and 2015 with a retrospective backcast assessment for 1980. We incorporate predicted categorisations for Data Deficient species from our previously published research. The percentage of threatened species rose from 1980 to 2015 from 29 to 41% (Northeast Atlantic) and 47 to 65% (Mediterranean Sea). There are as many threatened sharks and rays in Europe as there are threatened birds, but the threat level is nearly six times greater by percentage (41%, n = 56 of 136 vs. 7%, n = 56 of 792). The Northeast Atlantic RLI declined by 8% from 1980 to 2015, while the higher-risk Mediterranean RLI declined by 13%. Larger-bodied, shallow-distributed, slow-growing species and those with range boundaries within the region are more likely to have worsening status in the Northeast Atlantic. Conversely, long-established, severe threat levels obscure any potential relationships between species' traits and the likelihood of worsening IUCN status in the Mediterranean Sea. These regional RLIs provide the first widespread evidence for increasing trends in regional shark and ray extinction risk and underscore that effective fisheries management is necessary to recover the ecosystem function of these predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H L Walls
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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17
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Abstract
All life acquires energy through metabolic processes and that energy is subsequently allocated to life-sustaining functions such as survival, growth and reproduction. Thus, it has long been assumed that metabolic rate is related to the life history of an organism. Indeed, metabolic rate is commonly believed to set the pace of life by determining where an organism is situated along a fast-slow life-history continuum. However, empirical evidence of a direct interspecific relationship between metabolic rate and life histories is lacking, especially for ectothermic organisms. Here, we ask whether three life-history traits-maximum body mass, generation length and growth performance-explain variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) across fishes. We found that growth performance, which accounts for the trade-off between growth rate and maximum body size, explained variation in RMR, yet maximum body mass and generation length did not. Our results suggest that measures of life history that encompass trade-offs between life-history traits, rather than traits in isolation, explain variation in RMR across fishes. Ultimately, understanding the relationship between metabolic rate and life history is crucial to metabolic ecology and has the potential to improve prediction of the ecological risk of data-poor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wong
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Bigman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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18
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Bigman JS, M'Gonigle LK, Wegner NC, Dulvy NK. Respiratory capacity is twice as important as temperature in explaining patterns of metabolic rate across the vertebrate tree of life. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabe5163. [PMID: 33952516 PMCID: PMC8099188 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rate underlies a wide range of phenomena from cellular dynamics to ecosystem structure and function. Models seeking to statistically explain variation in metabolic rate across vertebrates are largely based on body size and temperature. Unexpectedly, these models overlook variation in the size of gills and lungs that acquire the oxygen needed to fuel aerobic processes. Here, we assess the importance of respiratory surface area in explaining patterns of metabolic rate across the vertebrate tree of life using a novel phylogenetic Bayesian multilevel modeling framework coupled with a species-paired dataset of metabolic rate and respiratory surface area. We reveal that respiratory surface area explains twice as much variation in metabolic rate, compared to temperature, across the vertebrate tree of life. Understanding the combination of oxygen acquisition and transport provides opportunity to understand the evolutionary history of metabolic rate and improve models that quantify the impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Bigman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Fisheries Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada
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19
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Mann ME, Hall LJ, Dulvy NK. Scientific impact in a changing world. Cell 2021; 184:1407-1408. [PMID: 33740445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Measuring scientific success has traditionally involved numbers and statistics. However, due to an increasingly uncertain world, more than ever we need to measure the effect that science has on real-world scenarios. We asked researchers to share their points of view on what scientific impact means to them and how impact matters beyond the numbers.
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20
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Yan HF, Kyne PM, Jabado RW, Leeney RH, Davidson LNK, Derrick DH, Finucci B, Freckleton RP, Fordham SV, Dulvy NK. Overfishing and habitat loss drive range contraction of iconic marine fishes to near extinction. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/7/eabb6026. [PMID: 33568471 PMCID: PMC7875525 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extinctions on land are often inferred from sparse sightings over time, but this technique is ill-suited for wide-ranging species. We develop a space-for-time approach to track the spatial contraction and drivers of decline of sawfishes. These iconic and endangered shark-like rays were once found in warm, coastal waters of 90 nations and are now presumed extinct in more than half (n = 46). Using dynamic geography theory, we predict that sawfishes are gone from at least nine additional nations. Overfishing and habitat loss have reduced spatial occupancy, leading to local extinctions in 55 of the 90 nations, which equates to 58.7% of their historical distribution. Retention bans and habitat protections are urgently necessary to secure a future for sawfishes and similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen F Yan
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Peter M Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0909, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rima W Jabado
- Elasmo Project, P.O. Box 29588, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruth H Leeney
- Ballyhire, Kilrane, Rosslare Harbour, Co. Wexford, Ireland
| | - Lindsay N K Davidson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Danielle H Derrick
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Brittany Finucci
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Pde, Greta Point, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Sonja V Fordham
- Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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21
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Pacoureau N, Rigby CL, Kyne PM, Sherley RB, Winker H, Carlson JK, Fordham SV, Barreto R, Fernando D, Francis MP, Jabado RW, Herman KB, Liu KM, Marshall AD, Pollom RA, Romanov EV, Simpfendorfer CA, Yin JS, Kindsvater HK, Dulvy NK. Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays. Nature 2021; 589:567-571. [PMID: 33505035 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Overfishing is the primary cause of marine defaunation, yet declines in and increasing extinction risks of individual species are difficult to measure, particularly for the largest predators found in the high seas1-3. Here we calculate two well-established indicators to track progress towards Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Sustainable Development Goals4,5: the Living Planet Index (a measure of changes in abundance aggregated from 57 abundance time-series datasets for 18 oceanic shark and ray species) and the Red List Index (a measure of change in extinction risk calculated for all 31 oceanic species of sharks and rays). We find that, since 1970, the global abundance of oceanic sharks and rays has declined by 71% owing to an 18-fold increase in relative fishing pressure. This depletion has increased the global extinction risk to the point at which three-quarters of the species comprising this functionally important assemblage are threatened with extinction. Strict prohibitions and precautionary science-based catch limits are urgently needed to avert population collapse6,7, avoid the disruption of ecological functions and promote species recovery8,9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Pacoureau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Cassandra L Rigby
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard B Sherley
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK.
| | - Henning Winker
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy.,Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John K Carlson
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, FL, USA
| | - Sonja V Fordham
- Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rodrigo Barreto
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Marinha do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil (CEPSUL), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Itajaí, Brazil
| | | | - Malcolm P Francis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Kwang-Ming Liu
- Institute of Marine Affairs and Resource Management, George Chen Shark Research Center, National Taiwan Ocean University, Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | | | - Riley A Pollom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie S Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Holly K Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Jorgensen SJ, Micheli F, White TD, Van Houtan KS, Alfaro-Shigueto J, Andrzejaczek S, Arnoldi NS, Baum JK, Block B, Britten GL, Butner C, Caballero S, Cardeñosa D, Chapple TK, Clarke S, Cortés E, Dulvy NK, Fowler S, Gallagher AJ, Gilman E, Godley BJ, Graham RT, Hammerschlag N, Harry AV, Heithaus M, Hutchinson M, Huveneers C, Lowe CG, Lucifora LO, MacKeracher T, Mangel JC, Barbosa Martins AP, McCauley DJ, McClenachan L, Mull C, Natanson LJ, Pauly D, Pazmiño DA, Pistevos JCA, Queiroz N, Roff G, Shea BD, Simpfendorfer CA, Sims DW, Ward-Paige C, Worm B, Ferretti F. Emergent research and priorities for shark and ray conservation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Dulvy NK, Yan HF. Conservation: Goldilocks Nations for Restoring Reef Sharks. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R1415-R1418. [PMID: 33290706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The first baited, video-based global survey of coral reef sharks reveals widespread depletion and functional extinction from eight nations. The authors identify priority 'Goldilocks' nations with the necessary combination of governance and shark abundance to recover depleted shark populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Helen F Yan
- Earth to Ocean Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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24
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VanderWright WJ, Bigman JS, Elcombe CF, Dulvy NK. Gill slits provide a window into the respiratory physiology of sharks. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa102. [PMID: 33304587 PMCID: PMC7720089 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolically important traits, such as gill surface area and metabolic rate, underpin life histories, population dynamics and extinction risk, as they govern the availability of energy for growth, survival and reproduction. Estimating both gill surface area and metabolic rate can be challenging, especially when working with large-bodied, threatened species. Ideally, these traits, and respiratory physiology in general, could be inferred from external morphology using a faster, non-lethal method. Gill slit height is quick to measure on live organisms and is anatomically connected to the gill arch. Here, we relate gill slit height and gill surface area for five Carcharhiniform sharks. We compared both total and parabranchial gill surface area to mean and individual gill slit height in physical specimens. We also compared empirical measurements of relative gill slit height (i.e. in proportion to total length) to those estimated from field guide illustrations to examine the potential of using anatomical drawings to measure gill slit height. We find strong positive relationships between gill slit height and gill surface area at two scales: (i) for total gill surface area and mean gill slit height across species and (ii) for parabranchial gill surface area and individual gill slit height within and across species. We also find that gill slit height is a consistent proportion of the fork length of physical specimens. Consequently, relative gill slit height measured from field guide illustrations proved to be surprisingly comparable to those measured from physical specimens. While the generality of our findings needs to be evaluated across a wider range of taxonomy and ecological lifestyles, they offer the opportunity that we might only need to go to the library and measure field guide illustrations to yield a non-lethal, first-order approximation of the respiratory physiology of sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade J VanderWright
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Bigman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Cayley F Elcombe
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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25
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Temple AJ, Stead SM, Jiddawi N, Wambiji N, Dulvy NK, Barrowclift E, Berggren P. Life-history, exploitation and extinction risk of the data-poor Baraka's whipray (Maculabatis ambigua) in small-scale tropical fisheries. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:708-719. [PMID: 32524614 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Baraka's whipray (Maculabatis ambigua) is a major constituent of small-scale fisheries catch in the south-western Indian Ocean. Despite this, little is known of its life-history or exploitation status. We provide the first estimates of crucial life-history parameters and the maximum intrinsic population growth rate rmax , using specimens collected from small-scale fisheries landings in Kenya, Zanzibar and Madagascar (with northern Madagascar representing a range extension for this species). We assess the relative risk of overexploitation by combining rmax with estimates of total Z, fishing F, and natural M mortality, and an estimate of the exploitation ratio E. The data indicate that Baraka's whipray is a medium-sized, fast-growing, early maturing species, with a relatively long lifespan. This results in a high rmax relative to many other elasmobranchs, which when combined with estimates of F suggests that the species is not at imminent risk of extinction. Yet, estimates of exploitation ratio E indicate likely overfishing for the species, with full recruitment to the fishery being post-maturation and exploitation occurring across a broad range of age and size classes. Thus, Baraka's whipray is unlikely to be biologically sustainable in the face of current fisheries pressures. This paper makes an important contribution to filling the gap in available data and is a step towards developing evidence-based fisheries management for this species. Further, it demonstrates a simple and widely applicable framework for assessment of data-poor elasmobranch exploitation status and extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Temple
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Selina M Stead
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Narriman Jiddawi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Dar es Salaam University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Institute of Fisheries Research Zanzibar, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Livestock and Fisheries, Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Nina Wambiji
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ellen Barrowclift
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Per Berggren
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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26
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Abstract
Many important areas identified for conservation priorities focus on areas of high species richness, however, it is unclear whether these areas change depending on what aspect of richness is considered (e.g. evolutionary distinctiveness, endemicity, or threatened species). Furthermore, little is known of the extent of spatial congruency between biodiversity measures in the marine realm. Here, we used the distribution maps of all known marine sharks, rays, and chimaeras (class Chondrichthyes) to examine the extent of spatial congruency across the hotspots of three measures of species richness: total number of species, evolutionarily distinct species, and endemic species. We assessed the spatial congruency between hotspots considering all species, as well as on the subset of the threatened species only. We consider three definitions of hotspot (2.5%, 5%, and 10% of cells with the highest numbers of species) and three levels of spatial resolution (1°, 4°, and 8° grid cells). Overall, we found low congruency among all three measures of species richness, with the threatened species comprising a smaller subset of the overall species patterns irrespective of hotspot definition. Areas of congruency at 1° and 5% richest cells contain over half (64%) of all sharks and rays and occurred off the coasts of: (1) Northern Mexico Gulf of California, (2) USA Gulf of Mexico, (3) Ecuador, (4) Uruguay and southern Brazil, (5) South Africa, southern Mozambique, and southern Namibia, (6) Japan, Taiwan, and parts of southern China, and (7) eastern and western Australia. Coarsening resolution increases congruency two-fold for all species but remains relatively low for threatened measures, and geographic locations of congruent areas also change. Finally, for pairwise comparisons of biodiversity measures, evolutionarily distinct species richness had the highest overlap with total species richness regardless of resolution or definition of hotspot. We suggest that focusing conservation attention solely on areas of high total species richness will not necessarily contribute efforts towards species that are most at risk, nor will it protect other important dimensions of species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle H. Derrick
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Cheok
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Abstract
Across vertebrates increased maternal investment (via increased pre- and postnatal provisioning) is associated with larger relative brain size, yet it remains unclear how brain organization is shaped by life history and ecology. Here, we tested whether maternal investment and ecological lifestyle are related to variation in brain size and organization across 100 chondrichthyans. We hypothesized that brain size and organization would vary with the level of maternal investment and habitat depth and complexity. We found that chondrichthyan brain organization varies along four main axes according to (1) absolute brain size, (2) relative diencephalon and mesencephalon size, (3) relative telencephalon and medulla size, and (4) relative cerebellum size. Increased maternal investment is associated with larger relative brain size, while ecological lifestyle is informative for variation between relative telencephalon and medulla size and relative cerebellum size after accounting for the independent effects of reproductive mode. Deepwater chondrichthyans generally provide low levels of yolk-only (lecithotrophic) maternal investment and have relatively small brains, predominantly composed of medulla (a major portion of the hindbrain), whereas matrotrophic chondrichthyans-which provide maternal provisioning beyond the initial yolk sac-found in coastal, reef, or shallow oceanic habitats have relatively large brains, predominantly composed of telencephalon (a major portion of the forebrain). We have demonstrated, for the first time, that both ecological lifestyle and maternal investment are independently associated with brain organization in a lineage with diverse life-history strategies and reproductive modes.
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28
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Sherley RB, Winker H, Rigby CL, Kyne PM, Pollom R, Pacoureau N, Herman K, Carlson JK, Yin JS, Kindsvater HK, Dulvy NK. Estimating IUCN Red List population reduction: JARA—A decision‐support tool applied to pelagic sharks. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Sherley
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Henning Winker
- Department of Environment Forestry and Fisheries (DEFF) Cape Town South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation (SEEC), Department of Statistical Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Cassandra L. Rigby
- College of Science and Engineering and Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture James Cook University Queensland Australia
| | - Peter M. Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia
| | - Riley Pollom
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Nathan Pacoureau
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | | | - John K. Carlson
- NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center Panama City Laboratory Panama City Florida USA
| | - Jamie S. Yin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Holly K. Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Hiddink JG, Shepperson J, Bater R, Goonesekera D, Dulvy NK. Near disappearance of the AngelsharkSquatina squatinaover half a century of observations. Conservat Sci and Prac 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Hiddink
- School of Ocean SciencesBangor University Menai Bridge UK
| | | | - Robin Bater
- School of Ocean SciencesBangor University Menai Bridge UK
| | | | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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Horswill C, Kindsvater HK, Juan‐Jordá MJ, Dulvy NK, Mangel M, Matthiopoulos J. Global reconstruction of life-history strategies: A case study using tunas. J Appl Ecol 2019; 56:855-865. [PMID: 31217633 PMCID: PMC6559282 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the demographic parameters of exploited populations is central to predicting their vulnerability and extinction risk. However, current rates of population decline and species loss greatly outpace our ability to empirically monitor all populations that are potentially threatened.The scale of this problem cannot be addressed through additional data collection alone, and therefore it is a common practice to conduct population assessments based on surrogate data collected from similar species. However, this approach introduces biases and imprecisions that are difficult to quantify. Recent developments in hierarchical modelling have enabled missing values to be reconstructed based on the correlations between available life-history data, linking similar species based on phylogeny and environmental conditions.However, these methods cannot resolve life-history variability among populations or species that are closely placed spatially or taxonomically. Here, theoretically motivated constraints that align with life-history theory offer a new avenue for addressing this problem. We describe a Bayesian hierarchical approach that combines fragmented, multispecies and multi-population data with established life-history theory, in order to objectively determine similarity between populations based on trait correlations (life-history trade-offs) obtained from model fitting.We reconstruct 59 unobserved life-history parameters for 23 populations of tuna that sustain some of the world's most valuable fisheries. Testing by cross-validation across different scenarios indicated that life-histories were accurately reconstructed when information was available for other populations of the same species. The reconstruction of several traits was also accurate for species represented by a single population, although credible intervals increased dramatically. Synthesis and applications. The described Bayesian hierarchical method provides access to life-history traits that are difficult to measure directly and reconstructs missing life-history information useful for assessing populations and species that are directly or indirectly affected by human exploitation of natural resources. The method is particularly useful for examining populations that are spatially or taxonomically similar, and the reconstructed life-history strategies described for the principal market tunas have immediate application to the world-wide management of these fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cat Horswill
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Holly K. Kindsvater
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural ResourcesRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNew Jersey
| | - Maria José Juan‐Jordá
- AZTIPasaiaGipuzkoaSpain
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research GroupDepartment of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Marc Mangel
- Theoretical Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Institute of Marine SciencesDepartment of Applied MathematicsUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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31
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Bigman JS, Pardo SA, Prinzing TS, Dando M, Wegner NC, Dulvy NK. Ecological lifestyles and the scaling of shark gill surface area. J Morphol 2018; 279:1716-1724. [PMID: 30427064 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fish gill surface area varies across species and with respect to ecological lifestyles. The majority of previous studies only qualitatively describe gill surface area in relation to ecology and focus primarily on teleosts. Here, we quantitatively examined the relationship of gill surface area with respect to specific ecological lifestyle traits in elasmobranchs, which offer an independent evaluation of observed patterns in teleosts. As gill surface area increases ontogenetically with body mass, examination of how gill surface area varies with ecological lifestyle traits must be assessed in the context of its allometry (scaling). Thus, we examined how the relationship of gill surface area and body mass across 11 shark species from the literature and one species for which we made measurements, the Gray Smoothhound Mustelus californicus, varied with three ecological lifestyle traits: activity level, habitat, and maximum body size. Relative gill surface area (gill surface area at a specified body mass; here we used 5,000g, termed the 'standardized intercept') ranged from 4,724.98 to 35,694.39 cm2 (mean and standard error: 17,796.65 ± 2,948.61 cm2 ) and varied across species and the ecological lifestyle traits examined. Specifically, larger-bodied, active, oceanic species had greater relative gill surface area than smaller-bodied, less active, coastal species. In contrast, the rate at which gill surface area scaled with body mass (slope) was generally consistent across species (0.85 ± 0.02) and did not differ statistically with activity level, habitat, or maximum body size. Our results suggest that ecology may influence relative gill surface area, rather than the rate at which gill surface area scales with body mass. Future comparisons of gill surface area and ecological lifestyle traits using the quantitative techniques applied in this study can provide further insight into patterns dictating the relationship between gill surface area, metabolism, and ecological lifestyle traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Bigman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sebastián A Pardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prinzing
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc Dando
- Wild Nature Press, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C Wegner
- Fisheries Resource Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, California
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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32
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Kindsvater HK, Dulvy NK, Horswill C, Juan-Jordá MJ, Mangel M, Matthiopoulos J. Overcoming the Data Crisis in Biodiversity Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:676-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Sharks, rays and chimeras (class Chondrichthyes; herein 'sharks') today face possibly the largest crisis of their 420 million year history. Tens of millions of sharks are caught and traded internationally each year, many populations are overfished to the point where global catch peaked in 2003, and a quarter of species have an elevated risk of extinction [1-3]. To some, the solution is to simply stop taking them from our oceans, or prohibit carriage, sale or trade in shark fins [4]. Approaches such as bans and alternative livelihoods for fishers (e.g. ecotourism) may play some role in controlling fishing mortality but will not solve this crisis because sharks are mostly taken as incidental catch and play an important role in food security [5-7]. Here, we show that moving to sustainable fishing is a feasible solution. In fact, approximately 9% of the current global catch of sharks, from at least 33 species with a wide range of life histories, is biologically sustainable, although not necessarily sufficiently managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
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Leeney RH, Mana RR, Dulvy NK. Fishers’ ecological knowledge of sawfishes in the Sepik and Ramu rivers, northern Papua New Guinea. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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35
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Stein RW, Mull CG, Kuhn TS, Aschliman NC, Davidson LNK, Joy JB, Smith GJ, Dulvy NK, Mooers AO. Global priorities for conserving the evolutionary history of sharks, rays and chimaeras. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:288-298. [PMID: 29348644 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In an era of accelerated biodiversity loss and limited conservation resources, systematic prioritization of species and places is essential. In terrestrial vertebrates, evolutionary distinctness has been used to identify species and locations that embody the greatest share of evolutionary history. We estimate evolutionary distinctness for a large marine vertebrate radiation on a dated taxon-complete tree for all 1,192 chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) by augmenting a new 610-species molecular phylogeny using taxonomic constraints. Chondrichthyans are by far the most evolutionarily distinct of all major radiations of jawed vertebrates-the average species embodies 26 million years of unique evolutionary history. With this metric, we identify 21 countries with the highest richness, endemism and evolutionary distinctness of threatened species as targets for conservation prioritization. On average, threatened chondrichthyans are more evolutionarily distinct-further motivating improved conservation, fisheries management and trade regulation to avoid significant pruning of the chondrichthyan tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R William Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher G Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | | | | - Lindsay N K Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey B Joy
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gordon J Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Arne O Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Blanchard JL, Watson RA, Fulton EA, Cottrell RS, Nash KL, Bryndum-Buchholz A, Büchner M, Carozza DA, Cheung WWL, Elliott J, Davidson LNK, Dulvy NK, Dunne JP, Eddy TD, Galbraith E, Lotze HK, Maury O, Müller C, Tittensor DP, Jennings S. Linked sustainability challenges and trade-offs among fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1240-1249. [PMID: 29046559 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fisheries and aquaculture make a crucial contribution to global food security, nutrition and livelihoods. However, the UN Sustainable Development Goals separate marine and terrestrial food production sectors and ecosystems. To sustainably meet increasing global demands for fish, the interlinkages among goals within and across fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture sectors must be recognized and addressed along with their changing nature. Here, we assess and highlight development challenges for fisheries-dependent countries based on analyses of interactions and trade-offs between goals focusing on food, biodiversity and climate change. We demonstrate that some countries are likely to face double jeopardies in both fisheries and agriculture sectors under climate change. The strategies to mitigate these risks will be context-dependent, and will need to directly address the trade-offs among Sustainable Development Goals, such as halting biodiversity loss and reducing poverty. Countries with low adaptive capacity but increasing demand for food require greater support and capacity building to transition towards reconciling trade-offs. Necessary actions are context-dependent and include effective governance, improved management and conservation, maximizing societal and environmental benefits from trade, increased equitability of distribution and innovation in food production, including continued development of low input and low impact aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Blanchard
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia. .,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Reg A Watson
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Fulton
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Richard S Cottrell
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Kirsty L Nash
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-49, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | | | - Matthias Büchner
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg A31, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David A Carozza
- Department of Mathematics, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - William W L Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joshua Elliott
- University of Chicago Computation Institute, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Lindsay N K Davidson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - John P Dunne
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Tyler D Eddy
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eric Galbraith
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) and Department of Mathematics, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Olivier Maury
- IRD, UMR 248 MARBEC, Av Jean Monnet CS 30171, 34203, SETE cedex, France
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg A31, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Derek P Tittensor
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Simon Jennings
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, H.C. Andersens Blvd 44-46, 1553, København V, Denmark
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Dulvy NK, Simpfendorfer CA, Davidson LN, Fordham SV, Bräutigam A, Sant G, Welch DJ. Challenges and Priorities in Shark and Ray Conservation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:R565-R572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fernandes PG, Ralph GM, Nieto A, García Criado M, Vasilakopoulos P, Maravelias CD, Cook RM, Pollom RA, Kovačić M, Pollard D, Farrell ED, Florin AB, Polidoro BA, Lawson JM, Lorance P, Uiblein F, Craig M, Allen DJ, Fowler SL, Walls RHL, Comeros-Raynal MT, Harvey MS, Dureuil M, Biscoito M, Pollock C, McCully Phillips SR, Ellis JR, Papaconstantinou C, Soldo A, Keskin Ç, Knudsen SW, Gil de Sola L, Serena F, Collette BB, Nedreaas K, Stump E, Russell BC, Garcia S, Afonso P, Jung ABJ, Alvarez H, Delgado J, Dulvy NK, Carpenter KE. Coherent assessments of Europe’s marine fishes show regional divergence and megafauna loss. Nat Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Collen B, Dulvy NK, Gaston KJ, Gärdenfors U, Keith DA, Punt AE, Regan HM, Böhm M, Hedges S, Seddon M, Butchart SHM, Hilton-Taylor C, Hoffmann M, Bachman SP, Akçakaya HR. Clarifying misconceptions of extinction risk assessment with the IUCN Red List. Biol Lett 2017; 12:rsbl.2015.0843. [PMID: 27072401 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of species at risk of extinction is a central goal of conservation. As the use of data compiled for IUCN Red List assessments expands, a number of misconceptions regarding the purpose, application and use of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria have arisen. We outline five such classes of misconception; the most consequential drive proposals for adapted versions of the criteria, rendering assessments among species incomparable. A key challenge for the future will be to recognize the point where understanding has developed so markedly that it is time for the next generation of the Red List criteria. We do not believe we are there yet but, recognizing the need for scrutiny and continued development of Red Listing, conclude by suggesting areas where additional research could be valuable in improving the understanding of extinction risk among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collen
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ulf Gärdenfors
- Swedish Species Information Centre (ArtDatabanken), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David A Keith
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - André E Punt
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915-5020, USA
| | - Helen M Regan
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Simon Hedges
- Wildlife Conservation Society-Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mary Seddon
- IUCN Mollusc Specialist Group, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Steven P Bachman
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H Reşit Akçakaya
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Abstract
Black swans are improbable events that nonetheless occur-often with profound consequences. Such events drive important transitions in social systems (e.g., banking collapses) and physical systems (e.g., earthquakes), and yet it remains unclear the extent to which ecological population numbers buffer or suffer from such extremes. Here, we estimate the prevalence and direction of black-swan events (heavy-tailed process noise) in 609 animal populations after accounting for population dynamics (productivity, density dependence, and typical stochasticity). We find strong evidence for black-swan events in [Formula: see text]4% of populations. These events occur most frequently for birds (7%), mammals (5%), and insects (3%) and are not explained by any life-history covariates but tend to be driven by external perturbations such as climate, severe winters, predators, parasites, or the combined effect of multiple factors. Black-swan events manifest primarily as population die-offs and crashes (86%) rather than unexpected increases, and ignoring heavy-tailed process noise leads to an underestimate in the magnitude of population crashes. We suggest modelers consider heavy-tailed, downward-skewed probability distributions, such as the skewed Student [Formula: see text] used here, when making forecasts of population abundance. Our results demonstrate the importance of both modeling heavy-tailed downward events in populations, and developing conservation strategies that are robust to ecological surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Anderson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Trevor A Branch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Andrew B Cooper
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Lawson JM, Fordham SV, O'Malley MP, Davidson LNK, Walls RHL, Heupel MR, Stevens G, Fernando D, Budziak A, Simpfendorfer CA, Ender I, Francis MP, Notarbartolo di Sciara G, Dulvy NK. Sympathy for the devil: a conservation strategy for devil and manta rays. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3027. [PMID: 28316882 PMCID: PMC5354073 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International trade for luxury products, medicines, and tonics poses a threat to both terrestrial and marine wildlife. The demand for and consumption of gill plates (known as Peng Yu Sai, "Fish Gill of Mobulid Ray") from devil and manta rays (subfamily Mobulinae, collectively referred to as mobulids) poses a significant threat to these marine fishes because of their extremely low productivity. The demand for these gill plates has driven an international trade supplied by largely unmonitored and unregulated catches from target and incidental fisheries around the world. Scientific research, conservation campaigns, and legal protections for devil rays have lagged behind those for manta rays despite similar threats across all mobulids. METHODS To investigate the difference in attention given to devil rays and manta rays, we examined trends in the scientific literature and updated species distribution maps for all mobulids. Using available information on target and incidental fisheries, and gathering information on fishing and trade regulations (at international, national, and territorial levels), we examined how threats and protective measures overlap with species distribution. We then used a species conservation planning approach to develop the Global Devil and Manta Ray Conservation Strategy, specifying a vision, goals, objectives, and actions to advance the knowledge and protection of both devil and manta rays. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our literature review revealed that there had been nearly 2.5-times more "manta"-titled publications, than "mobula" or "devil ray"-titled publications over the past 4.5 years (January 2012-June 2016). The majority of these recent publications were reports on occurrence of mobulid species. These publications contributed to updated Area of Occupancy and Extent of Occurrence maps which showed expanded distributions for most mobulid species and overlap between the two genera. While several international protections have recently expanded to include all mobulids, there remains a greater number of national, state, and territory-level protections for manta rays compared to devil rays. We hypothesize that there are fewer scientific publications and regulatory protections for devil rays due primarily to perceptions of charisma that favour manta rays. We suggest that the well-established species conservation framework used here offers an objective solution to close this gap. To advance the goals of the conservation strategy we highlight opportunities for parity in protection and suggest solutions to help reduce target and bycatch fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Lawson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Sonja V Fordham
- Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation , Washington , D.C. , United States of America
| | - Mary P O'Malley
- WildAid, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; Manta Trust, Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay N K Davidson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Rachel H L Walls
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science , Townsville , Queensland , Australia
| | - Guy Stevens
- Manta Trust, Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom; Environment Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Fernando
- Manta Trust, Dorchester, Dorset, United Kingdom; Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden; Blue Resources, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ania Budziak
- Project AWARE Foundation , Rancho Santa Margarita , CA , United States of America
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville , Queensland , Australia
| | - Isabel Ender
- Manta Trust , Dorchester , Dorset , United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm P Francis
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research , Wellington , New Zealand
| | | | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia , Canada
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42
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Trebilco R, Dulvy NK, Anderson SC, Salomon AK. The paradox of inverted biomass pyramids in kelp forest fish communities. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160816. [PMID: 27335422 PMCID: PMC4936041 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that bottom-heavy biomass pyramids or 'stacks' should predominate in real-world communities if trophic-level increases with body size (mean predator-to-prey mass ratio (PPMR) more than 1). However, recent research suggests that inverted biomass pyramids (IBPs) characterize relatively pristine reef fish communities. Here, we estimated the slope of a kelp forest fish community biomass spectrum from underwater visual surveys. The observed biomass spectrum slope is strongly positive, reflecting an IBP. This is incongruous with theory because this steep positive slope would only be expected if trophic position decreased with increasing body size (consumer-to-resource mass ratio, less than 1). We then used δ(15)N signatures of fish muscle tissue to quantify the relationship between trophic position and body size and instead detected strong evidence for the opposite, with PPMR ≈ 1650 (50% credible interval 280-12 000). The natural history of kelp forest reef fishes suggests that this paradox could arise from energetic subsidies in the form of movement of mobile consumers across habitats, and from seasonally pulsed production inputs at small body sizes. There were four to five times more biomass at large body sizes (1-2 kg) than would be expected in a closed steady-state community providing a measure of the magnitude of subsidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Trebilco
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Sean C Anderson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Anne K Salomon
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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McClenachan L, Cooper AB, Dulvy NK. Rethinking Trade-Driven Extinction Risk in Marine and Terrestrial Megafauna. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1640-1646. [PMID: 27291051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Large animals hunted for the high value of their parts (e.g., elephant ivory and shark fins) are at risk of extinction due to both intensive international trade pressure and intrinsic biological sensitivity. However, the relative role of trade, particularly in non-perishable products, and biological factors in driving extinction risk is not well understood [1-4]. Here we identify a taxonomically diverse group of >100 marine and terrestrial megafauna targeted for international luxury markets; estimate their value across three points of sale; test relationships among extinction risk, high value, and body size; and quantify the effects of two mitigating factors: poaching fines and geographic range size. We find that body size is the principal driver of risk for lower value species, but that this biological pattern is eliminated above a value threshold, meaning that the most valuable species face a high extinction risk regardless of size. For example, once mean product values exceed US$12,557 kg(-1), body size no longer drives risk. Total value scales with size for marine animals more strongly than for terrestrial animals, incentivizing the hunting of large marine individuals and species. Poaching fines currently have little effect on extinction risk; fines would need to be increased 10- to 100-fold to be effective. Large geographic ranges reduce risk for terrestrial, but not marine, species, whose ranges are ten times greater. Our results underscore both the evolutionary and ecosystem consequences of targeting large marine animals and the need to geographically scale up and prioritize conservation of high-value marine species to avoid extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren McClenachan
- Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901 USA.
| | - Andrew B Cooper
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Abstract
Larger-bodied species in a wide range of taxonomic groups including mammals, fishes and birds tend to decline more steeply and are at greater risk of extinction. Yet, the diversity in life histories is governed not only by body size, but also by time-related traits. A key question is whether this size-dependency of vulnerability also holds, not just locally, but globally across a wider range of environments. We test the relative importance of size- and time-related life-history traits and fishing mortality in determining population declines and current exploitation status in tunas and their relatives. We use high-quality datasets of half a century of population trajectories combined with population-level fishing mortalities and life-history traits. Time-related traits (e.g. growth rate), rather than size-related traits (e.g. maximum size), better explain the extent and rate of declines and current exploitation status across tuna assemblages, after controlling for fishing mortality. Consequently, there is strong geographical patterning in population declines, such that populations with slower life histories (found at higher cooler latitudes) have declined most and more steeply and have a higher probability of being overfished than populations with faster life histories (found at tropical latitudes). Hence, the strong, temperature-driven, latitudinal gradients in life-history traits may underlie the global patterning of population declines, fisheries collapses and local extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Juan-Jordá
- AZTI Tecnalia, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa 20110, Spain Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - I Mosqueira
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Maritime Affairs Unit G03, Ispra 21027, Italy
| | - J Freire
- Teamlabs, Calle de la Colegiata 9, Madrid 28012, Spain
| | - N K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Juan-Jordá
- AZTI Tecnalia; Herrera Kaia; Portualdea z/g, Pasaia Gipuzkoa 20110 Spain
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Iago Mosqueira
- European Commission Joint Research Center; Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen; Maritime Affairs Unit G03 Ispra 21027 Italy
| | - Juan Freire
- Teamlabs; Calle de la Colegiata 9 Madrid 28012 Spain
| | - Elena Ferrer-Jordá
- Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avenida Seminario s/n Moncada Valencia 46113 Spain
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group; Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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Kindsvater HK, Mangel M, Reynolds JD, Dulvy NK. Ten principles from evolutionary ecology essential for effective marine conservation. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2125-38. [PMID: 27069573 PMCID: PMC4782246 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainably managing marine species is crucial for the future health of the human population. Yet there are diverse perspectives concerning which species can be exploited sustainably, and how best to do so. Motivated by recent debates in the published literature over marine conservation challenges, we review ten principles connecting life‐history traits, population growth rate, and density‐dependent population regulation. We introduce a framework for categorizing life histories, POSE (Precocial–Opportunistic–Survivor–Episodic), which illustrates how a species’ life‐history traits determine a population's compensatory capacity. We show why considering the evolutionary context that has shaped life histories is crucial to sustainable management. We then review recent work that connects our framework to specific opportunities where the life‐history traits of marine species can be used to improve current conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Kindsvater
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada; Center for Stock Assessment Research University of California Santa Cruz California 95064
| | - Marc Mangel
- Center for Stock Assessment Research University of California Santa Cruz California 95064; Department of Biology University of Bergen Bergen 5020 Norway
| | - John D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Juan-jordá
- AZTI Tecnalia, Herrera Kaia; Portualdea z/g Pasaia Gipuzkoa 20110 Spain
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Iago Mosqueira
- European Commission Joint Research Center, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen; Maritime Affairs Unit G03 Ispra 21027 Italy
| | - Juan Freire
- Teamlabs, Calle de la Colegiata 9; Madrid 28012 Spain
| | - Elena Ferrer-Jordá
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera; Avenida Seminario s/n Moncada Valencia 46113 Spain
| | - Nicholas K. Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Dr. Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Green SJ, Dulvy NK, Côté IM, Brooks AML, Miller SE, Akins JL, Cooper AB. Response to Valderrama and Fields: effect of temperature on biomass production in models of invasive lionfish control. Ecol Appl 2015; 25:2048-2050. [PMID: 26591469 DOI: 10.1890/14-2485a.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Abstract
Daily animal movements are usually limited to a discrete home range area that scales allometrically with body size, suggesting that home-range size is shaped by metabolic rates and energy availability across species. However, there is little understanding of the relative importance of the various mechanisms proposed to influence home-range scaling (e.g., differences in realm productivity, thermoregulation, locomotion strategy, dimensionality, trophic guild, and prey size) and whether these extend beyond the commonly studied birds and mammals. We derive new home-range scaling relationships for fishes and reptiles and use a model-selection approach to evaluate the generality of home-range scaling mechanisms across 569 vertebrate species. We find no evidence that home-range allometry varies consistently between aquatic and terrestrial realms or thermoregulation strategies, but we find that locomotion strategy, foraging dimension, trophic guild, and prey size together explain 80% of the variation in home-range size across vertebrates when controlling for phylogeny and tracking method. Within carnivores, smaller relative prey size among gape-limited fishes contributes to shallower scaling relative to other predators. Our study reveals how simple morphological traits and prey-handling ability can profoundly influence individual space use, which underpins broader-scale patterns in the spatial ecology of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascia Tamburello
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Dulvy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Holly K Kindsvater
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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